支气管肺泡灌洗抢救重症肺炎并呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗抢救重症肺炎并呼吸衰竭的临床价值。方法将37例患者随机分为灌洗组和非灌洗组,灌洗组18例在常规治疗基础上加支气管肺泡灌洗,非灌洗组19例采用常规治疗,观察两组病例的治疗效果。结果治疗48h和72h后灌洗组的PaO2和氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)明显高于非灌洗组(P<0.01),PaCO2明显低于非灌洗组(P<0.01);灌洗组总有效率为88.8%,非灌洗组为47.4%,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论支气管肺泡灌洗抢救重症肺炎并呼吸衰竭,可减少使用有创机械通气,疗效确切,有较高的临床价值。     

Rapid identification ofStaphylococcus aureus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using a DNA probe (Accuprobe)

Objective Staphylococcus aureus is one of the prominent causative agents of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Gram staining of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is not always reliable. A nonisotopid probe (Accuprobe) has been developed by Gen-Probe for the specific identification ofS. aureus isolated from cultures. This study was undertaken to assess the reliability of this probe for the early diagnosis ofS. aureus VAP.Design A prospective study in 120 consecutive patients.Setting Department of intensive care medicine at a university hospital.Patients 120 ventilated patients (70 males and 50 females; mean age 52±12 years; mean simplified acute physiologic score=13±4) were studied.Interventions 164 bronchoalveolar lavages were performed (none of the patients received prior antibiotic therapy).Measurements and results S. aureus was identified 29 times at significant concentrations (10⁴ cfu/ml) and 7 times at<10⁴ cfu/ml. The sensitivity and specificity of the Accuprobe system were 100 and 96%, respectively. We found agreement between quantitative cultures and probes in 96.3% of cases.Conclusions We conclude that this probe provides a rapid (7 h) and accurate diagnosis ofS. aureus pulmonary infection.Supported by CHRU de Lyon and by grants from Société de Réanimation de Langue Française and Laboratoires SPECIA     

Rapid progressive eosinophilic cardiomyopathy in a patient with Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS)

Summary Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare necrotizing, systemic vasculitis that is almost invariably associated with bronchial asthma. Although overall prognosis is good and treatment with corticosteroids alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents is typically successful, there are reports of patients that do not show signs of clinical improvement under the usual pharmacotherapy. Small clinical studies suggested that cardiac or gastrointestinal involvement is associated with an adverse prognosis. We here report the case of a 38 year old male patient with a history of bronchial asthma who was admitted to our hospital for further evaluation of progressive dyspnea. Blood eosinophilia, infiltrates of both lungs, signs of necrosis and eosinophil deposits on myocardial biopsy combined with a history of bronchial asthma established the diagnosis of CSS with cardiac involvement. We initiated an immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone and methotrexate. Upon tapering of the dosage of prednisone, we noticed worsening of symptoms and further deterioration of cardiac function. Despite the addition of cyclophosphamide and adjustment of heart failure medication, we were not able to stabilize the cardiac situation. Due to rapid progressive eosinophilic cardiomyopathy associated with CSS refractory to medical therapy, our patient was placed on the urgent heart transplantation waiting list and, in the meantime, has undergone successful cardiac transplantation.     

以支气管肺泡灌洗液的内毒素诊断革兰阴性菌肺炎

目的：阐明鲎细胞溶解物试验（ＬＡＬ）检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）在诊断革兰阴性杆菌肺炎中的作用。方法：ＬＡＬ测定采用半定量法。ＢＡＬＦ经纤维支气管镜导管法采集。结果：１０例经细菌学确诊患者ＢＡＬＦ内毒素水平均大于１∶１６。细菌学确定的革兰阴性菌肺炎与ＢＡＬＦ内毒素大于或等于１∶１６阳性之间总符合率为９０％（Ｋａｐｐａ系数０．６７）。经细菌学确诊的阴性菌肺炎组ＢＡＬＦ内毒素单位（ＥＵ）为１２．５×１０３ＥＵ／Ｌ,无肺炎组为１．８×１０３ＥＵ／Ｌ,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：以ＬＡＬ检测ＢＡＬＦ为诊断阴性菌肺炎的一种快速、准确、简便的试验方法。     

支气管肺泡灌洗结合病灶局部给药治疗高龄呼吸机相关肺炎的疗效观察

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）支气管肺泡灌洗（bronchoalceo larlavage，BAL）结合病灶局部给药治疗高龄呼吸机相关肺炎的疗效观察。方法 将50例因呼吸衰竭进行机械通气治疗合并VAP的高龄患者随机分为对照组（综合治疗26例）和BAL组（BAL＋病灶局部给药＋综合治疗24例）。治疗后对肺部感染的临床症状、体征、外周血白细胞计数、痰细菌培养、肺部炎性病变吸收情况进行分析。结果 BAL组临床治愈率（79．2％）较对照组（34．6％）明显提高（P〈0．05），有效率（97．1％）明显大于对照组（73．1％）（P〈0．05）。结论 纤支镜经Swivel adapter接头套管导管进镜进行BAL并结合局部给药治疗老年高龄VAP为一种安全、方便、快捷、有效的治疗方法。     

合并支原体感染的大叶性肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液中常规细胞学检测及意义*

目的研究大叶性肺炎患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中常规细胞学形态学检测、肺炎支原体-DNA(MP-DNA)及细胞因子白细胞介素-17(IL-17)水平,探讨其临床意义及相互关系。方法选取确诊为大叶性肺炎并行支气管肺泡灌洗术(BAL)的患儿87例,行BAL当天对患儿行临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)分为:重症组27例,轻症组60例;根据BALF免疫荧光定量MP-DNA结果,分为支原体感染73例:中拷贝组32例、高拷贝组41例,无支原体感染14例;ELISA法检测BALF中IL-17水平,对BALF中细胞HE染色后放大100倍计数,比较各组间常规细胞学计数百分比差异。结果 BALF中中性粒细胞百分比(NE%)、淋巴细胞百分比(LY%)与血清中NE%和LY%无相关性(P0.05);轻症组患儿BALF中柱状上皮细胞计数百分比高于重症组,并且重症组患儿BALF中巨噬细胞百分比高于轻症组(P0.05);高拷贝组NE%高于中拷贝组(P0.05),且NE%与BALF中IL-17水平及MP-DNA拷贝均呈正相关(r1=0.49,P=0.000,r2=0.48,P=0.000)。结论大叶性肺炎肺泡灌洗液中成分更能反应大叶性肺炎局部炎症情况;大叶性肺炎发生时柱状上皮细胞受损脱落,同时巨噬细胞趋化聚集参与炎症反应;肺炎支原体感染时,IL-17通过中性粒细胞募集作用发挥抗感染能力,BALF中NE%可间接反映患儿局部感染支原体拷贝数。     

肺部超声动态评价支气管肺泡灌洗治疗感染性肺炎患儿的临床效果

目的 观察肺部超声（LUS）动态评价支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）治疗感染性肺炎患儿效果的价值。方法 纳入30例接受BAL治疗的感染性肺炎患儿,分别于治疗前、治疗后（2~6天）及出院当天行LUS检查,观察肺部声像图表现并进行LUS评分,测量最高体温及氧合指数（PaO₂/FiO₂）,分析LUS评分与PaO₂/FiO₂的相关性。结果 治疗后及出院当天,患儿最高体温逐渐减低,PaO₂/FiO₂逐渐增加;LUS评分逐渐减低,较显著肺实变范围逐渐缩小（P均<0.05）。治疗前LUS评分与PaO₂/FiO₂呈负相关（r_s=－0.560 7,P=0.001 3）;治疗后LUS评分降低程度与PaO₂/FiO₂增加程度呈正相关（r_s=0.480 3,P=0.007 2）。结论 LUS可动态观察并评估BAL治疗感染性肺炎效果。     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗对重症呼吸机相关性肺炎患者血清炎症因子水平的影响

目的探讨纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗对重症呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者血清炎症因子水平的影响。方法将68例重症VAP患者依据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各34例。对照组采取常规肺泡灌洗联合吸痰治疗,观察组则采取纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗联合吸痰治疗,比较两组肺部感染控制时间、机械通气治疗时间、体温恢复至正常时间、肺部感染评分(CPIS)、白细胞计数、呼吸功能、血气指标及血清炎症因子水平变化。结果观察组治疗后肺部感染控制时间、机械通气治疗时间、体温恢复至正常时间、肺部感染评分(CPIS)、白细胞计数、呼吸功能、血气指标及血清炎症因子水平均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗可明显改善重症VAP患者呼吸功和血气指标,降低血清炎症因子水平。     

Total and double-stranded DNA-specific immunoglobulin E in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children with human adenovirus pneumonia

BackgroundSome antibodies and autoreactive antibodies are associated with the severity of infectious diseases. The roles of humoral responses to lung inflammation in children with human adenovirus (HAdVs) pneumonia remain unknown.Patients and methodsA retrospective study was done to compare plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels between HAdVs pneumonia patients and healthy children by searching the electronic medical record system of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. Then, a prospective study was performed for children with HAdVs pneumonia who needed flexible bronchoscopy for examination and treatment purposes during July 2017 to July 2019. We examined the IgE and autoreactive IgE levels in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these children to explore their role in HAdVs pneumonia.ResultsA significantly higher level of IgE was found in plasma from children hospitalized with HAdVs pneumonia compared with that from healthy children in the same age range. Furthermore, the levels of IgE, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and double-stranded DNA-specific immunoglobulin E (dsDNA-IgE) in BALF were increased compared to plasma in children with HAdVs pneumonia. The levels of IgE, dsDNA, and dsDNA-IgE in BALF were significantly higher in the severe group compared to the non-severe group. The ability of IgE in BALF to recognize dsDNA was verified by the ELISPOT test.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that IgE and dsDNA-IgE in BALF may contribute to lung injury caused by HAdVs, especially in severe cases. Elevated dsDNA-IgE may serve as an indicator of severity in children with HAdVs pneumonia.     

早期床旁纤维支气管镜吸痰及肺泡灌洗在卒中相关性肺炎患者中的应用

目的观察床旁纤维支气管镜吸痰及肺泡灌洗在卒中相关性肺炎患者中的应用价值及安全性。方法将139例卒中相关性肺炎患者随机分为常规组（69例）和纤维支气管镜治疗组（70例）。常规组采用普通吸痰管吸痰及抗生素等常规治疗;纤维支气管镜治疗组在常规治疗的同时采用纤维支气管镜吸痰及肺泡灌洗。动态观察患者体温、血常规、胸片及气管分泌物,用简化临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）对患者进行肺部感染评分。比较两组患者治疗前后临床肺部感染评分、使用抗生素时间,每天吸痰次数、住院天数,病死率及检查不良反应发生率。结果纤维支气管镜治疗组冶疗前后临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）比较、住院天数、使用抗生素时间、每天吸痰次数等指标均优于常规组（P﹤0.05）。纤维支气管镜检查不良反应少。结论在加强抗感染的基础上进行纤维支气管镜吸痰及肺泡灌洗是治疗卒中相关性肺炎的一种有效、安全的辅助治疗措施,具有很高的临床应用价值,值得推广应用。     

半定量鲎试验测定支气管肺泡灌洗液中内毒素浓度诊断阴性菌肺炎

目的为确定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中内毒素浓度增高诊断革兰阴性菌肺炎的准确性。方法对ICU内21例疑似肺部感染患者进行了28次BALF定量细菌培养、半定量鲎溶解物（LAL）试验和革兰染色检查。结果BALF中内毒素浓度≥1：16诊断阴性菌肺炎的敏感性为100．0％，特异性为88．9％。BALF中内毒素浓度增高与微生物学证实阴性菌肺炎之间呈良好诊断一致性（t＝9，87，P＜0.01）。BALF的革兰染色检出值与微生物学之间的一致性较差（t=1．19，P＞0．05）。结论结果提示，BALF中内毒素浓度≥1：16快速诊断阴性菌肺炎的准确性明显优于革兰染色检查，该方法有助于早期抗菌药物治疗的选择。     

振动排痰联合纤维支气管镜肺灌洗治疗重症肺炎机械通气患者的临床研究*

目的探讨纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗联合振动排痰治疗重症肺炎机械通气患者的安全性及治疗效果。方法将2014年1月-2015年8月湖南省人民医院重症监护室(ICU)收治的166例重症肺炎机械通气患者纳入研究,按其入ICU时间顺序随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组83例采用纤维支气管镜肺灌洗前联合振动排痰治疗,对照组83例采用纤维支气管镜肺灌洗治疗,两组均接受常规治疗。比较两组患者生命体征变化指标、呼吸功能指标、疗效及预后指标。结果 1生命体征:两组患者治疗前10 min、治疗中10 min、治疗后30 min呼吸频率、心率、平均动脉压比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2呼吸功能:观察组氧合指数(Pa O2/Fi O2)、动态顺应性(Cydn)水平高于对照组、呼吸做功(WOB)水平低于于对照组(P≤0.05);3疗效及预后指标:观察组治疗有效率高于对照组、机械通气时间及ICU监护时间均短于对照组(P≤0.05);两组死亡率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论纤维支气管镜肺灌洗联合震动排痰比单纯纤维支气管镜肺灌洗更安全有效,有助于改善呼吸功能、缩短机械通气时间及ICU监护时间。     

早期支气管镜吸痰对改善老年吸入性肺炎所致急性呼吸功能衰竭的临床探讨

目的观察老年人吸入性肺炎早期支气管镜吸痰对改善急性呼吸功能衰竭的临床疗效。方法在综合治疗的基础上早期进行支气管镜吸痰27例为治疗组,综合治疗25例为对照组,治疗后对反映肺功能的指标（呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压及二氧化碳分压）进行比较。结果治疗组呼吸频率恢复正常、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）升高及二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）下降的时间明显缩短,差异有显著意义（P〈0．01）。结论早期支气管镜吸痰对抢救因吸入性肺炎所致的急性呼吸功能衰竭是一项有效的措施。     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术联合振动排痰法在重症肺炎机械通气患儿的临床应用

目的:研究纤维支气管镜(以下简称纤支镜)肺泡灌洗术(bronchoalveolar lavage,BAL)联合振动排痰法救治重症肺炎机械通气患儿的临床效果。方法:选取2018年2月至2020年1月在德阳市人民医院儿童重症医学科(pediatric intensive care unit,PICU)接受救治的120例重症肺炎机械通气患儿,采用简单随机分组法将患儿分为BAL组和联合组,每组均60例。所有患儿均接受抗感染、化痰、止咳等对症治疗,BAL组给予BAL治疗,灌洗期间密切生命体征监测;联合组给予BAL联合高频振动排痰治疗,高频振动排痰在BAL治疗前20 min进行。观察两组患儿BAL治疗前后呼吸功能和炎症因子等指标变化,比较两组患儿排痰量、机械通气时间、PICU住院时间、28 d病死率和评估临床疗效。结果:两组治疗2 h后氧合指数(oxygenation index,PaO2/FiO2)、动态顺应性(dynamic compliance,Cydn)均较治疗前明显升高,动脉二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PaCO2)显著下降(P<0.05),联合组治疗2 h后上述指标均较BAL组明显改善(P<0.05);两组治疗5 d后血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞计数(white blood cell,WBC)均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05),联合组治疗5 d后血清PCT、CRP显著低于BAL组(P<0.05);联合组BAL排痰量多于BAL组,机械通气时间、PICU住院时间短于BAL组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间28 d病死率比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。联合组治疗总有效率96.67%,明显高于BAL组的85.00%(P<0.05)。结论:BAL联合振动排痰法可帮助重症肺炎机械通气患儿充分排痰和改善呼吸功能,减轻炎症反应,缩短机械通气时间和PICU住院时间,增益临床疗效。     

苏州地区2013-2018年肺炎住院患儿肺泡灌洗液的病原菌分布及耐药特征分析

目的 通过回顾性的分析2013-2018年苏州地区肺炎住院患儿肺泡灌洗液（BALF）的病原菌分布及耐药变迁的特征分析,为合理使用抗菌药物有效控制相关感染提供依据。方法 2013年1月至2018年12月我院的肺炎住院患儿因诊治的需要抽取BALF,进行病原菌的检测。结果 收集到BALF标本3 242份,共分离出病原菌418份。病原菌分离阳性率为12.89%。主要菌种为肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌,检出率分别为38.28%和21.05%。肺炎链球菌对对红霉素、复方新诺明、克林霉素和四环素明显耐药,耐药率无明显改变（P>0.05）。流感嗜血杆菌对头孢曲松、美洛培南和头孢他叮高度敏感,对氨卞西林耐药率逐年增高（P<0.05）。β 内酰胺酶的阳性率也明显增加（P<0.05）。结论 对治疗困难及无法获得明确病原学资料的难治性肺炎及小年龄的肺炎患儿可进行BALF病原学检测。苏州地区BALF病原菌分布和耐药率变化有自身特征,应加强耐药监测和分析,根据儿童用药特点,指导临床合理用药。     

儿童嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎合并急性胰腺炎超声表现1例

患儿男,11岁,3天前无明显诱因出现阵发性腹痛,以左上腹及剑突下为著,左侧卧位后症状减轻,无腹泻、恶心、呕吐、发热;进食或饮水后有哽噎感,且腹痛加剧,以剑突下疼痛明显;既往体健、否认过敏史.查体:全腹肌紧张,上腹部压痛、反跳痛阳性.实验室检查:白细胞34.76×109/L,嗜酸性粒细胞40.10％,中性粒细胞42.10...     

儿童椎体嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像诊断(附8例分析)

目的：分析并比较儿童椎体嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线、CT及MRI的影像学表现，重点讨论MRI的影像特点。方法：对8例经病理证实的儿童椎体嗜酸性肉芽肿进行回顾性分析，所有病例均行X线检查，4例行CT检查。6例行MRI检查。2例同时行CT、MRI检查。结果：X线表现为椎体破坏呈楔形或扁平形。CT表现为椎体骨质呈不规则溶解破坏。MRI扫描T1WI呈低或等信号，T2WI呈高信号，图像信号不均匀。相邻椎间盘无破坏，MRI矢状面及冠状面扫描可见椎间盘向病变椎体侧膨胀。椎体周围伴有限局性软组织肿块，MRI横断面扫描呈均匀环带状，矢状面及冠状面呈套袖状，边界清晰，具有一定特征性。结论：MRI对于病变及其周围改变的显示要优于传统X线及CT，有助于椎体嗜酸性肉芽肿的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

支气管镜肺泡灌洗液改良抗酸染色法诊断菌阴性肺结核的价值探讨

目的：建立改良抗酸染色法,探讨纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗液改良抗酸染色法对痰菌阴性肺结核患者的诊断价值。方法对50例痰菌阴性肺结核患者进行纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗,应用传统、改良两种抗酸染色法对灌洗液进行检查,了解两种方法对肺结核诊断的阳性率。结果传统、改良两种抗酸染色法的阳性率分别为38％和82％（P ＜0．05）。结论改良抗酸染色法大大提高痰菌阴性肺结核患者的阳性诊断率,值得临床推广应用。     

纤维支气管镜吸痰联合支气管肺泡灌洗在呼吸衰竭中的应用及护理

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗在呼吸衰竭患者中的应用及护理方法.方法:将60例呼吸衰竭患者随机分为纤维支气管镜吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗组(A组)和常规吸痰机吸痰组(B组)各30例,分析比较两组治疗前后的症状、体征及血气分析变化情况.结果:A组改善缺氧情况明显好于B组(P<0.05),肺部感染发生率及治愈时间显著低于B组(P<0.05).结论:对呼吸衰竭患者早期应用纤维支气管镜吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗取代常规吸痰,并给予有针对性的护理干预,可明显改善患者的缺氧情况,降低其肺部感染率,缩短治愈时间.     

Apoptosis in cells of bronchoalveolar lavage: a cellular reaction in patients who die with sepsis and respiratory failure.

OBJECTIVE: Apoptosis represents a physiologic clearance mechanism in human tissues. The role of apoptosis has not been examined in lung cell populations, such as alveolar macrophages of septic patients, an organ frequently insulted in these patients. This study was designed to examine the effect of sepsis on the apoptosis of alveolar macrophages. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Intensive care unit and surgical intensive care and trauma unit of a large university hospital in Athens, Greece. PATIENTS: Bronchoalveolar lavage was obtained from 20 consecutive patients who met the criteria for sepsis, admitted to two intensive care units. Bronchoalveolar lavage was obtained from nine volunteers without lung disease who served as controls. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The specimens were analyzed by using annexin V binding, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfer-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL), DNA laddering, light microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Spontaneous apoptosis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells and particularly of alveolar macrophages was significantly decreased in septic patients compared with nonseptic controls. This finding was confirmed by using morphologic criteria and the TUNEL method. Furthermore, gel electrophoresis of DNA obtained from bronchoalveolar cells revealed that DNA fragmentation was not necessarily associated with apoptotic cell death. The bcl-2 gene was minimally expressed in the control group. An inverse correlation was found between the percentage of apoptotic alveolar macrophages and the severity of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: The prolonged survival of lung cells in septic patients and especially of alveolar macrophages may be attributable to the inhibition of apoptosis. This seems to represent an initial attempt of the host to increase the defense capacity to kill the invading microorganism, resulting in an unbalanced tissue load of cells and an uncontrolled release of toxic metabolites. Furthermore, the inhibition of apoptosis in septic patients may explain why lung function is impaired, leading to sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome and death.