Analgesic antiinflammatory action of Pfaffia paniculata (Martius) kuntze

The alcoholic extract of Pfaffia paniculata dried roots was studied for analgesic antiinflammatory activity in the rat paw oedema test, writhing test, hot plate test and increased vascular permeability. Pfaffia paniculata inhibited the carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema and increased vascular permeability and showed analgesic activity on inflammatory pain but not on noninflammatory pain. Moreover the extract was devoid of local irritant action.     

Antiinflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of the organic extracts of Tanacetum microphyllum DC. in rats

Extracts of Tanacetum microphyllum DC. (Compositae) have been investigated for antiinflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activity in the rat. In adjuvant-carrageenan-induced inflammation (ACII), orally administered organic extracts of T. microphyllum (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol) inhibited both the acute and chronic phases of this experimental model of inflammation, but mainly the chronic phase; the dichloromethane extract was as effective as phenylbutazone. Prior oral administration of T. microphyllum organic extracts prevented the ulcerogenic effect of orally administered indomethacin. Again, the dichloromethane extract exhibited the greatest activity.     

Antinociceptive and antiedematogenic effects of the aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata leaves in experimental animals

The aqueous leaf extract of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit (Lamiaceae), popularly known in Brazil as "sambaicatá" or "canudinho", was tested for its antinociceptive effects using the abdominal writhing, hot plate and formalin test models, and for its aniedematogenic effects using the carrageenin and arachidonic acid-induced rat paw edema. The aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata administered orally at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg had a significant antinociceptive effect in the test of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, with 43, 51 and 54% reduction of writhes, respectively, compared to the control. An increase in hot-plate latency of 47 and 37.5% was also observed in animals receiving doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. when placed on a hot plate. In the formalin test, doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. had no significant effect during the first phase of the test (0-5 min), while the dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o. reduced the nociceptive effect by 70% during the second phase (20-25 min). At the dose of 600 mg/kg, p.o., the aqueous extract inhibited carrageenin-induced rat paw edema by 34.1%, and the dose of 300 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally inhibited the rat paw edema induced by subplantar injection of arachidonic acid by 32.8%. These results suggest that the aqueous extract from the Hyptis pectinata leaves produces antiedematogenic and antinociceptive effects. The antinocipetion observed with the hot-plate test probably involves the participation of the opioid system.     

Pharmacological Study of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker

The dried ethanol extract of the whole plant of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker was studied for its analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory as well as CNS-depressant activities. The extract was given orally at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. A significant protection against the p -benzoquinone-induced writhing response in mice was observed. A marked lowering of the body temperature of both hyperthermic as well as normothermic mice was produced. Therefore, the extract possesses a hypothermic rather than an antipyretic effect. A marked inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat hind paw oedema was also obtained. Regarding its CNS action, the extract produced a decrease in the motor activity of mice placed on a rotarod. In the conditioned avoidance reaction test the percentage of failure to avoid electric shock was shown to be increased after administration of the extract without any effect on the escape behaviour of the trained rats. Therefore, the CNS-depressant activity of the extract seems to be due to a tranquillizing effect. It could be concluded that the extract possesses analgesic, hypothermic, antiinflammatory as well as CNS-depressant activities.     

白芷、没药单煎与合煎对欧前胡素含量及其镇痛作用的影响

目的:比较白芷、没药单煎与合煎对欧前胡素含量及其镇痛作用的影响。方法:采用常规水煎工艺得到白芷单煎液、没药单煎液、白芷-没药合煎液。采用LC-MS测定不同提取液中欧前胡素的含量,乙腈-水(55∶45),流速0.3 min·mL~(-1),进样量5μL,柱温35℃;电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子扫描模式,单离子监测(SIM)。小鼠分为空白组、阳性组(氨酚双氢可待因片组)和3种水煎液的低、中、高剂量组,阳性药给药剂量为0.24 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),白芷单煎液将3,6,12 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),没药单煎液将1.5,3,6 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),白芷-没药合煎液将4.5,9,18 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)设定为低、中、高给药剂量,分别灌胃给药7 d后进行热板试验和扭体试验,记录舔足时间和扭体次数。结果:欧前胡素线性范围0.02~0.20 mg·L~(-1)(R~2=0.991 1),欧前胡素在白芷单煎液中转移率仅0.62%,在白芷-没药合煎液中转移率提高至2.00%。除了个别时间点外,热板试验中单煎液、合煎液各剂量组与空白组比较均有显著性差异(P0.05,P0.01)。扭体试验中白芷单煎低、中剂量组,没药单煎高剂量组和白芷-没药合煎各剂量组与空白组比较均有显著性差异(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:白芷与没药合煎能促进白芷中欧前胡素的溶出。单煎液、合煎液各剂量组均能延长小鼠热板舔足时间,合煎液各剂量组均能延长扭体潜伏时间,合煎液高剂量组对小鼠的疼痛抑制率最高。     

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Elephantopus tomentosus Ethanolic Extract

Elephantopus tomentosus is widely used in Asia, especially in Malaysia, for the treatment of pain and inflammation. In the present study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of a 95% ethanol extract of E. tomentosus were investigated in different experimental models. In the anti-inflammation study, 1000 mg/kg of extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced hind paw edema (p < 0.05) and inhibited abdominal permeability compared with control (p < 0.01). The analgesic activity was assayed in several experimental models in mice: (1) hot plate, (2) tail flick, (3) writhing test; and rats: carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia pain threshold test. However, at the doses tested, no significant activity was found in the hot plate test and the tail flick test. E. tomentosus ethanol extract at 1000 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) increased hyperalgesia pain threshold and inhibited writhing activity. The results suggest that E. tomentosus ethanol extract at 1000 mg/kg dose is effective in anti-inflammatory and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug type anti-nociception activities.     

Analgesic Effects Induced by Hypoxoside,a Norlignan Glucoside from Hypoxis spp.

Hypoxoside, a glucoside isolated from the rhizomes of Hypoxis spp., was investigated for its analgesic activity. Hypoxoside administered intraperitoneally at doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg did not induce gross behavioural alterations or locomotor impairment. Hypoxoside was able to reduce the response to chemical pain stimuli, such as in the formalin and in the writhing test, whereas it did not change the pain response in the hot plate or in the tail flick test. These results indicate that hypoxoside exerts analgesic effects probably via an antiinflammatory mechanism.     

Antiinflammatory activity and acute toxicity (LD50) of the juice of Kalanchoe brasiliensis (comb.) leaves picked before and during blooming

Kalanchoe brasiliensis Comb. (Cassulaceae) extracts from leaves picked before and during plant blooming (extracts 1 and 2, respectively) were tested for their antiinflammatory effect on carrageenin‐induced rat paw oedema and for acute toxicity (LD₅₀). Oral doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg of extract 1 significantly inhibited the paw oedema during the first 4 h after injection of 2% carrageenin, while oral doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg of extract 2 had no inhibitory activity on the paw oedema induced by carrageenin. The results indicate an antiinflammatory effect of extract 1 and a proinflammatory effect of extract 2. K. brasiliensis extracts 1 and 2 presented no acute toxicity on mice at the doses of 0.25 to 5 g/kg administered intraperitoneally. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antiinflammatory activity of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br

The antiinflammatory activity of an extract from the leaves of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br., used as a traditional remedy for different types of inflammation, was investigated using experimental models of acute inflammation. Topical application of the extract inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema and ear oedema induced in rats by arachidonic acid or ethyl phenylpropiolate. In vitro prostaglandin formation was inhibited by the extract in a concentration-dependent manner, with a potency equal to that of aspirin but considerably less than that of indomethacin. This study shows that Ipomoea pes-caprae has a significant antiinflammatory activity, probably due to a reduction of prostaglandin and leukotriene formation. Thus, in addition to earlier results, this work further supports the use of Ipomoea pes-caprae as an antiinflammatory agent in traditional medicine.     

芎麻汤不同提取物对小鼠偏头痛模型的影响

目的:观察芎麻汤不同提取物治疗偏头痛的药理作用。方法:采用小鼠皮下注射1 mg.kg-1利血平致小鼠偏头痛模型、醋酸致小鼠扭体模型,昆明小鼠随机分为阿米替林组(0.033 g.kg-1)、芎麻汤水提液组(1.4,5.6 g.kg-1)、芎麻汤醇提组(1.4,5.6 g.kg-1)、芎麻汤挥发油组(1.4,5.6 g.kg-1),连续给药7 d,观察芎麻汤水提液,挥发油、醇提液对偏头痛模型小鼠血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量及镇痛作用的影响。结果:芎麻汤水提液(5.6 g.kg-1)能明显升高利血平化低5-HT小鼠模型血清中5-HT的含量(P<0.01),芎麻汤挥发油(1.4,5.6 g.kg-1)能明显延长冰醋酸致小鼠扭体潜伏期及减少扭体次数。结论:芎麻汤水提液对偏头痛小鼠模型有一定的作用,芎麻汤挥发油具有一定的镇痛作用。     

Antinociceptive activity of Amaranthus spinosus in experimental animals

Aim of the study

50% ethanol extract (ASE) of Amaranthus spinosus (whole plant) has been evaluated for antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities.

Materials and methods

Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities were studied by measuring nociception by formalin, acetic acid, hot plate, tail immersion method while inflammation was induced by carrageenan.

Results

ASE had significant dose dependent percentage protection against acetic acid (0.6% of 10 ml) induced pain and the effects were also compared to aspirin, morphine and naloxone while formalin induced pain (0.05 ml of 2.5%) was significantly blocked only at higher dose (400 mg/kg) in first phase. ASE significantly blocked pain emanating from inflammation at all the doses in second phase. The reaction time in hot plate was increased significantly and dose dependently where as pretreatment with naloxone rigorously reduced the analgesic potentials of ASE. Further in tail immersion test the same dose dependent and significant activity was observed. Aspirin had no effect on thermal induced pain i.e. hot plate and tail immersion tests but showed an effect on writhing test.

Conclusions

Our investigation show that Amaranthus spinosus possess significant and dose dependant antiinflammatory activity, it has also central and peripheral analgesic activity.     

Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of kaur-16-en-19-oic acid from Annona reticulata L. bark

Kaur‐16‐en‐19‐oic acid was isolated from the bark of Annona reticulata and studied for its analgesic and antiinflammatory activity. Analgesic activity was assessed using the hot plate test and acetic acid‐induced writhing, and the antiinflammatory activity using the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method. Kaur‐16‐en‐19‐oic acid, at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, exhibited significant (p < 0.05) analgesic and antiinflammatory activity. These activities were comparable to the standard drugs used, and furthermore the analgesic effect of kaur‐16‐en‐19‐oic acid was blocked by naloxone (2 mg/kg) in both analgesic models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic activity and toxicity study of Bryonia laciniosa in mice and rats

Analgesic, antipyretic activity and toxicity study of the leaves of Bryonia laciniosa Linn. (Family: Cucurbitaceae) was evaluated in the standard animal models. The methanol extract of Bryonia laciniosa (MEBL) was evaluated by hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing methods to assess analgesic activity. The antipyretic activity of the extract was also evaluated by normal body temperature and yeast-induced hyperpyrexia. The extract showed significant analgesic and antipyretic activity. The MEBL was further evaluated for toxicity at the doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days in rats. At the end of experiments, the blood, liver function and kidney metabolism were observed. The hematological profile and different biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT and ALP were estimated. The present study revealed that MEBL exhibited significant analgesic and antipyretic activity in the tested experimental animal models. The toxicity study indicates that the extract is not toxic at the tested doses.     

Antinociceptive activity of aqueous extract of Pachyptera hymenaea (DC.) in mice

The standardized aqueous extract of leaves of Pachyptera hymenaea (DC.) belonging to family Bignoniaceae was investigated for possible antinociceptive effect in mice. Three different models were used to study the effects of extract on nociception, namely acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test (paw licking test) and tail flick test in mice. The extract was administered 1h prior to pain induction in the dose range of 25, 50 and 75mg/kg orally. The extract at the given dose range reduced the acetic acid induced nociception by 44.03, 52.90 and 62.46% respectively. The extract reduced formalin effect in both the phases of experiment by 32.36, 41.94, 54.29% and 35.39, 50.17, 55.86% respectively. In the tail flick study, animals' reaction time were increased by 22.69, 38.24 and 40.26% at the above selected doses respectively at 120min after drug administration. Naloxone (2mg/kg; s.c.) significantly antagonized the effect of extract in formalin and tail flick method, while partially antagonized the effect in writhing test. However caffeine completely reverted the extract effect in both the phases of formalin test. Results of these studies revealed that the extract have significant antinociceptive activity in the used models with a possible involvement of central mechanism and adenosine system.     

Antinociceptive activity of aqueous extract and isolated compounds of Lithrea molleoides

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) is a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional medicine in South America.

Aim of the study

In the present study, the in vivo antinociceptive effect of L. molleoides' aqueous extract and its isolated compounds has been investigated.

Materials and Methods

Antinociceptive activity was evaluated through writhing, formalin and hot plate tests in mice. The phytochemical analysis was performed.

Results

The extract produced significant inhibition on nociception induced by acetic acid (ED50: 8.7 mg/kg, i.p.) and formalin (ED50: 7.7 mg/kg, i.p.) administered intraperitoneally and also orally. Yohimbine diminished the activity of the extract in the acetic acid test meanwhile haloperidol enhanced its effect. Two majority compounds, shikimic and vanillic acid were active in chemical nociceptive models used in this work, producing the highest inhibition of the writhing response at a dose of 30 mg/kg i.p. (55.4% and 57.1%, respectively) meanwhile at 100 mg/kg p.o. produced a slight response (23.3% and 23.9%, respectively).

Conclusions

These results suggest that L. molleoides' aqueous extract produced antinociception possibly related to the presence of shikimic and vanillic acid. The adrenergic and dopaminergic systems seem to be involved in the mechanism of antinociception of the extract.     

Antiinflammatory Properties of the Stem‐bark of Anopyxis klaineana and its Major Constituent,Methyl Angolensate

Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engl. (Rhizophoraceae) is one of the reputed West African folkloric medicines that has never been investigated for its pharmacological effects or phytochemical constituents. In the present study, the antiinflammatory properties of the stem‐bark extracts were evaluated using the carrageenan‐induced paw oedema model in chicks. The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts all showed a time and dose‐dependent antiinflammatory effect over the 5‐h observation period. Phytochemical analysis of the most active extract (methanol extract) yielded the principal constituent that was identified as methyl angolensate through extensive spectroscopic and X‐ray analysis studies. Although slightly less potent (ED₅₀, 4.05 ± 0.0034 mg/kg, orally) than the positive control, diclofenac (ED₅₀, 2.49 ± 0.023, intraperitoneally n = 5), this first ever compound isolated from A. klaineana showed promising antiinflammatory activity that may account to some of the reported medicinal uses of the plant. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of antinociceptive,antinflammatory activities and phytochemical analysis of aerial parts of Urtica urens L.

The antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of the aerial part of Urtica urens were determined by experimental animal models. U. urens extract was found to possess significant antinociceptive activity in chemically induced mouse pain models (ED₅₀ 39.3 mg/kg: 17.2–74.5 mg/kg) in the writhing test and 62.8% inhibition of the licking time in the late phase of the formalin test at a dose of 500 mg/kg p.o. and antiinflammatory activity on carrageenan‐induced rat hind paw edema (41.5% inhibition at a dose of 300 mg/kg i.p.). The extract displayed activity neither in the thermal model of pain nor in the topical inflammation model. The major component of the extract was determined as chlorogenic acid (670 mg/1000 g dry weight) and could be partly responsible for this activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radical Scavenging Evaluation of Green Tea Extracts

The free radical scavenging activity of Thea sinensis leaf extract was evaluated with a chemical test involving diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The hot aqueous green tea extract demonstrated antiradical activity comparable with rutin and vitamin E used as a standard. Liquid–liquid fractionation monitored by scavenging radical bioassay followed by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography led to catechin derivatives. The antiradical activity of the main component of tea leaves was identified as epigallocatechin gallate the major component demonstrating activity.     

Gastric antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Casearia sylvestris Sw

To investigate the antiulcer and antiinflammatory activities of the essential oil from Casearia sylvestris leaves (EOCS) the following tests were used: rat paw edema, granulomatous tissue test, vascular permeability, writhing test, gastric ulcer stress-induced and evaluation of gastric secretion (pylorus ligation test). The total yield of EOCS was 2.5% with LD50 of 1100 mg/kg in mouse. The major compounds identified using gas chromatography were caryophyllene, thujopsene, alfa-humulene, beta-acoradiene, germacrene-d, bicyclogermacrene, calamenene, germacrene B, spathulenol and globulol. The EOCS orally administered to the rats at 125 mg/kg resulted 36% of inhibition in carrageenan-induced edema in the rat paw assay (p<0.05, Student's t-test). However, both rat paw edema dextran-induced and vascular permeability assay using histamine showed no significant inhibition. Mice submitted to the writhing test using acetic acid presented 58% and 56% of inhibition in writhes with EOCS and indomethacin, respectively. Furthermore, EOCS inhibited 90% of stress-induced gastric ulcer, while cimetidine inhibited 70% (p<0.05, Student's t-test). The volume of gastric secretion in the group treated with EOCS was greater than the group treated with cimetidine. The EOCS also showed no changes related to H+ levels in the gastric secretion. With the overall results obtained in this study the authors suggest an anti-inflammatory activity for the EOCS of Casearia sylvestris beyond its anti-ulcer activity.     

The inhibitory effect of Duchesnea chrysantha extract on the development of atopic dermatitis-like lesions by regulating IgE and cytokine production in Nc/Nga mice

Duchesnea chrysantha belongs to the Rosaceae family and has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases in Korea and other parts of East Asia. This study examined the antiinflammatory effect of Duchesnea chrysantha extract (DcE) on atopic dermatitis in vitro and in vivo. DcE inhibited the production of IL‐6, IL‐8 and MCP‐1 in THP‐1 cells and the release of IL‐6 and MCP‐1 in EoL‐1 cells after treatment with house dust mite extract. In the in vivo experiment, Nc/Nga mice were sensitized to DNCB and then orally and dorsally administered DcE (50 mg/kg in PBS) for 3 weeks. The DcE administration significantly reduced the skin severity score when compared with the control group and inhibited the thickening of the epidermis and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis. In addition, the serum IgE levels decreased markedly in the DcE‐treated mice when compared with the control group. The synthesis of IL‐5, IL‐13, MCP‐1 and eotaxin was also decreased in splenocytes of the DcE‐treated group, while IFN‐γ was increased in the Dc‐administered group. These results may indicate that DcE attenuates the development of atopic dermatitis‐like lesions by lowering the IgE and inflammatory cytokine levels, and that it is useful in drug development for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.