家兔静注水杨醛-N'-(2-呋喃硫羰基)腙铜配合物的药物动力学

目的：研究水杨醛－Ｎ′－（２－呋喃硫羰基）腙铜配合物（ＣＳＦＣ）在兔体内的药物动力学。方法：１０只家兔静脉注射ＣＳＦＣ５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，用反相ＨＰＬＣ法测定血清药物浓度。结果：ＣＳＦＣ的血药浓度－时间曲线符合二室开放模型，主要药动学参数为：Ｔ１２α＝３．４±１．７ｍｉｎ，Ｔ１２β＝６５．５±１４．６ｍｉｎ，Ｋ１２＝０．１１８３±０．０６６９ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ２１＝０．０２２８±０．００６５ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ１０＝０．１２０２±０．０４０７ｍｉｎ－１，Ｖ０＝０．３０５±０．１８４Ｌ·ｋｇ－１，ＣＬ＝１．８９６±０．４７０Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ＝１７０．１±５７．０ｍｇ·ｍｉｎ－１·Ｌ－１。结论：ＣＳＦＣ在兔体内分布迅速而广泛，消除也较快。家兔静注５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，可维持抗结核杆菌有效血浓度６ｈ。     

高效液相色谱法测定静注吡洛地尔兔血药浓度及药物动力学参数

本文应用反相高效液相色谱法测定兔静注吡洛地尔（１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）血药浓度，样品用正庚烷提取。流动相以１０％三乙胺：甲醇液（甲醇：水＝９：１）＝５：９５。紫外检测波长为２５４ｎｍ，回收率８１．４％，日内和日间的ＲＳＤ值为２．４％、３．５％。最低检测血浓为２０ｎｇ／ｍｌ。用３Ｐ８７程序拟合为二室模型。α＝３．０８ｈ－１，β＝０．１８ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２＝４．０７ｈ，Ｋ１０＝０．９１ｈ－１，Ｋ１０＝０．６１ｈ－１，Ｖｃ＝１１．４５ＡＬ／ｋｇ，ＣＬ＝６．７３Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），ＡＵＣ＝２．２１（μｇ·ｈ）／Ｌ。     

3－酮－地索高诺酮在家兔体内的药物动力学

以高效液相色谱分析法测定按２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１剂量给家兔皮下注射３－酮－地索高诺酮后０．２５～２４ｈ的血药浓度，其血药浓度－时间曲线符合二室开放模型，药物动力学方程为Ｃ＝２５７．０７ｅ－０．７１ｔ＋４２．２３ｅ－０．０５ｔ－２９９．３０ｅ－０．９３ｔ主要药物动力学参数：Ｔｋａ０．７８±０．１７ｈ，Ｔα１．２０±０．３０ｈ，Ｔβ１２．０９±４．１８ｈ，ＡＵＣ１３１２．９０±３８７．４５μｇ·ｈ￣（－１）·Ｌ￣（－１），Ｔ＿（ｍａｘ）１．６９±０．３９ｈ，Ｃ（ｍａｘ）＝１２８．２１±５０·７１μｇ·Ｌ￣（－１），Ｖ／Ｆ９．５０±４．３９Ｌ·ｋｇ（－１）。采用平衡透析法测得３－酮－地索高诺酮与兔血浆蛋白的结合率在８１．０９％～８４．６０％之间。     

Pharmacokinetics of flutamide and its metabolite 2-hydroxyflutamidein normal and hepatic injury rats

目的：建立一新的高压液相色谱法用来研究氟他胺（Ｆｌｕ）及其活性代谢产物２羟基氟他胺（ＨＦ）的药物动力学．方法：正常及肝损伤大鼠灌胃Ｆｌｕ５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１．采用反相高压液相色谱法，以甲基睾丸素为内标，流动相为甲醇∶乙腈∶水∶乙醚＝４０∶２０∶３５∶１（体积比），检测波长为２３４ｎｍ．结果：Ｆｌｕ的Ｋ与Ｃｌ分别由０６２±０１６ｈ－１及６０±１０Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１减小到０１６±００３ｈ－１及０６３±０２９Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１（Ｐ＜００１），ＡＵＣ与Ｃｍａｘ分别由８６±１３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１·ｈ及２４±０７ｍｇ·Ｌ－１增加到１００±４４ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ及６７±２８ｍｇ·Ｌ－１（Ｐ＜００１）．ＨＦ的Ｋ（ｍ）由００７±００１ｈ－１减小到００５±００１ｈ－１（Ｐ＜００１）．结论：在肝损伤大鼠，Ｆｌｕ与ＨＦ消除受到显著抑制．     

芸香甙的药代动力学研究

目的研究芸香甙在兔体内的药代动力学。方法家兔一次静注芸香甙５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１后，利用荧光分光光度法测定不同时间的血药浓度。应用３Ｐ８７药动学软件程序对数据进行计算机处理。结果芸香甙的药时（Ｃ－Ｔ）方程为：Ｃ＝８５．９７８９ｅ－０．９０４４Ｔ＋３４．５１０５ｅ－０．０５８７Ｔ＋４．３８３８ｅ－０．００４６Ｔ。芸香甙的主要药代动力学参数如下：Ｔ１／２ａ：（０．７６０９±０．１０６６）ｍｉｎ，Ｔ１／２ｂ：（１２．５６６７±３．７１３９）ｍｉｎ，Ｔ１／２ｃ：（１６２．５６５１±５０．６０３５）ｍｉｎ，Ｋ１２：（０．５１２３±０．１３１６）ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ２１：（０．３２９８±０．０７３７）ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ１３：（０．０７３９±０．０１８２）ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ３１：（０．０１００±０．００３７）ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ１０：（０．０７７４±０．０１６０）ｍｉｎ－１，Ｖｃ：（０．０４０４±０．００４４）Ｌ·ｋｇ－１，ＡＵＣ：（１６７９．７５８３±４８０．６０４５）ｍｇ·Ｌ－１·ｍｉｎ－１，ＣＬ（ｓ）：（０．００３１±０．０００８）Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１。结论芸香甙在兔体内的Ｃ－Ｔ变化符合三室开放模型；芸香甙在体内的分布、消除迅速。     

口服茶碱缓释胶囊的药物动力学

采用荧光偏振免疫法（ＦＰＩＡ），对１２名老年慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者口服单剂量和多剂量茶碱缓释胶囊（ＰＴ）测定经时血药浓度并计算药物动力学参数。结果表明，单剂量组口服ＰＴ后Ｔｍａｘ＝７．０±６．０ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ＝６．８±２．６ｍｇ·Ｌ－１；多剂量组连续口服ＰＴ后Ｔｓｓｍａｘ＝４．０±１．８ｈ，Ｃｓｓｍａｘ＝１６．５±２．６ｍｇ·Ｌ－１。     

咪哒唑仑在两个年龄组的药物动力学

对健康男性较高年龄及青年志愿者各７例，分别单次快速静滴０．０８ｍｇ／ｋｇ及０．１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ咪哒唑仑后，进行了药物动力学研究。结果两组药物动力学均成二室模型。较高年龄组比青年组的室间转运速率常数Ｋ１２、末相半衰期Ｔ１／２β和平均滞留时间ＭＲＴ０－∞均明显增大，两组Ｋ１２分别为７±６ｈ和２．８±１．４ｈ（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｔ１／２β为４．０±１．７ｈ和２．１±０．６ｈ（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＭＲＴ０－∞为５．２±１．８ｈ和２．５±０．７ｈ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而总清除率ＣＬｓ较高年龄组比青年组明显减小，分别为０．１７±０．０３Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ）和０．２８±０．０８Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。且中国人ＣＬｓ较欧洲人为低。提示年龄增大对咪哒唑仑的清除能力下降，中国男性老年人给药剂量和给药间隔应适当调整。     

高效液相色谱法与紫外法测定慢性阻塞性肺病患者茶碱血药浓度的评价

本文用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）和双波长紫外分光光度法（ＵＶ）平行测定了２ｌ例慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者的血清茶碱浓度，共１２３例次。两种方法之间有良好的线性关系（ｒ＝０．９７６１，Ｐ＜０．０ｌ），但ＵＶ法较ＨＰＬＣ法测得的血清茶喊浓度低（△Ｃ＝－０．６±１．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｎ＝１２３，Ｐ＜０．０５）。药物动力学研究表明：两种方法所得药＋时曲线均符合一房室模型，血药浓度的差异并不影响茶碱的主要药动学参数值及由此预测的给药剂量。Ｋａ为３±５／２．５±２．８ｈ~(－１)；Ｋ为０．４±０．０７／０．１５±０．０５ｈ~(－１)；Ｔ１／２为５．７±２．４／５．０±１．８ｈ；Ｃｌ为０．０９±０．０５／０．０８±０．０４Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ）；Ｄ为１．０±０．６／０．９±０．４ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），Ｐ＞０．０５。     

家兔静注依托泊甙的药物动力学研究

采用改良的ＨＰＬＣ法测定家兔血清中的依托泊甙，同时检测到两个代谢物，基本确定为顺依托泊甙和反依托泊甙羟基酸。家兔静注依托泊甙的药物动力学符合二室开放模型，其主要参数为：Ｔ１／２α＝３．００±１．９１ｍｉｎ，Ｔ１／２β＝５８．９３±４５．３５ｍｉｎ，Ｖｃ＝０．３８±０．２５Ｌ／ｋｇ，Ｃｌ＝０．０２±０．０１Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１，ＡＵＣ＝７４１．４０±３８２．６０μｇ·ｍｌ－１·ｍｉｎ－１。     

抗孕唑（DL－111－IT）在恒河猴体内药代动力学

恒河猴分别ｉｖ抗孕唑２０％ｃｒｅｍｏｐｈｏｒＥＬ生理盐水液２５，１２．５及６．３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１后，用柱切换ＨＰＩ（法测定给药后２４ｈ内各时间点的血药浓度，根据各猴血药浓度－时间数据拟合曲线，均呈二房室动力学模型．其Ｙ１／２ａ分别为０．３８ｈ，０．２０ｈ及０．３６ｈ；Ｙ１／２β分别为６．６０ｈ，１０．２ｈ及１０．１ｈ；Ｖ（Ｃ）分别为５．３０，１．２６和１．４８Ｌ·ｋｇ－１．分别ｉｍ抗孕唑茶油液５０，２５和１２．５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１３种剂量后，同上测定血药浓度，各猴血药浓度一时间数据拟合曲线，均呈－房室动力学模型。其Ｋａ分别为０．９８ｈ，１．０３ｈ及１．４５ｈ；Ｋｅ为０．４２ｈ，０．３７ｈ及０．５９ｈ；Ｔ１／２Ｋｅ为１．６６ｈ，１．９０ｈ及１．１６ｈ；Ｔ（ｐｅａｋ）为１．５２ｈ，１．５７ｈ及１．０９ｈ。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.