Three major coronary artery-to-left ventricular shunts: Report of three cases and review of literature

Among the congenital coronary artery fistulas, diffuse fistulation into the left ventricular chamber, usually expressed in terms of a coronary artery-left ventricular shunt, is not as rare today as was previously thought. However, the origin of such a shunt from all three major coronary arteries is rare. This paper reports three cases of such an occurrence and presents the clinical features and management of this rare anomaly by analyzing 31 cases, including 28 from the literature.     

左冠状动脉瘘的影像诊断与介入治疗

目的 :探讨左冠状动脉瘘的影像诊断和介入治疗价值。方法 :2 7例均行X线平片和彩色多普勒检查 ;行升主动脉造影者 4例 ,选择性冠状动脉造影者 2 3例 ;3例行介入治疗 ,16例于体外循环下行冠状动脉瘘修复术。结果 :5例X线平片和 15例彩色多普勒检查基本上能提示诊断 ,血管造影均能明确诊断 ,血管造影显示左冠状动脉瘘通过左前降支和左回旋支形成较粗大的瘘口者 16例 (5 9.3% ) ,左冠状动脉细小分支瘘者 11例 (40 .7% ) ,其中发生于左冠状动脉前降支的细小分支者 6例、发生于左回旋支的细小分支者 4例、同时源于左前降支和左回旋支的细小分支者 1例。在这 2 7例中 ,瘘入右心室 13例 (48.2 % ) ,瘘入肺动脉者 7例 (2 5 .9% ) ,瘘入左心室 5例 (18.3% ) ,瘘入左房者 2例 (7.4 % )。 3例患者行介入治疗 ,经 6个月随访观察 ,未见异常改变。结论 :选择性冠状动脉造影是诊断冠状动脉瘘的最佳方法 ,在治疗方面目前除手术治疗外 ,介入治疗亦是一种较好的手段     

Coronary artery to left ventricle fistulas: Echocardiographic features

The echocardiographic features of a coronary artery fistula that drains into the left ventricle were described in two patients. The clinical picture mimicked moderate to severe aortic insufficiency; however, M-mode echocardiogram revealed unusual features. Diastolic fluttering of the anterior mitral leaflet and the septum was absent in the first patient, while the second patient had marked diastolic fluttering of the posterior mitral leaflet and the left ventricular wall at the atrioventricular junction. In both, the coronary artery fistula could be visualized by cross-sectional echocardiography. Contrast echocardiography performed during cardiac catheterization in the second patient demonstrated that the diastolic fluttering of the posterior mitral leaflet was related to the jetting of blood from the coronary artery fistula.     

多普勒组织成像评估冠状动脉狭窄患者心室舒张功能的研究

 目的应用多普勒组织成像技术(Doppler tissue imaging,DTI)探讨冠状动脉狭窄(Coronary arteriostenosis,CAS)患者左、右心室整体舒张功能的变化及左、右心室间舒张功能的相互影响.方法40例CAS患者和40例正常成人作对照,用DTI测定二尖瓣环、三尖瓣环的运动速度及左、右心室舒张功能参数.结果CAS患者左、右心室舒张功能参数较正常人降低,单纯左冠状动脉狭窄患者的左、右心室舒张功能均降低,混合支冠状动脉狭窄组与单纯左支冠脉狭窄组比较,右室舒张功能受到的影响更大.结论DTI对评估冠状动脉狭窄患者左、右心室舒张功能有重要的应用价值.     

Giant fistula between the right coronary artery and the left ventricle: diagnostic significance of right posterior oblique chest radiograph.

Congenital coronary artery fistulas are uncommon. The prevalence of coronary artery fistulas in adults has been estimated as 0.13% [1]. Most of these fistulas communicate with the right atrium or ventricle or with the pulmonary artery; those emptying into the left atrium or ventricle are quite rare [2, 3]. Usually, patients with coronary artery fistula do not have clinical symptoms, and their chest radiographs do not show the corresponding shadow because the fistula is hemodynamically insignificant. When the fistula is large, however, chest radiographs show the secondary hemodynamic changes, such as cardiac enlargement or increased pulmonary vasculature, depending on the emptying site. Moreover, the silhouette of the dilated tortuous vessel itself can be seen on the chest radiograph. We have examined four patients, each of whom had a giant fistula in the right coronary artery emptying into the left ventricle, proved by coronary angiography. In this essay, we illustrate the chest radiographs of these patients and describe the radiologic features that permit a specific diagnosis or suggest a coronary artery fistula.     

Ventricular tachycardia in a patient with double valve replacement and bilateral coronary artery fistulas

A young patient presented with hemodynamic instability due to wide QRS tachycardia occurring about 10 years after double valve replacement. Bilateral coronary artery fistulas draining into the pulmonary artery were documented by invasive coronary angiography as well as by computed tomography imaging. A calcified scar of the posterolateral left ventricle was considered to be the origin of the clinical ventricular tachycardia. Although additional pathological findings are rare in young patients with valvular heart disease, diagnostic imaging of the heart is mandatory prior to cardiac surgery.     

Coronary to pulmonary artery fistula associated with significant coronary atherosclerosis and severe aortic valve stenosis: A Case Report

Coronary artery fistulas are anomalous connections between one or two coronary arteries with either a cardiac chamber or any major blood vessels (coronary sinus, superior vena cava, pulmonary veins and pulmonary artery). It is rarely reported, occurring only in 0.1%-0.2% of patients who undergo coronary angiography. We report a very rare case where myocardial ischaemia may have resulted from the presence of coronary artery fistula, significant coronary artery stenosis and severe aortic valve stenosis. Transthoracic echocardiography showed severe aortic stenosis, while coronary angiography showed a tortuous coronary artery fistula originating from the proximal left anterior descending artery, with a single opening in the main pulmonary artery. Angiography also showed significant stenosis in the middle of the left anterior descending artery. Coronary artery fistula with concomitant significant coronary atherosclerosis and severe aortic stenosis requires optimal therapeutic planning.     

成人先天性冠状动脉畸形的分类及其发生率

目的 探讨成人冠状动脉(冠脉)造影人群先天性冠脉畸形(CCA)的类型及其发生率.方法 2000年10月～2006年10月共1 520例成人患者行冠脉造影检查,对检出有CCA患者的影像资料进行回顾性分析,并根据CCA解剖学特征进行分类.结果 1 520例成人患者共检出各类CCA 58例,发生率3.82%.冠脉起源和分布异常26例,发生率1.71%;其中前降支和回旋支分别开口于左冠窦14例,左主干或回旋支起源于右冠窦各1例,右冠脉分别起源于升主动脉4例、左冠窦3例和无冠窦1例,单支左冠脉2例.冠脉终止异常11例,均为冠脉瘘,发生率0.72%.冠脉结构异常21例,发生率1.38%,其中心肌桥18例,回旋支发育不良2例,窦房结动脉起源于左室后支1例.本组病例未发现有冠脉间异常交通者.结论 冠脉造影是诊断成人CCA的主要方法之一,按解剖学特征进行分类有助于阐明CCA类型及其发生率.     

先天性冠状动脉瘘X线平片及造影诊断分析

目的：分析和评价X线平片及血管造影在诊断先天性冠状动脉瘘中的临床价值,并探讨该病的发生规律。方法：43例经手术证实的先天性冠状动脉瘘,均摄有X线平片并经血管造影诊断,其中男16例,女27例,平均年龄15岁。结果：43例中,X线平片明确诊断5例,血管造影对所有病例均作出正确诊断。其中右冠状动脉瘘28例（65％）,左冠状动脉瘘14例（32．6％）,多发左右冠状动脉瘘1例（2．4％）;发生右室瘘18例（42％）,右房瘘15例（35％）,左室瘘5例（12％）,肺动脉瘘4例（9％）,左房瘘1例（2％）。结论：X线评片在诊断冠状动脉瘘中有一定的限度,但如发现心脏异常博动膨突影,有较高的价值。血管造影仍是此病诊断的金标准。     

Coronary artery anomalies in tetralogy of fallot

Coronary angiograms of 296 patients with Fallot's tetralogy were reviewed. Group I abnormalities in the origin and distribution of the coronary arteries, found in 32 (11.8%) cases, consisted of a single coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva in 7 cases, left anterior descending artery from the right coronary artery in 7 cases, and an accessory left anterior descending from the right coronary in 18 cases. Of the 7 cases with a single coronary artery, the right coronary branch was anterior to the aortic root, crossing the right ventricular outflow in two cases. Group II acquired abnormalities were found in 11 cases and consisted of an enlarged conus artery in 9 cases and 1 case each of coronary bronchial collateral and right ventricular branch from the left anterior descending artery. Except in 12 patients requiring selective coronary angiography, aortic root angiography was sufficient to outline the coronary anatomy. Awareness of a coronary anomaly helps in deciding the time and type of operative procedure to be performed, especially in infants, since injury to a large vessel perfusing the left ventricle usually results in increased morbidity and mortality.     

Traumatic fistula between the left anterior descending coronary artery and a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm

A 44-year-old man presented with a fistula of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery to a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm 6 months after a stab injury in the left anterior chest. The color Doppler echocardiography suggested, and angiography confirmed, the diagnosis and the lesion was treated successfully. Traumatic coronary artery fistulas are rare complications, and color Doppler echocardiography proved useful for the diagnosis. Received: 0/00/00/Accepted: 0/00/00     

Bronchial to coronary artery fistulas: an important sign of silent coronary artery disease and potential complication during bronchial artery embolization

Coronary artery fistulas are rare and usually asymptomatic congenital anomalies generally diagnosed incidentally during coronary angiographies. Herein, we present a case of bronchial to coronary artery fistula which was diagnosed incidentally during bronchial artery embolization. Embolization was performed successfully without complication, and an underlying important coronary artery stenosis was subsequently found by coronary computed tomography angiography.     

The unfolded map using 201Tl myocardial SPECT

The unfolded map is a new method to show the ²⁰¹Tl distribution of left ventricle using SPECT. In 52 cases these maps were obtained at the stress study and 4 h later. The maximal count profiles of the perimeters for each short axis image were unfolded and were arranged from the apex to base of the left ventricle into a two dimensional map. All patients had chest pain and were suspected of coronary artery disease. The unfolded map had significant correlations between coronary arteriogram and exercise ECG findings. In conclusion, this method reflects the ischemic area of left ventricular myocardium, closer to the real left ventricular myocardium than Bull's eye display and is useful in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease.     

64MSCTA对冠状动脉变异的诊断及临床评价

目的评价64层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像（CTCA）对冠状动脉变异的诊断价值及临床评价。方法回顾性分析3529例临床疑为心肌缺血患者及常规体查者冠状动脉CTA影像检查结果并对发现的变异冠状动脉进行分类。结果3529例冠状动脉CTA受检者中,共检出冠状动脉变异42例（1．19％,42／3529）,MIP、VRT、CPR重建图像均明确显示其开口及走行;其中右冠状动脉起自主动脉左冠状窦者9例,左冠状动脉起自主动脉右冠状窦者2例,左回旋支异位开口于右冠窦1例,冠状动脉高位开口于升主动脉壁者6例．并行左主干3例（前降支、旋支分别开口于左冠窦）,左主干开口于肺动脉伴右冠状动脉瘤1例,左旋支-冠状静脉瘘者2例,副冠状动脉9例,右冠状动脉-左心室瘘合并右冠状动脉瘤l例。冠状动脉发育不良8例。结论冠状动脉CTA能准确显示各种类型冠状动脉变异,可作为无创性诊断冠状动脉变异的首选方法。     

Minidose技术在双源CT心脏扫描中的初步应用

目的：探讨Minidose技术在双源CT（DSCT）冠状动脉成像及左心室功能分析中的应用价值。方法：45例临床怀疑为冠状动脉心脏病的患者行DSCT冠状动脉成像和超声心动图左心室功能检查。DSCT采用序列扫描模式,总扫描时间窗35％～95％R—R间期,其中40％～70％R-R间期时为全电流输出,数据用于冠状动脉重建,其余间期使用全电流的20％输出,数据用于左心室功能分析。依据美国心脏协会冠状动脉分法,将冠脉图像分为16段,并采用4级法对每段图像质量进行评估。将DSCT检查时测量的左心室射血分数值（LVEF）,并与超声心动图所测得的LVEF值为对照进行统计学分析。结果：40例患者顺利完成DscT冠状动脉成像及超声心动图左心室功能分析。共评价冠状动脉525段,其中可用于诊断的节段占97．53％（512／525）,平均辐射剂量为（3．75±0．89）mSv。DSCT与超声心动图所测得的LVEF值差异无统计学意义（t=-1．61,P=0．12〉0．05）,且两者相关性好（r=0．68）。结论：Minidose技术可以用于DSCT冠状动脉成像兼顾左心室功能分析的“一站式”扫描,冠状动脉图像质量较好,左心室功能分析结果可靠,平均辐射剂量低。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉侧支循环形成的形态学特点分析

目的:分析国人冠状动脉侧支循环的形态学特点。方法:将265例冠心病病人的冠状动脉造影结果进行分析,按Levin的方法进行分类,并与之比较。结果:不同狭窄程度两组间侧支循环开放率差别有高度统计学意义(X2=14.43,P<0.001)。三支血管间侧支循环开放率差别均有统计学意义(X2=3.96,X2=4.28,P<0.05)。东、西方组冠状动脉各支病变的侧支分布的比较差别有高度统计学意义(右冠状动脉X2=9.68,P<0.01;左冠状动脉X2=41.73,P<0.001;左冠状动脉旋支X2=8.54,P<0.01。结论:冠状动脉侧支循环的形成与冠状动脉狭窄程度及病变血管有关。中国人的冠状动脉侧支循环具有独特性。     

64排螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像诊断冠状动脉-肺动脉瘘的应用价值

目的 评价64排螺旋CT三维重组技术诊断冠状动脉-肺动脉瘘(CPF)的应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析20例行64排螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像的CPF患者的资料, 其图像行容积再现、多平面重组、曲面重组、最大密度投影, 分析CPF的检出率、异常血管的CT特征及多排螺旋CT的诊断意义。 结果 CPF血管起源:左冠状动脉分支或左圆锥支11例, 左冠状动脉分支及右圆锥支(或左右圆锥支)7例, 右圆锥支1例, 双侧冠状动脉多分支1例。异常血管形态:迂曲扩张血管网19例, 单纯扩张血管1例, 匍匐于肺动脉壁20例; 合并囊状动脉瘤5例, 梭形动脉瘤1例。肺动脉瘘口的位置:主肺动脉左侧壁14例, 左前壁1例, 前壁2例, 左侧壁和前壁1例, 左前壁和右侧壁1例, 未见明确瘘口1例。瘘口的CT特征:开窗征17例, 射血征8例, 烟雾征3例, 飘带征1例, 等密度征10例。 结论 多排螺旋CT重组技术可清晰显示CPF的异常血管及瘘口特征, 为临床诊治提供重要信息, 可作为诊断的首选方法。     

冠状动脉瘘

研究分析冠状动脉瘘的临床和影像诊断。材料和方法：收集３９例冠状动脉瘘,年龄５岁～６４岁（平均２５．２岁）;均有主动脉根部或（和）冠状动脉造影（ＤＳＡ １９例,电影造影１２例,大片快速换片８例）。结果：听诊有连续性或双期性杂音２８例,ＥＫＧ正常或大致正常心电图１８例,单支形成瘘３７例,双支形成瘘２例,瘘口在右心室１５例（ＲＣＡ８例,ＬＣＡ７例）,右心房７例（ＲＣＡ４例,ＬＣＡ３例）,肺动脉８例（ＲＣ     

High-resolution selective three-dimensional magnetic resonance coronary angiography with navigator-echo technique: segment-by-segment evaluation of coronary artery stenosis

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of high-resolution selective three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) in the evaluation of coronary artery stenoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 12 patients with coronary artery stenoses, MRCA of the coronary artery groups, including the coronary segments with stenoses of 50% or greater based on conventional x-ray coronary angiography (CAG), was performed with double-oblique imaging planes by orienting the 3D slab along the major axis of each right coronary artery-left circumflex artery (RCA-LCX) group and each left main trunk-left anterior descending artery (LMT-LAD) group. Ten RCA-LCX and five LMT-LAD MR angiograms were obtained, and the results were compared with those of conventional x-ray angiography. RESULTS: Among 70 coronary artery segments expected to be covered, a total of 49 (70%) segments were fully demonstrated in diagnostic quality. The identification of segmental location of stenoses showed as high an accuracy as 96%. The retrospective analysis for stenosis of 50% or greater yielded the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 80%, 85%, and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Selective 3D MRCA has the potential for segment-by-segment evaluation of major portions of the right and left coronary arteries with high accuracy.