2006-2007年苏州地区儿童呼吸道人类偏肺病毒感染的流行和临床特征

目的 了解苏州地区儿童人类偏肺病毒(hMPV)呼吸道感染的流行情况及临床特征.方法 收集2006年1月-2007年12月我院呼吸科4702例急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的呼吸道分泌物,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应法检测hMPV N基因,随机挑选部分阳性PCR扩增产物进行核苷酸测定并将所测序列在GenBank中进行比较分析.结果 4702例标本中,检测到376份RT-PCR阳性扩增产物,阳性率为8%;2006,2007年hMPV检测阳性率分别为8.4%、7.6%.hMPV检测阳性率分别在1、2、3月和11、12月呈现高峰,hMPV感染患儿的平均年龄为22.56个月,376例hMPV感染患儿中临床诊断为上呼吸道感染12例(3.2%);喉炎8例(2.1%);毛细支气管炎102例(27.1%);肺炎210例(55.9%);哮喘急性发作44例(11.7%).20份hMPV N基因部分核苷酸片断与GenBank中hMPVN基因序列同源性为99%～100%.结论 (1)苏州地区部分儿童的呼吸道感染与hMPV有关.(2)全年均存在hMPV感染,流行高峰在冬春季.(3)hMPV感染的临床特征无特异性.     

Human metapneumovirus infections cause similar symptoms and clinical severity as respiratory syncytial virus infections

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently discovered pathogen in respiratory tract infection. The published literature suggests milder illness severity in hMPV compared with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In two consecutive seasons, 637 nasopharyngeal aspirates from pediatric patients were tested by hMPV polymerase chain reaction, and risk factors and clinical and laboratory items were analyzed. The hMPV patients were compared with hMPV-negative but RSV-positive patients by matched pair analysis. HMPV was detected in 17.9% of all samples. In total, 88 hMPV-infected patients with complete datasets were considered. More than half of all hMPV patients were older than 12 months, 45.5% had at least one risk factor for a severe course of viral respiratory tract infection, and 27.3% were born prematurely, 15.9% with a birth weight <1,500 g. At least one other virus was also detected in 39 patients (44.3%; RSV in 29.5%). Coinfection did not result in greater severity of illness. On matched pair analysis (hMPV-positive/RSV-negative vs. hMPV-negative/RSV-positive), the epidemiological and clinical features of hMPV infection were similar to those of RSV infection, as in the hMPV group higher proportions of patients with hypoxemia on admission (33% vs. 21%) and of intensive care treatment (20.8% vs. 10.4%) were observed. More hMPV patients showed lobar infiltrates in radiological chest examination. In 60% of all hMPV infections, the attending physicians prescribed antimicrobial chemotherapy. We conclude that in hospitalized children, hMPV infection is as serious as RSV infection and therefore deserves the same attention. Virologic diagnosis from respiratory secretions is mandatory because clinical, laboratory, and radiological signs cannot sufficiently discriminate between viral and bacterial respiratory tract infection in infants and children.The first two authors contributed equally to this work.     

Outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in norwegian children

INTRODUCTION: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was recently discovered in children with acute respiratory tract infection. We have studied the occurrence of hMPV and report clinical findings of 50 hMPV-infected children who were hospitalized during an outbreak in Norway. METHODS AND POPULATION: During 5 months from November 15, 2002 to April 14, 2003 we collected nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from 236 children admitted because of respiratory tract infection (RTI). Samples were analyzed for influenza virus A/B, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3 and respiratory syncytial virus by direct immunofluorescence assays and cell culture. Rhinovirus, adenovirus and hMPV were identified by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Human metapneumovirus was identified in 50 of 236 children (21%). Most (41 of 50) hMPV-infected children were hospitalized between November 15 and January 15, and during these 2 months hMPV was the most common isolate (41 of 72 isolates; 57%). Respiratory syncytial virus was identified in 36 children (15%), among whom 34 were admitted after the hMPV outbreak.The median age of hMPV-infected children was 12 months (range, 1 to 115 months), and one-half of the children had an underlying chronic disease. The most common symptoms were fever (86%), cough (90%), dyspnea (80%), wheezing (56%), rhinorrhea (44%), anorexia (48%) and vomiting (36%). Eight (16%) had an upper respiratory tract infection (rhinopharyngitis, n = 6; laryngitis, n = 2), 24 (48%) had bronchiolitis and 17 (34%) had pneumonia. Two-thirds with a lower RTI also had signs of upper RTI. Fourteen (28%) children needed supplemental oxygen, 1 was treated with continuous positive airway pressure and 2 were ventilated mechanically. CONCLUSION: Human metapneumovirus was the most common virus isolate during the winter season 2002 to 2003 in children hospitalized for respiratory tract infection. Upper respiratory tract infections and mild to severe bronchiolitis were most common, but a relatively high proportion of hospitalized children developed severe pneumonia.     

急性呼吸道感染住院儿童人偏肺病毒感染的流行情况及临床特征

目的了解急性呼吸道感染住院患儿人偏肺病毒(hMPV)呼吸道感染的流行情况及临床特征。方法收集2006年11月～2007年2月本院儿科中心的112例急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的鼻咽分泌物标本,对其中65例用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)检测常见7种呼吸道病毒特异性抗原阴性患儿鼻咽分泌物用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测hMPV抗原。结果1.IFA能检测到鼻咽分泌物中hMPV抗原;2.阳性8例,阳性率为12.31%,112例中单一hMPV感染率为7.14%;3.hMPV的检出高峰主要在11月份及次年1月份;4.在≤5岁年龄组阳性率为15%(6/40例),>5岁年龄组阳性率为8%(2/25例),二组hMPV感染阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);5.hMPV感染的临床表现无特征性。结论西安地区儿童急性呼吸道感染与hMPV感染有关;咳嗽、发热是hMPV感染后的主要临床症状。     

Comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit

Aim: To describe the clinical presentation and course of children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection, and compare them with children admitted to the PICU with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Methods: hMPV was identified by immunofluorescence in 22 children admitted to the PICU over a 16‐month period. The medical records of these children were reviewed retrospectively, and their clinical and laboratory data were compared with 66 children admitted to the PICU with positive tests for RSV over the same period. Results: Children admitted to the PICU with hMPV were significantly older than children with RSV (P= 0.003). Children with hMPV presented more commonly with pneumonia or pneumonitis (29% vs. 16%), and less commonly with bronchiolitis (43% vs. 68%) than RSV (P= 0.13). Invasive ventilation was required in 10 patients (48%) with hMPV, and non‐invasive ventilation was required in a further 5 (28%), similar to patients with RSV. Children with hMPV were more likely to have an underlying co‐morbidity (P= 0.11). Conclusions: Children admitted to the PICU with hMPV have a similar disease presentation and severity as children admitted with RSV, including some with extremely severe disease who require additional ventilatory or cardiovascular support. Children with hMPV are likely to be older than those with RSV, and more likely to present with pneumonia and less likely to present with bronchiolitis.     

Viral load and acute otitis media development after human metapneumovirus upper respiratory tract infection

The role of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection (URI) was studied. Nasopharyngeal specimens from 700 URI episodes in 200 children were evaluated; 47 (7%) were positive for hMPV, 25 (3.6%) with hMPV as the only virus. Overall, 24% of URI episodes with hMPV only were complicated by acute otitis media, which was the lowest rate compared with other respiratory viruses. hMPV viral load was significantly higher in children with fever, but there was no difference in viral load in children with hMPV-positive URI with or without acute otitis media complication.     

太原地区急性呼吸道人偏肺病毒和人博卡病毒感染患儿临床特征分析

目的了解太原地区急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)儿童人偏肺病毒(hMPV)与人博卡病毒(HBoV)的感染情况及其临床和流行病学特征。方法采集2012年11月—2013年5月及2013年11月—2014年5月就诊的ARTIs患儿549例,采集咽拭子标本,应用实时PCR方法检测hMPV与HBoV。结果 549例患儿的咽拭子标本中hMPV阳性56例(10.2%),HBoV阳性15例(2.7%)。其中2012年11月—2013年5月hMPV与HBoV检出率分别为12.3%和2.0%,2013年11月—2014年5月hMPV与HBoV检出率分别为6.5%和4.0%,两时间段hMPV检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),HBoV检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同月份hMPV、HBoV检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。hMPV与HBoV均在2岁组中检出率最高。hMPV在喘息性支气管炎与毛细支气管炎患儿中检出率最高。结论太原地区hMPV和HBoV与部分儿童尤其是婴幼儿ARTIs有关,hMPV是诱发部分婴幼儿喘息性疾病的重要病原体之一。     

苏州地区急性呼吸道感染住院患儿病毒病原学分析

目的：了解苏州地区急性呼吸道感染（ARI）住院患儿的病毒病原学情况。方法：采集1 668例7岁以下ARI住院患儿鼻咽分泌物,直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）,流感病毒A,B型（IV A,B）,副流感病毒1,2,3型（PIV 1,2,3）及腺病毒A(ADA)等7种常见呼吸道病毒,用RT-PCR法检测人类偏肺病毒（hMPV）N基因。结果：① 1 668例患儿中,病毒检测阳性597例（35.8%）。单项病毒感染561例（33.6%）,其中7种常见呼吸道病毒检出率为23.1%,以RSV为主（17.6%）,好发于冬春季,主要见于1岁以下婴幼儿;② hMPV阳性率为10.6%,3~5月份为检出高峰期。③ 36例混合感染中,22例为RSV合并hMPV感染,主要见于1岁以下婴幼儿。结论：RSV是该地区ARI的主要病毒病原,RSV感染好发于冬春季,多见于1岁以下婴幼儿,hMPV是3~5月份ARI患儿的主要病毒病原,混合感染多见于1岁以下婴幼儿。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（7）：529-531］     

Sudden death in growth hormone-treated children with Prader-Willi syndrome

A 4-year-old boy with Prader-Willi syndrome died suddenly while asleep on day 67 of growth hormone treatment. During treatment, snoring had worsened. Autopsy showed multifocal bronchopneumonia. This case and two others recently published suggest that growth hormone may be associated with obstructive apnea, respiratory infection, and sudden death in this condition.     

6岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病毒病原及临床研究

目的　了解北京地区 6岁以下儿童中急性下呼吸道感染 (ALRI)患儿的病毒感染状况 ;探讨人类偏肺病毒 (hMPV)感染在儿童ALRI中的作用及所致支气管肺炎的临床特征。方法　 (1)采集 2 0 0 1年 2月至 2 0 0 3年 3月就诊于首都儿科研究所 4 4 6例年龄 1个月至 5岁的ALRI住院患儿的鼻咽分泌物 ,同时应用间接免疫荧光 (IFA)及病毒分离方法进行人类呼吸道合胞病毒 (hRSV)、流感病毒 (甲、乙型 )、副流感病毒 (Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型 )及腺病毒等 7种常见呼吸道病毒的病原检测。 (2 )采用逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)方法对 2 0 0 2年 11月至 2 0 0 3年 3月住我院内科的ALRI患儿中经 7种呼吸道常见病毒病原检测阴性的 2 16份鼻咽洗液 ,进行了hMPV基因检测 ,并分析hMPV感染患儿的临床资料。结果　 (1) 4 4 6例患儿中 7种常见呼吸道病毒总阳性例数为 2 0 9例 (46 86 % ) ,hRSV阳性者最多为 16 3例 (36 5 5 % )。 (2 )在 2 16份上述 7种呼吸道病原检测阴性的标本中 6 9份测到hMPV阳性扩增产物 (31 9% ) ,占同期送检标本的 19 17%。结论　 (1)hRSV是北京地区冬春季节婴幼儿ALRI的主要病原。 (2 )2 0 0 2年 11月至 2 0 0 3年 3月我院ALRI住院患儿中有 19 17%与hMPV感染有关     

Clinical findings and unusual epidemiologic characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in children in the region of Basel, Switzerland

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) worldwide causes respiratory tract infections with features similar to those of RSV infection. We describe features of hMPV infections in children and compare some of the characteristics with those of RSV infections. From October 2004 to February 2006, 75 patients, 34 hospitalized and 41 outpatients, were diagnosed with hMPV infections by multiplex PCR applied to nasopharyngeal specimens. While hMPV was found rarely in the early phase of the study, a significant increase occurred in the second winter of the study period. Patients with hMPV infections were older than those with RSV infection; clinical characteristics were similar as was the rate of serious disease among hospitalized patients (intensive care treatment: 18% versus 8%). In conclusion, hMPV leads to endemic and epidemic respiratory disease with features similar to those of RSV and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract disease.     

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目的分析急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的病原学特点。方法对2005年10月至2009年9月苏州大学附属儿童医院呼吸科8172例急性呼吸道感染住院患儿,采用无菌负压吸引法采集其新鲜痰液,分别用直接免疫荧光法、RT-PCR检测7种常见病毒抗原和人类偏肺病毒基因(6599例),细菌培养检测细菌(6404例),ELISA法检测血清肺炎支原体(7842例),检出的阳性病例入选,分析其病例资料。结果 8172例标本中检出1种或1种以上病原4756例(58.2%),6404例细菌检测标本中阳性1883例(29.4%),6599例病毒检测标本中阳性1886例(28.2%),7842例肺炎支原体检测标本中阳性2630例(33.5%)。细菌病原中肺炎链球菌(10.8%)最多见。病毒中以呼吸道合胞病毒(15.8%)最常见。病原混合感染率为16.9%,以细菌及病毒混合感染为最常见。呼吸道合胞病毒冬季检出率最高,人类偏肺病毒冬春季、副流感病毒3夏季检出率较高,流感病毒A夏季检出率较低,肺炎支原体检出率夏秋季较高,冬春季较低;副流感病毒1,2季节差异不明显。结论肺炎支原体是本地区儿童急性呼吸道感染最常见的病原,病毒次之,细菌是混合感染的常见病原。细菌和病毒感染多见于1岁以下婴儿,而支原体感染多见于3岁以上儿童。各病原的流行季节各异。     

Clinico-epidemiological comparisons of different cases of sudden death in infants during the first year of life]

Altogether 162 cases of sudden death of children under one year of age, that ensued outside hospitals in the city of Leningrad in 1987-1989 were analyzed. In 69 cases (42.6%), the syndrome of sudden death was ascertained as the main diagnosis whereas in 93 cases (57.4%), the babies' death ensued as a result of life-threatening conditions. Epidemiologic correlations allowed one to state that formation of sudden death risk is primarily influenced by unfavourable familial social demographic factors and specific moments of the mother's obstetrical and gynecologic anamnesis. During the neonatal period, the children who succumbed to the syndrome of sudden death had a number of suggestive phenotypic characteristics. The authors express their opinion about the clinicoepidemiologic specificity of sudden death that makes the given syndrome differ from other variants of sudden death of children under one year of age.