流动儿童社会支持、核心自我评价与行为适应的关系研究

目的探讨流动儿童社会支持、核心自我评价与行为适应的关系以及核心自我评价的调节效应,为提高流动儿童的行为适应水平提供依据。方法采用社会支持评定量表、核心自我评价量表、学习适应问卷和问题行为问卷对广州市、贵阳市的798名流动儿童进行问卷调查。结果流动儿童社会支持及各维度、核心自我评价与学习适应呈正相关(r=0.22~0.55,P值均0.01),与问题行为呈负相关(r=-0.13~-0.41,P值均0.01);社会支持对流动儿童行为适应具有显著影响;流动儿童核心自我评价在社会支持与学习适应之间具有显著的调节效应。结论社会支持对流动儿童学习适应的影响随其核心自我评价水平不同而变化。     

自我接纳和父母教养方式在初高中学生性别角色与社交焦虑之间的中介调节作用

目的 探究初高中生的性别角色与社交焦虑的关系,以及自我接纳的中介作用和父母教养方式的调节作用。方法 于2018年10月,采用性别角色量表(BSRI)、交往焦虑量表(IAS)、自我接纳问卷(SAQ)和父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)对大庆市9所学校的2 399名初高中生进行调查。结果 双性化、男性化、女性化和未分化分别为874例(36.43%)、378例(15.76%)、343例(14.30%)和804例(33.51%),且性别(男/女)和学历(初/高中)可显著影响性别角色分布(χ²=45.35、9.44,P＜0.01)。四种性别角色在IAS和SAQ得分上差异显著(F=127.15、79.11,P＜0.001),双性化社交焦虑得分最低、自我接纳得分最高,女性化则与之相反。当以双性化为对照时,自我接纳在男性化与社交焦虑之间起完全中介作用,在女性化和未分化与社交焦虑之间起部分中介作用,中介效应量分别为62.36%、56.67%和70.30%。潜在剖面分析将父母教养方式分为积极型、混合型和消极型三类。以消极型为对照时,在不同父母教养方式类型中,自我接纳对社交焦虑的预测作用有显著差异(△R²=0.005,P＜0.001),具体为积极型的效果优于消极型(β=0.33,P＜0.001)。结论 不同性别角色个体的自我接纳水平可预测其交往焦虑水平,但在不同父母教养方式类型中自我接纳对交往焦虑的预测作用有所差异。故今后,若欲通过提高初高中生自我接纳水平以减少其遭受社交焦虑困扰的风险时,父母应更多采用积极的教养方式以利于自我接纳发挥作用。     

Social constraints and quality of life among chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors: a mediation model

Purpose

Literature has revealed detrimental effects of unsupportive interpersonal interactions on adjustment to cancer. However, no studies have examined this effect and the underlying psychological pathways among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors. The study investigated the relationship between social constraints and adjustment to cancer and the underlying psychological pathways among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors.

Methods

Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors (N = 120) completed a questionnaire package assessing social constraints, intrusive thoughts, affect, and quality of life.

Results

Results revealed a negative relationship between social constraints and quality of life. Such a relationship between social constraints and quality of life was mediated by negative affect and intrusive thoughts, while the association of intrusive thoughts and quality of life were completely mediated by positive and negative affect.

Conclusion

Findings highlight the negative association between unsupportive interpersonal interactions and adjustment through cognitive and affective pathways among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors.     

Discrimination, mental problems and social adaptation in young refugees

BACKGROUND: Mental problems have been hypothesized to impede social adaptation and vice versa, and discrimination is assumed to interact with both. The available empirical documentation is, however, limited. The objective of this study is to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of associations and pathways between discrimination, mental problems and social adaptation in young refugees. METHODS: Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used for the analysis of cross-sectional data from interviews with 131 young Middle Eastern refugees residing in Denmark. RESULTS: Participants reported a mean of 1.8 experiences of discrimination, and the prevalence of five indicators of positive social adaptation was 47-92%. Discrimination, mental problems and social adaptation were strongly mutually associated, without gender difference. Discrimination predicted internalizing behaviour. Improved social adaptation correlated negatively with discrimination and with externalizing and internalizing behaviour. CONCLUSION: Perceived discrimination among young refugees from the Middle East is associated with mental problems and social adaptation. Discrimination seems to provoke internalizing but not externalizing behaviour. The direction of other pathways is ambiguous, suggesting a certain amount of recursive interaction between mental health, discrimination and social adaptation.     

Gender and social support in the context of cardiovascular disease

OBJECTIVE: Gender and social support (SS) can affect the level of adjustment to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study we attempted to determine the effects of both factors on negative mood state, quality of life (QOL) and perceived health control (PHC) in patients at high CVD risk or with CVD. We also tested for an interactive effect of gender and SS. METHOD: One hundred and fifty-three chronic outpatients (89 females and 60 males; 4 provided no information on gender) were assessed. Levels of social support were measured. Other psychosocial variables included were negative mood state, domains of QOL (satisfaction and free time) and PHC. RESULTS: The results, as expected, indicated main effects of gender and social support. Females experienced higher negative mood state and lower PHC in comparison with males. Patients with low SS reported less satisfaction, free time and PHC and had more negative mood state. No interaction of gender by social support was found. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of social support and gender are important aspects that influence emotional and psychological functioning in patients with CVD. Specific interventions designed for females and individuals with poor emotional and instrumental support may contribute to positive changes in their adjustment.     

Empowerment and Social Support: Implications for Practice and Programming Among Minority Women with Substance Abuse and Criminal Justice Histories

Programs for women with substance abuse and criminal justice histories often incorporate empowerment and social support into service delivery systems. Women’s empowerment research has focused on the relationship between women’s personal identities and the larger sociopolitical context, with an emphasis on how community-based resources are critical for promoting well-being. Social support often protects against negative outcomes for individuals who live with chronic stress. However, few studies have evaluated community resource knowledge and empowerment among marginalized women or how social support might strengthen or weaken this relationship. This study investigated resource knowledge, social support, and empowerment among 200 minority women in substance abuse recovery who had recent criminal justice involvement. Results indicated that resource knowledge was related to empowerment and belonging social support marginally moderated this relationship. In addition, education level increased and current involvement in the criminal justice system decreased empowerment. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.     

Rising from the ashes: stories of recovery,adaptation and resiliency in burn survivors

Burn-injured people are confronted with enormous challenges in their recovery process on a physical, emotional, and spiritual level. Despite the magnitude of trauma, there has been a dearth of research exploring adult burn survivors' perception of their experiences. In this qualitative study, eight burn survivors were interviewed. Influences that impacted their experiences such as perceived memories, time, and age when burned were distinguished from the multiple themes of losses to identity, life style, relationships and physical functioning as well as themes of adaptation, coping and resiliency. Drawing from the burn survivors' stories of recovery can provide insights for social workers and other health care professionals in serving this compelling population more effectively.     

Different pathways in social support and quality of life between Korean American and Korean breast and gynecological cancer survivors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate: (1) how social support influences quality of life (QOL) and (2) whether or not the pathways for predicting QOL outcomes differ between Korean American and Korean survivors of breast and gynecological cancer. METHOD: To identify multiple dimensions of health status and psychosocial outcomes, two standardized QOL and psychological distress measures were administered to 51 Korean Americans and 110 Koreans. Social support was measured by items assessing functional social support and social network structures. Hierarchical multiple regression and path analyses were employed to investigate the effects of social support on outcomes and to compare between Korean Americans and Koreans. RESULTS: The findings indicate that functional social support directly influences QOL and psychological distress, and social network structures are directly and/or indirectly associated with outcomes. Moreover, the two groups showed different pathways from social support to outcomes. CONCLUSION: This study provides practical research information by illuminating the relationships between social support components influencing QOL for Korean American and Korean survivors. This study may increase the utility and efficacy of the research and interventions to enhance cancer survivors' social participation and to diminish barriers to follow-up care, considering the different living conditions between the United States and Korea.     

Quality of life of stroke survivors

Adaptation to stroke requires complex, long-term change in stroke survivors' lives. This study aimed at identifying those factors that influence quality of life (QOL) of geriatric stroke survivors 1–3 years post-discharge. The objectives were: to describe the overall quality of life of stroke survivors; to examine the relationships between sociodemographic variables, neurological variables, functional status, social support, perceived health status, depression, and overall QOL; and to determine the best predictors of QOL. Data were collected on 50 stroke survivors using a cross-sectional design and standardized questionnaires, including the Quality of Life Index, the Functional Independence Measure, the Social Support Inventory for Stroke Survivors and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The overall quality of life of the study participants was low. The most important predictors of QOL were depression, marital status, quality of social support, and functional status. Depression was the strongest predictor of QOL. By employing a multi-dimensional perspective, this study confirmed that adaptation to stroke involves much more than physical function. Thus, rehabilitation programs for this group would be more effective if they are based upon a holistic approach.     

Powerlessness, empowerment, and health: implications for health promotion programs

PURPOSE AND SCOPE. This article reviews the health and social science research relevant to both the role of powerlessness as a risk factor for disease, and the role of empowerment as a health-enhancing strategy. The research literature surveyed includes studies that address these key concepts from the fields of social epidemiology, occupational health, stress research, social psychology, community psychology, social support and networks, community competence and community organizing. Definitions are provided to operationalize these sometimes loosely-applied terms. IMPORTANT FINDINGS. Powerlessness, or lack of control over destiny, emerges as a broad-based risk factor for disease. Empowerment, though more difficult to evaluate, can also be demonstrated as an important promoter of health. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS. Given the importance and currency of these concepts of powerlessness and empowerment, a model of empowerment education is proposed for health-promotion practitioners. Measurement of empowerment raises issues for researchers on how to test the multiple personal and community changes that may result from an empowering education intervention.     

Gender differences in the relationship between housing, socioeconomic status, and self-reported health status

This study investigates gender differences in housing, socioeconomic status, and self-reported health status. The analysis focuses on the social and economic dimensions of housing, such as demand, control, material aspects (affordability, type of dwelling) and meaningful aspects (pride in dwelling, home as a refuge) of everyday life in the domestic environment. A random sample, cross-sectional telephone survey was administered in the city of Vancouver, Canada in June 1999 (n = 650). Survey items included measures of material and meaningful dimensions of housing, housing satisfaction, and standard measures of socioeconomic status and social support. The main outcome measure was self-reported health (excellent/very good/good vs. fair/poor). A three-stage analysis provides an overall picture of the sample characteristics for male and female respondents, detects significant relations between individual and housing characteristics and self-rated health status, and investigates male-female differences in the factors associated with fair/poor self-rated health. In multivariate analyses, a small number of socioeconomic dimensions of housing were associated with self-rated health status for women. For men, only one attribute of housing was associated with self-rated health: crowding was positively related to poor health, contradicting expectations and the findings for women. The self-reported strain of housework was unrelated to self-rated health for men, but strongly related to poor health for women. For men and women, satisfaction with social activities increased the likelihood of reporting better health. Future research should focus on the health effects of gendered differences in domestic and paid work, and on home and family roles and the interaction among gender, household crowding, and health.     

Acculturation, social support, and quality of life for Korean immigrant breast and gynecological cancer survivors

Objectives. This study examines the direct and/or indirect pathways among acculturation, social support, depressive symptoms, and quality of life (QOL) for Korean immigrant breast and gynecological cancer survivors.

Design. The QOL-Cancer Survivor measure was translated and then administered to 51 survivors. This tool measured acculturation by assessing westernization, language barriers, and length of stay. In addition, the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 was used to assess depressive symptoms. Social support components were conceptualized as comprising both functional social support and social network structures.

Results. Structural equation modeling identified significant relationships among acculturation, social support, depressive symptoms, and QOL. Higher acculturation was associated with positive network structures (larger network size, diversity, and closer social ties) and lower depressive symptoms, which in turn contributed to better QOL. Simultaneously, positive social network structures strongly correlated with better emotional support and, thus, influenced lower depressive symptoms.

Conclusions. The evidence that acculturation influences QOL through social support for Korean immigrant cancer survivors should serve as a rationale for developing psychosocial interventions that enhance immigrant cancer survivors’ social participation and adjustment in the unfamiliar US environment.     

Sexual Self-Schemas,Sexual Dysfunction,and the Sexual Responses of Women with a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Accumulating evidence points to the mediating effects of sexual self-schemas on the sexual difficulties of women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). The following study adds to the extant literature by investigating (1) sexual function and (2) sexual satisfaction utilizing validated measures, and reporting on the relationship between sexual self-schemas and physiological (vaginal photoplethysmography), subjective, and affective responses during laboratory exposure to sexual stimuli. In a community sample of women with (N = 48) and without (N = 48) a history of CSA, we tested (1) the mediation of negative affect on the relation between sexual self-schemas and sexual function/satisfaction, (2) the mediation of negative affect in the relation between CSA and sexual function/satisfaction, and (3) the mediation of sexual self-schemas in the relation between a history of CSA and negative affect prior to sexual stimuli. We found that more Embarrassed/Conservative and less Romantic/Passionate sexual self-schemas predicted negative affect prior to exposure to sexual stimuli which, in turn, predicted levels of sexual satisfaction. The lower sexual satisfaction of CSA survivors was partially mediated by higher reports of negative affect prior to sexual stimuli. However, negative affect prior to sexual stimuli was not mediated by the sexual self-schemas of CSA survivors. Thus, although sexual self-schemas predicted sexual satisfaction, they did not predict variance in negative affect prior to sexual videos experienced by women with a history of CSA.     

Rethinking homicide: violence, race, and the politics of gender

Although homicide is the fourth leading cause of premature mortality in the United States and the leading cause of death for young blacks, the health professions have been largely oblivious to violence. Prevailing explanations contribute to this neglect by emphasizing biological or psychiatric factors that make homicide unpredictable and cultural and environmental factors such as the emergence of a new "underclass" that link violence to race. Focusing on instances where no other crime is involved, this article proposes that "primary" homicide be reconceptualized as a by-product of interpersonal violence, a broad category of social entrapment rooted in the politics of gender inequality and including wife abuse, child abuse, and assaults by friends and acquaintances. The data show that blacks are no more violent than whites, though they are arrested and die more often as the consequence of violence. In addition, a majority of homicides are between social partners or involve gender stereotypes, are preceded by a series of assaults that are known to service providers, and grow out of "intense social engagement" about issues of male control and independence. Professional failure to respond appropriately is a major reason why assaults become fatal, particularly among blacks. An international strategy that combines sanctions against interpersonal assault, gun control, and the empowerment of survivors might prevent half of all homicides.     

Process of forgiveness in the recovery of Chinese women survivors of intimate partner violence: Empowerment,transformation, and integration

Forgiveness has been found one substantial element in the recovery for women survivors from intimate partner violence following the termination of the abusive relationship. To further investigate the details of forgiveness in this specific context, the present study explored the process of forgiveness using grounded theory. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 Chinese women survivors of IPV. The findings suggest that forgiveness is a strength-based process including empowerment, transformation, and integration phases. In the empowerment phase, survivors obtain strength at the intrapersonal, behavioural, and interpersonal levels. In the transformation phase, survivors complete cognitive transformation for their IPV experiences and emotional transformation towards former partners. In the integration phase, survivors—now freed from the past—reflect upon and apply the changes they have undergone. Two trajectories in the process were found. One trajectory is going through stages sequentially and the other trajectory is experiencing back and forth between empowerment and transformation stages before moving into the integration stage. The study's findings broaden our knowledge of the strength-based forgiveness process that women survivors of IPV undergo during recovery. Practitioners and policymakers could develop programmes and policies that support forgiveness by holistically facilitating their recovery and empowerment like assistance in dealing with life difficulties and promoting their reconnection with social networks. To improve the transferability and validity of the findings, the forgiveness of survivors of IPV could be explored in a diverse sample (e.g., survivors with low educational background or live in the rural area).     

A psychosocial mediational model of homelessness among U.S. male and female veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan

Few studies have focused on homelessness among Operations Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans, especially female veterans. An explanatory model of homelessness was constructed and tested for each gender. Data collected in the United States from 833 OEF/OIF/OND veterans (41.5% female; M_age = 35.22, SD = 8.86) who completed the baseline assessment of the Survey of the Experiences of Returning Veterans between September 2011 and July 2014 were analysed. Path analysis was used to examine associations between risk factors and any lifetime homelessness, stratified by gender. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) and low social support were significantly associated with lifetime homelessness for both genders. Social support mediated associations between ACEs and homelessness, after controlling for sociodemographic factors. While sociodemographic risk factors are often considered in homeless prevention, these findings highlight the importance of social support among male and female OEF/OIF/OND veterans, underscoring the need to target this life domain in preventing homelessness.     

初中生社会支持、自我接纳与应对方式的关系

【目的】 探讨初中生社会支持、自我接纳与应对方式的关系,旨在为培养初中生积极应对生活压力提供依据。 【方法】 采用社会支持评定量表、自我接纳量表、简易应对方式量表对德州355名初中生进行问卷调查。 【结果】 1)初中生自我接纳、社会支持和积极应对在是否是班干部维度上差异均有统计学意义(P₁=0.037,P₂=0.000,P₃=0.001,P均<0.05);2)社会支持的主观支持和对支持的利用度两个维度与自我接纳显著正相关(r₁=0.314,r₂=0.279),且这两个维度对自我接纳有一定的正向预测作用;3)社会支持的主观支持和利用度与积极应对方式显著正相关(r₁=0.408,r₂=0.341),并对其有一定的正向预测作用;社会支持的客观支持与利用度与消极应对方式显著负相关(r₁=0.114,r₂=0.122),且利用度对消极应对方式有一定的负向预测作用;4)自我接纳的各维度与积极应对方式显著正相关(r₁=0.107,r₂=0.265),且对积极应对方式有正向预测作用;自我接纳中自我接纳这一维度与消极应对方式显著负相关(r=0.241),并对其有一定的负向预测作用。 【结论】 应鼓励初中生积极担任学生干部的工作,从而获得更高的自我接纳和社会支持水平,在面对生活压力时也能够更好地采取措施积极应对。     

家庭养育环境对儿童早期发育及情绪社会性发展的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨早期家庭养育环境对儿童发育水平、情绪社会性发展的影响,为促进儿童早期发展提供依据。方法 随机抽取济南市188名婴幼儿分别在3月龄、12月龄行《儿童家庭养育环境问卷》测评,2岁行《12~36月龄儿童情绪社会性评估量表》和《0~6岁小儿发育诊断量表》测评,分析家庭养育环境与发育水平和情绪社会性发展间的关系。结果 3月龄家庭养育环境总分、感知/认知、人际互动/喂养因素和12月龄语言/认知因素与儿童2岁DQ及大部分能区得分呈正相关;12月龄社会适应/自理因素与2岁语言发育呈正相关。3月龄家庭养育环境总分与2岁时外显行为、失调域得分呈负相关。12月龄时家庭养育环境总分及社会适应/自理、忽视/惩罚因素与外显行为域、失调域呈负相关,所有养育环境因素均与社会能力域呈正相关。结论 早期家庭养育环境对儿童早期发育和情绪社会性发展均有显著影响;改善家庭养育环境对促进儿童早期发育和情绪社会性发展越早越好。     

Understanding the disaster experience of older adults by gender: the experience of survivors of the 2007 earthquake in Peru

We examine the experiences of older adult survivors of the August 2007 "Southern earthquake" in Peru within the cultural context of gender roles and family relationships. The data include 24 semistructured videotaped interviews conducted in Pisco in December 2007 with survivors of the earthquake aged 60-90. The responses, experiences, and adjustments of the older adult disaster survivors will be discussed in terms of their family and social support systems and gender roles. These older adults sustain their personal identities and deal with their health concerns in the aftermath of the earthquake in the context of these cultural systems of support.