Local Efficacy of Periarticular Morphine Injection in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective,Randomized, Double-Blind Trial

Background

The periarticular multimodal cocktail injection including morphine is currently commonly used to reduce postoperative pain following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Despite its analgesic effect, it frequently causes nausea, which is an adverse effect of opioids. It is inconclusive whether the intraoperative injection of periarticular morphine is effective peripherally. The aim of this study was to assess whether the addition of morphine to unilateral periarticular knee injections improves postoperative pain, range of motion, and swelling in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral TKA.

Efficacy of Single-Shot Adductor Canal Block Combined With Posterior Capsular Infiltration on Postoperative Pain and Functional Outcome After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective,Double-Blind,Randomized Controlled Study

BackgroundAdductor canal block (ACB) may preserve muscle strength and promote faster recovery than other methods of analgesia following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, there are contradictory reports on the efficacy of ACB. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of single-shot ACB combined with posterior capsular infiltration (PCI) vs multimodal periarticular infiltration analgesia in treating postoperative pain.MethodsThis study involved patients undergoing unilateral primary TKA at our institution from January 2018 to January 2019. Patients were randomized into 2 groups, one of which was treated with ACB combined with PCI, and the other with periarticular infiltration analgesia. Primary outcomes included postoperative pain as assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS) and consumption of morphine hydrochloride. The secondary outcome was functional recovery, as assessed by range of knee motion, quadriceps strength, and daily ambulation distance. Tertiary outcomes included the duration of hospital stay and postoperative adverse effects.ResultsPatients treated with ACB and PCI had lower resting VAS scores at 8 and 24 hours after surgery, and lower VAS scores during motion within 48 hours after surgery. Patients treated with ACB and PCI also consumed less morphine. There was no difference in functional recovery, duration of hospitalization, or incidence of adverse events.ConclusionThe ACB combined with PCI can reduce postoperative pain sooner after TKA without affecting postoperative functional recovery and increasing complications.     

The Efficacy and Safety of Glucocorticoid on Periarticular Infiltration Analgesia in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BackgroundThe objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect and safety of multimodal cocktail protocols implemented with or without glucocorticoids on periarticular infiltration analgesia (PIA) in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsWe comprehensively searched the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to November 2020 for randomized controlled trials on glucocorticoids as a component of the cocktail protocol used in PIA for patients with TKA.ResultsOur meta-analysis included 11 randomized controlled trial studies with 1051 primary TKAs (930 patients). Visual analog scale scores at postoperative day (POD) 1 and POD 2 in the glucocorticoid groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (95% CI [–1.01-−0.10], P = .02; 95% CI [–0.51-−0.13], P = .001). Furthermore, the glucocorticoid group was associated with a statistically significant improvement in the range of motion at POD 1 (95% CI [3.20-8.05] P < .00001), reduction in total morphine consumption at 24 hours, and lower levels of C-reactive protein on POD 2/3 compared with the control group. However, neither the length of hospital stays nor the long-term Knee Society Knee Score showed any differences between the two groups. In addition, the results of subgroup analyses favored triamcinolone acetonide over betamethasone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone regarding the postoperative visual analog scale scores and range of motion.ConclusionGlucocorticoid supplementation in PIA is effective and does not increase complications or side effects for patients with either unilateral or bilateral TKA. Moreover, triamcinolone acetonide could be recommended in multimodal cocktail protocols for glucocorticoid supplementation.     

Randomized Prospective Comparative Study of Adductor Canal Block vs Periarticular Infiltration on Early Functional Outcome After Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with significant postoperative pain. Effective pain relief is essential for early postoperative rehabilitation. Periarticular infiltration (PAI) and adductor canal block (ACB) have become popular modes of pain management after TKA. Our aim is to compare their efficacy and impact on early functional outcome in patients undergoing TKA.MethodsA single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 100 patients undergoing unilateral primary TKA for symptomatic osteoarthritis were allocated to either of the 2 groups (50 in each arm): postoperative ultrasound-guided single shot of ACB (group A) or intraoperative PAI (group B). All patients underwent TKA without patella resurfacing under spinal anesthesia. Preoperative workup, surgical technique, and postoperative management were standardized for all the patients. Patients were assessed for pain using visual analogue scale at 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery; hemoglobin level preoperatively and postoperatively on day 1 to calculate blood loss; hospital stay; tourniquet time; operative time; and postoperative complications by an independent observer blinded to the group allocation.ResultsPatients were matched for age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, and deformity. Visual analogue scale (scale 0-10) between PAI and ACB at 6, 12, and 24 hours were significantly different (P < .05) with higher scores seen in patients with ACB at all time points. Tourniquet time and operative time were significantly longer in the PAI than ACB. No significant difference in hospital stay was observed. No complications occurred during the study.ConclusionPAI achieves better pain control as compared to ACB in patients undergoing unilateral TKA.     

Combination Effect of High-Dose Preoperative and Periarticular Steroid Injection in Total Knee Arthroplasty. A Randomized Controlled Study

BackgroundPostoperative pain remains a major barrier to a patient’s recovery after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Periarticular corticosteroids in local infiltration analgesics (LIA) and high-dose intravenous corticosteroids have individually shown to improve pain control after TKA. However, potential interactions between them have not been investigated.This study aims to evaluate any combination effect of both routes of corticosteroids in TKA.MethodsThis is a double-blinded, paired, randomized controlled trial involving 1-stage bilateral TKAs. All received 16 mg of dexamethasone intravenously. One knee was randomized to receive LIA with 40 mg of triamcinolone, while the other knee receives LIA without corticosteroids.For each patient, one knee was affected by intravenous steroids only, while the other was under the combined effect of intravenous and periarticular steroids (IVPAS).Knee pain, Southampton wound scores, and functional knee scores (Knee Society Knee Score and Oxford Knee Scores) were compared between knees of the same patient.ResultsForty-six patients (92 TKAs) were included. IVPAS knees showed significantly lower visual analog scale scores from day 1 to 6 weeks (P < .05) and a larger range of movement from day 2 to 4 (P < .05). IVPAS knees achieved active straight leg raise earlier than intravenous steroids (1.6 vs 2.3 days, P < .05).No differences in Southampton wound scores and functional knee scores for up to 1 year.ConclusionCombining intravenous and periarticular corticosteroids improved pain control and recovery after TKA with no increase in wound complications up to 1 year.     

Comparison of Intravenous and Topical Dexamethasone for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Double-Blinded Controlled Study of Effects on Dexamethasone Administration Route and Enhanced Recovery

BackgroundThe optimal route for dexamethasone (DEX) administration regimen for patients undergoing primary TKA has not been investigated. This study aims to determine whether intravenous and topical DEX provide different clinical effects in patients with TKA.MethodsIn this double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 90 patients undergoing primary TKA were randomized to intravenous DEX group (n = 45) or topical DEX group (n = 45, DEX applied in anesthetic cocktail for periarticular injection). The primary outcome was postoperative VAS pain score and morphine consumption. Secondary outcomes were included knee swelling, knee flexion, and extension angle, Knee Society Score (KSS), and postoperative hospital stays. Tertiary outcomes assessed the blood-related metrics, including inflammatory biomarkers and fibrinolysis parameters. Finally, nausea and vomiting and other adverse events were compared.ResultsThe topical administration of DEX provide lower pain score at 2h, 8h, 12h at rest (P < .05) and 12h, 24h with activity (P < .05), and less knee swelling in the first postoperative day (P < .05), while intravenous DEX was more effective in decreasing blood inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP) at postoperative 24h (P < .05) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) at postoperative 24h, 48h (P < .05), and reducing postoperative nausea (P < .05) for patients receiving TKA. However, there was no significant difference in knee flexion and extension angle, KSS, postoperative hospital stays, and complications occurrence (P > .05) between intravenous and topical DEX after TKA.ConclusionTopical administration of DEX provided better clinical outcomes on postoperative pain management and knee swelling early after TKA, while intravenous DEX was more effective in decreasing blood inflammatory biomarkers and preventing postoperative nausea.     

Influence of bilateral sequential total knee arthroplasty on functional recovery

Background:

Main concerns of patients undergoing bilateral surgery is the quantum of pain and the progress of functional recovery. We studied functional recovery in terms of pain, range of motion (ROM), SF12, WOMAC scores and a unique TUG (timed up and go) test for patients undergoing unilateral total knee arthroplasty (U/L-TKA) and sequential bilateral total knee arthroplasty (B/L-TKA).

Materials and Methods:

Three groups of 77 consecutive patients (91 knees) were retrospectively compared. They were B/L TKA group (28 knees: 14 patients), Unilateral TKA group with contralateral knee nonoperated i.e., U/L-TKA group (42 knees) and Unilateral TKA with contralateral TKA already done i.e., U/L + C/L TKA group (21 knees). Patients were assessed preoperatively and on postoperative days 3, 5, 14, 42, 90 and 1 year.

Results:

The WOMAC score was statistically better preoperatively in the U/L + C/L TKA group, and SF12 MCS score was statistically better preoperatively in the B/L-TKA group. The TUG test time in the B/L-TKA group was statistically longer on days 3 and 5 as compared to other groups and became comparable by day 14. The TUG score became better than the preoperative value by day 42 in the B/L-TKA group, which took 90 days in other groups.

Conclusion:

The early functional recovery of bilateral TKA patient lags behind that of unilateral TKA patient for the first 5 days, becomes equal by the 14^th day and remains equal till 1 year after surgery. Bilateral TKA patients regain their preoperative functional status by 6 weeks against 3 months for unilateral TKA. The operative status of the contralateral knee makes no difference to early functional recovery after unilateral TKA. With bilateral TKA, there is no difference in pain and ROM parameters.     

Efficacy of Periarticular Injection of Bupivacaine,Fentanyl, and Methylprednisolone in Total Knee Arthroplasty : A Prospective,Randomized Trial

We evaluated the efficacy of periarticular infiltration of corticosteroid, opioid, and a local anesthetic by comparing pain scores, knee flexion, and quadriceps function on the day of surgery, first postoperative day, day of discharge, and 2 and 4 weeks after surgery between the infiltrated and the noninfiltrated knee in 40 patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty who were randomized to receive the injection in the right or left knee. In comparison to the noninfiltrated side, the infiltrated knee showed significantly lower pain scores, significantly greater active flexion up to 4 weeks, and superior quadriceps recovery up to 2 weeks after surgery. This simple and inexpensive technique can significantly reduce pain and hasten functional recovery in the first month after total knee arthroplasty.     

双膝关节同次置换术后的早期康复锻炼

目的：探讨双膝关节置换术前和术后功能锻炼的原则和方法。方法：自2005年1月至2008年6月共完成双膝关节置换72例144膝,男33例,女39例;年龄46～78岁,平均69岁。其中骨性关节炎54例,类风湿性关节炎17例,创伤性关节炎1例。屈曲挛缩大于30°者7例9膝,固定内翻畸形大于30°者10例15膝,固定外翻畸形大于15°者6例8膝。按照术前、术后早期和术后远期的分期为患者制定合理的锻炼计划,在多模式镇痛的前提下术后及早开始功能锻炼,通过增加关节活动度（ROM）和股四头肌及腘绳肌肌力的强化训练提高手术效果。使用WOMAC评分、ROM和6min行走距离以及VAS疼痛评分分别对术前、术后膝关节功能及疼痛程度进行评价,术后下肢血管超声判断血栓的形成,根据临床表现和D-二聚体水平诊断肺栓塞。结果：分别以术前2d、术后2d及术后1、2、8、24周作为观察点。失访3例6膝。术后WOMAC评分、VAS疼痛评分低于术前,术后ROM和6min持续行走距离高于术前。128膝可在术后2周内完全伸直,屈曲大于90°,135膝术后8周屈曲可达110°。发生单侧下肢静脉血栓2例2膝,双侧下肢血栓1例2膝,未见肺栓塞发生。结论：双侧膝关节同时置换应制定术前、术后早期和术后远期功能锻炼计划,并在多模式镇痛的前提下术后早期行功能锻炼,以提高膝关节功能并降低疼痛和肿胀。     

人工全膝关节置换术中关节周围注射镇痛药物和术后持续性冷冻压迫的疗效分析

目的研究人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)术中关节周围注射布比卡因、吗啡、肾上腺素等混合药物的止痛效果,同时观察术后冷冻压迫法的疗效。方法将80例TKA患者随机分为四组,记录VAS评分,比较周径变化,测量膝关节活动度。结果术中关节周围注射镇痛药物和术后持续性冷冻压迫在术后镇痛、术后减轻肿胀和增加关节活动度上效果显著。结论TKA术中关节周围镇痛药物注射和术后持续性冷冻压迫可以在术后早期控制疼痛、减轻肿胀、改善关节活动度、促进早期康复。     

Comparison of Efficacy of Adductor Canal Block,Local Infiltration Analgesia and Both Combined in Postoperative Pain Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeThe aim of our study is to compare the efficacy of adductor canal block (ACB), periarticular local infiltration (PLI) and both combined (ACB + PLI) in multimodal pain management after TKA.MethodsThis is a prospective, randomized controlled double-blinded study undergoing primary unilateral TKA. They were randomized into three groups with fifty patients in each group: ACB alone (30 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine), PLI alone (30 ml 0.5% ropivacaine in 20 ml of normal saline), and both combined (ACB + PLI). The primary outcome studied was pain using visual analog score (VAS) in postoperative days (POD) 1 and 2. The secondary outcomes estimated were the ambulation capacity, the knee range of motion, need for rescue analgesia and length of hospital stay.ResultsThe mean VAS score was significantly lower at rest and after mobilization in the combined group (3.51 at POD 1, 2.04 at POD 2), compared with either alone group (ACB = 4.70, 2.86 versus PLI = 4.39, 3.41 at POD 1 and 2 respectively after mobilization, p < 0.001). The ambulation capacity (combined = 103.3 steps versus ACB = 98.1 and PLI = 95.2 steps, p = 0.04) and the knee range of motion (arc of motion 106.7 degrees versus ACB = 104.9 and PLI = 102.2 degrees, p = 0.004) were significantly higher in the combined group compared to the other groups. There was no significant difference in the length of stay between the groups (p = 0.12).ConclusionAdductor canal block combined with periarticular local infiltration provides better pain relief, good range of motion, quicker rehabilitation, and reduced opioid consumption.     

Reduced length of stay and faster recovery after total knee arthroplasty without the use of tourniquet

IntroductionTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is commonly performed using tourniquet despite being associated with several recognised complications that may affect patient's post-operative recovery and early rehabilitation. In this study we investigate whether or not use of a tourniquet during TKA was associated with shorter length of stay, faster recovery and lesser complications.Methods29 patients, who underwent bilateral sequential TKA, had their first TKA under tourniquet and the second TKA 15 (11–32) months later without tourniquet.All operations were performed by the first author using the same technique and instrumentation with the same early rehabilitation protocol. All patients were followed prospectively for a minimum of 8 months.All patients had the following parameters measured which included surgical time, length of stay, post-operative pain using Visual analogue score (VAS), calf circumference, drop in haemoglobin, haematocrit level, oxford knee score (OKS), and range of motion (ROM).ResultsTKA performed without the use of tourniquet had significantly shorter Length of hospital stay (3.6 vs 4.4, P < 0.05), significantly less pain on day 2 (1 vs 2; P < 0.05) and significantly smaller increase in calf circumference on day 2 (1.2 cm vs 2.3 cm; P < 0.05). Postoperative calf circumference increase of less than 2 cm in TKA without tourniquet was associated with shorter length of stay when compared with increase of more than 2 cm in TKA with tourniquet 2.9 days (SD 0.6) versus 3.9 days (SD 0.8) P < 0.05.ROM and OKS were significantly better in TKA without tourniquet at 6 weeks but no difference at 8 months.ConclusionsTKA done without tourniquet was associated with shorter length of stay, lesser pain and swelling, in addition to improved range of motion in the early post-operative period     

Patellar Resurfacing in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BackgroundThe management of the patella during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains controversial. The aim of this study is to evaluate the evidence regarding the use of patellar resurfacing in TKA.MethodsA meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to compare outcomes between knees receiving patellar resurfacing vs those not receiving resurfacing during primary TKA. Outcomes of interest were the Knee Society Scores, reoperation rates, anterior knee pain, patient satisfaction, Oxford Knee Score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscores, and range of motion.ResultsTwenty RCTs met all eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. There were statistically significant differences favoring the resurfaced group in the knee component and functional component of Knee Society Scores that were not clinically significant. There was an increased risk of reoperation among knees that did not receive resurfacing with number needed to treat to prevent one case of reoperation of 25 knees (for reoperation for any reason) and 33 knees (for reoperation for anterior knee pain). There were no statistically significant differences in any other outcomes.ConclusionThe only clear relationship is that knees that do not receive patellar resurfacing are more likely to receive reoperation, most often for secondary resurfacing. However, the disease burden of differing complication profiles associated with resurfacing and nonresurfacing groups remains unclear. Continuing to collect data from large, well-designed RCTs would be beneficial in guiding management of the patella during TKA.     

Does Patient Perception Differ Following Adductor Canal Block and Femoral Nerve Block in Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Simultaneous Bilateral Randomized Study

Background

Femoral nerve block (FNB) has been used as part of the multimodal analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but leads to weakness in the quadriceps muscles. Recently, adductor canal block (ACB) was reported to provide effective pain relief while sparing the strength of the quadriceps. This simultaneous bilateral randomized study investigated whether patients perceived differences between ACB and the FNB after same-day bilateral TKA.

Analgesic efficacy of subcutaneous local anaesthetic wound infiltration in bilateral knee arthroplasty: a randomised,placebo‐controlled,double‐blind trial

Background: High‐volume wound local infiltration analgesia is effective in knee arthroplasty, but the analgesic efficacy of subcutaneous wound infiltration has not been evaluated. Methods: In a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in 16 patients undergoing bilateral knee arthroplasty with high‐volume local infiltration analgesia in the deeper layers, saline or ropivacaine 2 mg/ml was infiltrated into the subcutaneous part of the wound in each knee along with the placement of multi‐fenestrated catheters in the subcutaneous wound layers in both knees. Pain was assessed for 6 h post‐operatively and for 3 h after a bolus injection given through the catheter 24 h post‐operatively. Results: Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores were significantly lower from the knee infiltrated with ropivacaine compared with the knee infiltrated with saline in the subcutaneous layer of the wound, at rest (P<0.02), with flexion of the knee (P<0.04) and when the leg was straight and elevated (P<0.04). Twenty‐four hours post‐operatively, a decline in the VAS pain scores was observed in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between injection of ropivacaine or saline in the subcutaneously placed catheters (P>0.05). Conclusion: As part of a total wound infiltration analgesia intraoperative subcutaneous infiltration with ropivacaine in bilateral total knee arthroplasty is effective in early post‐operative pain management, while a post‐operative subcutaneous bolus administration through a multiholed catheter 24 h post‐operatively did not show improved analgesia compared with the administration of saline.     

Intraoperative Ketamine in Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Decrease Pain and Narcotic Consumption: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundMultiple studies have demonstrated that ketamine, a glutamate receptor blocker, may decrease postoperative pain in abdominal and orthopedic surgeries. However, its role with spinal anesthesia and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of subanesthetic dosing of ketamine during TKA on postoperative pain and narcotic consumption.MethodsIn this prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, we enrolled 91 patients undergoing primary TKA with spinal anesthesia in a single institution from 2017 to 2018. Patients were randomized to receive intraoperative ketamine infusion at a rate of 6 mcg/kg/min for 75 minutes or a saline placebo. All patients received spinal anesthesia and otherwise identical surgical approaches, pain management, and rehabilitation protocols. Patient-reported visual analog pain scores were calculated preoperatively, postoperative days (POD) 0-7, and 2 weeks. Narcotic consumption was evaluated on POD 0 and 1.ResultsThere was no difference in average pain between ketamine and placebo at all time points except for at PODs 1 (45 vs 56, P = .041) and 4 (39 vs 49, P = .040). For least pain experienced, patients administered with ketamine experienced a reduction in pain only at POD 4 (22 vs 35, P = .011). There was no difference in maximum pain cohorts at all time points of the study or in-hospital morphine equivalents between the 2 cohorts.ConclusionAs part of multimodal pain management protocol, intraoperative ketamine does not result in a clinically significant improvement in pain and narcotic consumption following TKA.     

No positive effect of autologous platelet gel after total knee arthroplasty

Background and purpose Activated platelets release a cocktail of growth factors, some of which are thought to stimulate repair. We investigated whether the use of autologous platelet gel (PG) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) would improve wound healing and knee function, and reduce blood loss and the use of analgesics.

Patients and methods 102 patients undergoing TKA were randomly assigned to a PG group (n = 50) or to a control (C) group (n = 52). The primary analysis was based on 73 participants (PG: 32; C: 41) with comparison of postoperative wound scores, VAS, WOMAC, knee function, use of analgesics, and the pre- and postoperative hemoglobin values after a follow-up of 3 months. 29 participants were excluded due to insufficient data.

Results The characteristics of the protocol-compliant patients were similar to those of the patients who were excluded. Analysis was per protocol and focused on the remaining 73 patients. At baseline and after 3 months of follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences between both groups regarding age, height, weight, sex, side of operation, platelet count, hemoglobin values, severity of complaints (WOMAC), and level of pain.

Interpretation In our patients undergoing TKA, application of PG to the wound site did not promote wound healing. Also, we found that PG had no effect on pain, knee function, or hemoglobin values.     

Increased Revisions in Conversion Total Knee Arthroplasty After Periarticular Open Reduction Internal Fixation Compared With Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Matched Cohort Analysis

BackgroundPrior studies on conversion total knee arthroplasty (cTKA) have reported increased technical challenges and risk of complications compared with primary knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to compare two-year postoperative complication/revision rates between patients undergoing cTKA after prior periarticular open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and those undergoing primary TKA.MethodsPatients who underwent cTKA after prior periarticular ORIF of the ipsilateral knee were identified in a national all-payer claims database from 2010 to 2018. This ORIF-cTKA cohort was propensity matched to participants undergoing primary TKA based on age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index, and obesity status. Univariate analysis was performed to analyze differences in two-year complication and revision rates.ResultsAfter propensity matching, 823 patients were included in the ORIF-cTKA cohort and 1640 patients in the primary TKA cohort. No differences in demographics or comorbidities existed between cohorts. Relative to the primary TKA cohort, the ORIF-cTKA cohort had significantly higher incidences of all-cause revision (5.47% vs 2.47%, P = .001), periprosthetic joint infection (PJI; 4.74% vs 1.34%, P < .001), and intraoperative or postoperative periprosthetic fracture (1.58% vs 0.55%, P = .01) at two years postoperatively. There was also a nonsignificant trend toward increased rates of aseptic loosening (1.82% vs 0.91%, P = .052) in the ORIF-cTKA.ConclusionRelative to primary TKA, cTKA after periarticular ORIF is associated with significantly increased rates of all-cause revision, PJI, and periprosthetic fracture at two years postoperatively. Surgeons should counsel these patients about the increased risks of these postoperative complications and consider treating them as high risk for PJI in the perioperative period.     

伸直位骨性强直膝的全膝关节置换术

 目的 探讨伸直位骨性强直膝全膝关节置换术的手术方法与临床疗效。方法 2000 年6月至2007 年6 月, 对10 例伸直位骨性强直膝患者施行全膝关节置换术。男4 例, 女6 例;年龄29~63岁, 平均49 岁。双膝关节置换2 例, 单膝关节置换8 例。强直性脊柱炎3 例, 类风湿关节炎2 例, 血友病性关节炎1 例, 创伤性关节炎3 例, 化脓性关节炎1 例。膝关节均处于伸直位骨性强直畸形, 活动度0°, 美国特种外科医院(the Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS)膝关节评分(32.5±10.26)分。结果 全部病例随访3~10 年, 平均5.3 年。末次随访时HSS 膝关节评分提高至(87.75±6.45)分, 与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=18.668, P=0.000)。关节活动度提高至97.08°±11.57°, 与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=29.063, P=0.000)。术后发生皮肤坏死2 例、下肢深静脉栓塞1 例、假体周围骨折1 例、假体深部感染翻修1 例。术后X线复查未见假体松动。结论 采用髌旁内侧入路、股四头肌切开、二次截骨加软组织松解的全膝关节置换术可矫正伸直位骨性强直膝关节畸形, 配合正确的康复锻炼, 患者的膝关节功能和生活质量能得到明显提高。     

Effect of Flurbiprofen and S-Flurbiprofen Patches on Multimodal Pain Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an established procedure for knee osteoarthritis. Multimodal analgesia is reportedly more effective for postoperative analgesia. We investigated the efficacy of 2 patches after TKA.MethodsSeventy-nine knees that underwent unilateral TKA for osteoarthritis were included. Oral administration, local periarticular analgesic injection, and patches were adopted for pain management. The knees were randomly assigned to the flurbiprofen patch (FPP), S-flurbiprofen patch (SFPP), and control (no patch) groups. Patch treatment was continued for 14 days. Pain according to the visual analog scale, knee flexion angle, renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal injury, duration of hospitalization, dermatitis, and the rate of using additional oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were compared (from preoperative to postoperative day 14).ResultsThe FPP, SFPP, and control groups included 29, 27, and 23 knees, respectively. Visual analog scale was lower in the FPP and SFPP groups than in the control group on days 1 and 3 (day 1: 24.4, 25.0, and 39.4, respectively; day 3: 25.5, 23.3, and 39.3, respectively). Knee flexion angle was larger in the SFPP group than in the control group on days 7 and 14 (day 7: 89.8° and 76.6°, respectively; day 14: 98.3° and 84.2°, respectively). Neither renal dysfunction nor gastrointestinal injury was confirmed. The duration of hospitalization did not differ among the groups. Dermatitis occurred only in the SFPP group. The rate of using additional oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was higher in the control group.ConclusionBoth patches were effective and safe as part of multimodal analgesia for postoperative TKA.