慢性肺心病患者血浆丙二醛、一氧化氮、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂及其抑制物的变化及临床意义

本文旨在探讨脂质过氧化、一氧化氮、纤溶系统与慢性肺心病发生的关系。检测３２例急性发作期与４０例缓解期肺心病患者血清超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（ｔＰＡ）及ｔＰＡ抑制物（ＰＡＩ）含量。结果表明：肺心病急性期患者ＭＤＡ、ＰＡＩ显著高于肺心病缓解期患者及正常对照，而ＳＯＤ、ＮＯ、ｔ－ＰＡ低于肺心病缓解期患者及正常对照，差异具显著性（ｐ＜００１）；缓解期肺心病患者ＭＤＡ、ＰＡＩ高于正常人，而ＳＯＤ、ＮＯ、ｔ－ＰＡ低于正常人，差异不具显著性（ｐ＞００５）。结果提示：脂质过氧化反应增强、ＮＯ含量减少、纤溶系统的异常与肺心病肺动脉高压的形成或加重有关。     

冠心病患者脂质过氧化反应与血液流变学关系的探讨

对２２例冠心病患者的血浆过氧化山质（Ｌｉｐｏｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅｓ，ＬＰＯ）含量、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（Ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅ　Ｄｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ，ＳＯＤ）活力、全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Ｇｌｕｔａｔｈｉｏｎｅ　ｐｅｒｏｘｉｄａｓｅ，ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活力及血液流变学部分指标的测定，结果表明：红细胞ＳＯＤ及全血中ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活力与血浆ＬＰＯ含量呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．４３３，Ｐ＜０．０５；ｒ＝－０．４９０，Ｐ＜０．０５），红细胞ＳＯＤ活力与血浆比粘度呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．７０５，Ｐ＜０．００１），与全血粘度及红细胞压积呈正相关（ｒ＝０．４６０，Ｐ＜０．０５；ｒ＝０．４３７，Ｐ＜０．０５），全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活力与血浆比粘度呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．４５７，Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示冠心病患者机体抗氧化能力降低，自由基代谢紊乱可能是高血粘度的重要因素之一。     

吸入一氧化氮对犬烟雾吸入性损伤血液流变学的影响

目的评价犬烟雾吸入性损伤吸入一氧化氮（ＮＯ）对血液流变学的影响。方法１７只犬随机分二组，烟雾吸入后，对照组（ｎ＝８）单纯吸氧（ＦｉＯ２，０４５），治疗组（ｎ＝９）吸氧（ＦｉＯ２，０４５）＋０００４５％ＮＯ，连续监测血液流变学有关参数，数据行多个样本均数间方差分析和相关分析。结果治疗组ＲＢＣ数和ＲＢＣ压积（Ｈｃｔ）比对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜００５）；ＲＢＣ聚集指数（ＥＡＩ）比对照组降低而ＲＢＣ刚性指数（ＥＲＩ）则升高（Ｐ＜００５～００１）；低切全血粘度（Ｌηｂ）、全血还原粘度（Ｌηｈ）和血浆粘度（ηＰ），治疗组比对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜００５～００１）；治疗组ＮＯ含量升高与ＥＡＩ、Ｌηｈ和ηＰ降低呈显著负相关（ｒ值分别为－０９４，－０９５，－０９３，Ｐ均＜００１）。结论吸入性损伤后血液粘度也有不同程度升高，吸入ＮＯ有不同程度降低吸入性损伤血液的高凝趋势，值得进一步研究     

吸入一氧化氮治疗兔油酸急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的：探讨吸入一氧化氮（ＮＯ）对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）肺换气功能的影响及其毒副作用。方法：油酸诱发新西兰兔ＡＲＤＳ模型后分组（ｎ＝９）进行机械通气治疗４ｈｒ：（１）对照组；（２）吸入２０ｐｐｍＮＯ（ＮＯ组）。于动物实验的基础状态、治疗前测定ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２、肺内静动脉分流（Ｑ·ｓ／Ｑ·ｔ）、血ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３－和高铁血红蛋白（ＭｅｔＨｂ），治疗后ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２于１、２、４ｈｒ，其余指标于４ｈｒ复查一次。观察肺病理并测定肺湿干重比（Ｗ／Ｄ）。结果：治疗后，对照组ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２较治疗前呈下降趋势（４ｈｒ，Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｑ·ｓ／Ｑ·ｔ增加（４ｈｒ，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＮＯ组各时点ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２均较治疗前和同时点的对照组明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．０５），Ｑ·ｓ／Ｑ·ｔ明显低于治疗前和同时点的对照组（４ｈｒ，Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。实验结束时，ＮＯ组ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３－和ＭｅｔＨｂ较对照组显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），两组的肺病理和Ｗ／Ｄ无明显区别。结论：吸入２０ｐｐｍ能够明显改善兔油酸型ＡＲＤＳ的肺换气功能，无明显近期毒副作用     

NIDDM合并视网膜病变患者红细胞聚集性变化及其影响因素

本文测定了 ＮＩＤＤＭ合并视网膜病变患者２１例、无视网胰病变患 者１９例及正常对照２０例的红细胞聚集性有关参数。的果显示，ＮＩＤＤＭ视网膜病 变组的低切全血粘度、红细胞聚集指数均显著高于无视网膜病变组及对照组（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。ＮＩＤＤＭ组和合并视网膜病变组的血沉及血沉方程Ｋ值均显著高于对照组 （Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＮＩＤＤＭ视网膜病变组的血浆纤维蛋白原水平及糖化血清蛋白指数 均显著高于无视网膜病变组和对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＮＩＤＤＭ视网膜病变 组血清白蛋白及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）均显著低于无视网膜病变组和对照组（Ｐ ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）．ＮＩＤＤＭ视网膜病变组红细胞聚集指数与血浆纤维蛋白原、 糖化血清蛋白指数呈显著正相关（ｒ值 ０．４５２、０．４４６，Ｐ＜０．０５）．与血清ＳＯＤ、白蛋 白呈显著负相关（ｒ－０．４６２、－０．４３９，Ｐ＜０．０５）．结果提示，ＮＩＤＤＭ合并视网膜 病变患者上细胞聚集性增高，这种增高与血中纤维蛋白原水平增高，蛋白质非酶糖 基化增加、ＳＯＤ及白蛋白水平降低有关．     

去甲斑蝥素致大鼠多脏器功能失常综合征的动态观察

目的：探讨多脏器功能失常综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）病程中重要脏器功能的变化以及与氧自由基的关系。方法：用ＳＤ大鼠制作ＭＯＤＳ模型,动态检测脏器功能及血清超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ Ｐｘ）和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的变化。结果：血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ＡＬＴ）、肌酸激酶及其同工酶（ＣＫ 和ＣＫ ＭＢ）和肌酐（Ｃｒ）均明显升高,其中ＣＫ ＭＢ于１２ 小时明显升高,１８ 小时达到高峰（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;ＣＫ于１２小时最先达到衰竭标准（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;ＡＬＴ与Ｃｒ均在２４ 小时后达到衰竭标准（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。同时ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ Ｐｘ活性降低和ＭＤＡ含量增多（Ｐ均＜ ０．０５）。ＭＤＡ与ＣＫ、ＡＬＴ和Ｃｒ之间呈正相关关系,ｒ值分别为０．８４７、０．６３４和０．５６７（Ｐ均＜ ０．０１）。结论：在去甲斑蝥素致大鼠ＭＯＤＳ的病程中,心功能衰竭出现在先,然后为肾和肝功能衰竭。器官功能受损与氧自由基有关。     

尿酶对碘造影剂肾毒性的早期评估

前瞻性观察１６例肾功能正常患者造影前、造影后２４，４８ｈ肾功能动态变化。造影后２４ｈ血尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）、血清肌酐（ＳＣｒ）无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）、尿谷氨酰转肽酶（γ－ＧＴ）、Ｎ－乙酰基－β－Ｄ氨基葡萄糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ）、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）较造影前显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。造影后４８ｈＢＵＮ，ＳＣｒ显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０ｌ），尿γ－ＧＴ，ＮＡＧ，ＬＤＨ显著恢复（Ｐ＜０．０５）；但仍明显高于造影前，差异有显著性（分别Ｐ＜０．０１，０．０１，０．０５）。提示在肾功能正常患者泛影葡胺对肾小管损害呈一过性，尿γ－ＧＴ是评估碘造影剂肾毒性亚临床期敏感指标     

家兔脑缺血再灌注损伤机制的研究

用家兔四动脉闭塞法建立急性完全性脑缺血后给予再灌注，观察缺血前后及再灌注后脑组织部分电解质和含水量、脑组织和血液丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、环核昔酸（ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ）、血栓烷Ｂ＿２（ＴｘＢ＿２）、６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ＿（１α）（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性改变。结果：再灌注后实验组脑组织Ｃａ￣（２＋）、ＭＤＡ、ＴｘＢ＿２和ｃＡＭＰ较对照组升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性、６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α）含量降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；实验组血液中ｃＡＭＰ含量高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示脑组织Ｃａ￣（２＋）过载、氧自由基增多、ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＯＭＰ和ＰＧＩ＿２／ＴＸＡ＿２比值异常在脑缺血再灌注损伤中起着重要的作用。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术对N—心钠素分泌的影响

目的：探讨经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）对Ｎ心钠素（ＮＡＮＰ）分泌的影响。方法：研究了２４例二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）患者ＰＢＭＶ前后血浆ＮＡＮＰ浓度，并与平均二尖瓣跨瓣压差（ＭＭＰＧ）、二尖瓣口面积（ＭＶＡ）、左房内径（ＬＡＤ）及血流动力学参数作相关分析。结果：ＭＳ患者术前血浆ＮＡＮＰ浓度高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１），术后显著下降（与术前比较，Ｐ＜０．００１），但仍高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）。血浆ＮＡＮＰ改变量（ΔＮＡＮＰ）与ＭＭＰＧ改变量（ΔＭＭＰＧ，ｒ＝０．６７７０，Ｐ＜０．０００５）、ＬＡＤ的改变量（ΔＬＡＤ，ｒ＝０．４７０４，Ｐ＜０．０２５０）及平均左房压改变量（ΔＭＬＡＰ，ｒ＝０．７２７２，Ｐ＜０．０００５）均呈正相关，与ＭＶＡ的改变量（ΔＭＶＡ）呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．６４５１，Ｐ＜０．０００５）。结论：ＮＡＮＰ在ＭＳ引起的病理生理改变中起重要作用，测定ＮＡＮＰ变化有可能作为判定ＭＳ狭窄程度及ＰＢＭＶ疗效的一个指标。     

哮喘患者血浆肾上腺髓质素浓度测定及临床意义

目的探讨肾上腺髓质素（ａｄｒｅｎｏｍｅｄｕｌｉｎ,ＡＭ）在哮喘急性发作期的病理生理作用。方法用放射免疫测定的方法对哮喘急性发作期患者及健康对照组血浆ＡＭ和ＥＴ－１含量进行测定,并做相关分析。结果哮喘急性发作期血浆ＡＭ及ＥＴ－１浓度均较健康对照组显著升高（Ｐ＜００１,Ｐ＜００５）,ＡＭ与ＥＴ－１浓度呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０４５,Ｐ＜００５）。结论哮喘急性发作期血浆ＡＭ浓度显著升高,这对于扩张支气管和抑制气道炎症可能起重要作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.