声门下吸引在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎中的作用

[目的]探讨可冲洗式气管导管行声门下滞留物吸引对呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）及细菌学的影响。[方法]将ICU112例经口气管插管并行机械通气（MV）的病人随机分为两组：A组（普通气管导管组）58例,B组（冲洗式气管导管组）64例。插管后每天声门下滞留物、气管插管内呼吸道滞留物行细菌学检查。并记录机械通气天数及VAP发生情况。[结果]行MV4d内两组VAP发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。4d～10dB组VAP发生率明显低于A组（P〈O．05）;两组VAP病人下呼吸道滞留物细菌培养以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌对同种药物的耐药率B组明显低于A组（P〈O．05）。[结论]采用可冲洗式气管导管行声门下吸引可降低VAP的发生率并减少细菌耐药。     

声门下吸引在预防ICU机械通气病人呼吸机相关肺炎中的应用

[目的]研究声门下吸引在预防重症监护病房(ICU)机械通气病人呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)中的应用。[方法]根据是否行声门下吸引将入住ICU行机械通气超过48h的病人分为实验组(声门下吸引组)和对照组。分析两组病人VAP发生率及呼吸机使用时间。[结果]实验组和对照组VAP发生率分别为26.7%和43.3%,呼吸机使用时间分别为189.5h和245.1h,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]应用声门下吸引可降低VAP发生率,缩短呼吸机使用时间。     

持续声门下吸引对机械通气病人呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的影响

[目的]探讨经可吸引导管进行持续声门下吸引对机械通气病人呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率的影响。[方法]将132例机械通气病人随机分为观察组和对照组各66例,对照组采用常规气管导管进行机械通气,观察组采用持续声门下吸引法,观察两组病人机械通气过程中VAP的发生率。[结果]观察组和对照组机械通气过程中VAP发生率分别为19.7%和45.5%,经比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]经可吸引导管持续吸引声门下滞留物能明显降低机械通气病人VPA的发生率。     

持续声门下吸引预防ICU病人呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的临床观察

[目的]探讨持续声门下吸引在预防重症监护病房(ICU)病人呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)中的应用效果。[方法]选取我科收治的实施机械通气(MV)且通气时间>48h的病人88例,随机分为两组,观察组行持续声门下吸引,对照组不行声门下吸引,比较两组病人VAP发生情况、MV时间及住ICU天数。[结果]观察组和对照组VAP发生率分别为15.9%和34.1%,MV时间分别为(7.3±3.9)d、(15.1±3.1)d,住ICU天数分别为(12.8±4.0)d、(20.5±3.9)d,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。[结论]应用持续声门下吸引可降低VAP发生率,缩短MV时间和留住ICU天数。     

声门下分泌物吸引对呼吸机相关性肺炎及细菌学的影响

目的:探讨应用可冲洗式气管导管行声门下分泌物吸引时呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)及细菌学的影响.方法:将ICU 82例经口气管插管并行机械通气(MV)的患者随机分为两组:A组(普通气管导管组)38例,B组(冲洗式气管导管组)44例.插管后每天收集咽拭子、声门下分泌物、气管插管内呼吸道分泌物行细菌学检查,并记录机械通气天数及VAP发生情况.结果:4 d两组VAP发生率无明显差异(P>0.05),第4～10天B组VAP发生率明显低于A组(P<0.01);两组VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养以铜绿假单孢菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌对同种药物的耐药率B组明显低于A组(P<0.05).结论:采用可冲洗式气管导管行声门下分泌物吸引可降低VAP的发生率并减少细菌耐药.     

定期声门下分泌物吸引预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的观察与护理

目的：观察定期声门下分泌物吸引对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的效果。方法：将102例行经口／鼻气管导管插管机械通气的患者随机分为两组,采用可冲洗气管导管进行定期声门下分泌物吸引冲洗的为观察组（52例）,采用普通气管导管进行分泌物吸引的为对照组（50例）。观察两组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况。结果：观察组VAP发生率为26．9％,发生时间（14±3）天;对照组发生率为58．0％,发生时间（6±4）天,存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：采用可冲洗气管导管进行定期声门下吸引冲洗,可减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

持续声门下吸引预防呼吸机相关性肺炎效果的Meta分析

目的 评价持续声门下吸引对于机械通气危重患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的影响.方法 计算机检索有关持续声门下吸引对比非声门下吸引降低呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的随机对照试验,由2名研究者按照纳入和排除标准筛选文献,对文献质量进行严格评价并提取资料,对符合质量标准的研究使用Revman5.2软件进行Meta分析.结果 Meta分析结果表明,持续声门下吸引与非声门下吸引比较,可以减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生,缩短入住ICU时间,缩短机械通气时间.而对住院病死率的影响2组差异无统计学意义.结论 持续声门下吸引可以降低机械通气危重患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率,缩短入住ICU时间以及机械通气时间.     

声门下吸引结合口腔冲洗预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果观察

目的观察声门下吸引结合口腔冲洗预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果。方法将167例经口气管插管机械通气患者根据插管顺序分为A组55例、B组56例、C组56例;A组用棉球擦拭法行口腔护理,B组用口腔冲洗法行口腔护理,C组用口腔冲洗法行口腔护理同时予持续声门下吸引;观察3组患者机械通气3 d7、d、10 d时呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率。结果患者机械通气7 d时C组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率低于A组(P<0.05),机械通气10 d时C组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率低于A组(P<0.05)和B组(P<0.01)。结论声门下吸引结合口腔冲洗能预防气管插管机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

抬高床头联合声门下持续吸引降低呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的护理研究

目的：探讨抬高床头联合声门下持续吸引在机械通气患者中应用的效果。方法将2013年1月～2013年4月入住本院ICU需要机械通气48 h以上的40例患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组各20例,对照组按常规方法进行气道护理,实验组在此基础上抬高床头联合声门下持续吸引进行气道护理。观察比较两组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况及机械通气情况。结果实验组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率低于对照组,机械通气时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论抬高床头联合声门下持续吸引可有效地降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率,缩短机械通气时间。     

From ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis to ventilator-associated pneumonia

Ventilator-associated complications (VACs) are those complications that develop during the period of intubation. The most frequent VAC is infection. Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) is one of the ventilator-associated complications occurring in the critically ill patient. This infection represents an intermediate process between lower respiratory tract colonization and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Increased duration of mechanical ventilation has been reported in patients with VAT because of increased sputum production and airway inflammation. Two studies have shown a beneficial effect of antimicrobial treatment in patients with VAT. The optimal duration of antimicrobial treatment in patients with VAT should be further investigated because short courses of antimicrobials might be sufficient. Aerosolized antibiotics also need to be compared to systemic antibiotics in these patients.     

Effect of hospital-acquired ventilator-associated pneumonia on mortality of severe community-acquired pneumonia

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to evaluate, using two pairwise case-control studies, attributable mortality linked to hospital-acquired ventilator-associated pneumonia (HA-VAP) complicating the intensive care unit (ICU) stay of patients exhibiting severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over an 11-year period, 498 patients with severe CAP were collected. Among them, 43 exhibited HA-VAP. In a first case-control study, these patients were matched with control on the basis of six confounding variables known to be general ICU prognosis factors. In a second case-control study, six variables specifically linked to CAP prognosis were used for matching. RESULTS: In the two case-control studies, each case patient was matched with one control patient. In the first analysis, success of matching was achieved in 198 of 258 (77%) variables used for matching. In the second analysis, matching was successful for 242 of 258 (94%) confounding variables used. Eighteen patients died, compared with, respectively, 6 (P = .003) and 7 (P = .01) controls. Attributable mortality of HA-VAP was similar in the two pairwise analyses, respectively, 28% (risk ratio = 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.32 to 6.82) and 26% (risk ratio = 2.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.52). CONCLUSION: When confounding factors were controlled, HA-VAP appeared to increase mortality of severe CAP requiring ICU admission.     

间歇声门下吸引联合幽门后喂养预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的观察机械通气患者应用间歇声门下吸引联合幽门后喂养预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果。方法按随机数字表将56例预计机械通气超过48h的患者分为观察组26例和对照组30例,对照组用常规吸痰联合胃内喂养,观察组用间歇声门下吸引联合幽门后喂养。观察两组3周内呼吸机相关性肺炎及胃潴留、反流、误吸的发生率。结果观察组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率(3.85%)低于对照组(36.67%);对照组胃潴留、反流和误吸发生例数高于观察组。结论间歇声门下吸引联合幽门后喂养可降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率。     

胃肠内营养液持续泵入降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生

目的探讨持续均匀泵入胃肠内营养液,对减少胃内容物的反流、降低吸入性呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的影响。方法试验组采取持续均匀泵入胃肠内营养液,对照组为分次定量鼻饲,比较胃内容物的反流情况和VAP的发生率。结果试验组胃内容物反流率和VAP的发生率均低于对照组(P0.01或P0.05)。结论持续均匀泵入胃肠内营养液可有效减少胃内容物的反流,降低吸入性VAP的发生。     

Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Introduction

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is difficult to diagnose. Recent data suggest quantitative endotracheal aspirate (ETA) may be noninferior diagnostically to quantitative bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). We hypothesized this would be the case.

Methods

Blind quantitative ETA and BAL were performed on 150 consecutive ventilated patients with suspected VAP in a prospective single-centre medical intensive care unit study over a 2-year inclusion period. Patients were either antibiotic-naive or antibiotic-free for 72 hours. Diagnostic yield, Gram stain and culture results, and impact on antibiotic therapy were assessed. The independent impact of a positive BAL or ETA result on ventilator settings and 28-day mortality was calculated. The BAL/ETA safety was assessed hemodynamically.

Results

Bronchoalveolar lavage had significantly higher diagnostic yield (49.3% vs 34.0%, P = .01), more frequent impact on antibiotic therapy (usually de-escalation) (48.0% vs 32.7%, P = .01), and greater sensitivity (64.1% vs 42.6%, P = .0003) than ETA. There was moderate intertest agreement and no difference in specificity and positive and negative predictive values. A positive BAL or ETA result did not independently alter the frequency of ventilator changes or 28-day mortality. Both procedures were well tolerated.

Conclusion

Quantitative BAL is safe and has greater diagnostic utility than ETA for VAP facilitates de-escalation. This study provides support for quantitative BAL in VAP diagnosis.     

Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia should be a patient-based approach focusing on some key features are listed here: early initial therapy should be based on broad-spectrum antibiotics. Empirical treatment may be targeted after direct staining and should be modified according to good-quality quantitative microbiological findings, but should never be withdrawn in presence of negative direct staining or delayed until microbiological results are available. Courses of therapy should be given at high doses according to pharmacodynamic and tissue penetration properties. Prolonging antibiotic treatment does not prevent recurrences. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus should be expected in comatose patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus should not be expected in patients without previous antibiotic coverage. Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be covered with combination therapy. Antifungal therapy, even when Candida spp is isolated in significant concentrations, is not recommended for intubated nonneutropenic patients. Vancomycin, given at the standard doses and route of administration for the treatment of VAP caused by Gram-positive pathogens, is associated with poor outcomes. The choice of initial antibiotic should be based on the patient's previous antibiotic exposure and comorbidities, and local antibiotic susceptibility patterns, which should be updated regularly.     

Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important source of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Many interventions are touted to prevent VAP but studies supporting these interventions are difficult to interpret owing to an exceedingly poor correlation between clinical diagnosis of VAP and the presence of an invasive pneumonia. There is consequently a risk that purported decreases in VAP rates may reflect decreases in oropharyngeal colonization rates more than reductions in invasive disease. To circumvent this source of error, it is critical to assess the impact of intervention measures on patient outcomes rather than on VAP rates alone. This article will review selected VAP prevention methods using this framework and advocate for the development of a new surveillance definition that will more reliably predict patient outcomes.