术中心外膜超声心动图对于先天性心脏病手术的作用

44例先天性心脏病患者在术中进行了心外膜超声心动图检查。体外循环前超声检查中有3例患者对于术前诊断有新的发现和补充。因而改变了手术途径和手术方案,增加了手术内容。另外3例患者排除了临床上的疑点。体外循环后超声检查中共发现残余病损6处.对手术结果及时作出了评价。     

Quantification and identification of polyomavirus DNA in blood and urine of renal transplant recipients

A cohort of 201 kidney transplant recipients (KTR) including 7 patients with evidence of renal function deterioration (as defined by creatinine levels >20% over baseline values) was analyzed for polyomavirus DNA in blood and urine samples by a new quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Of 201 patients, 14 (6.9%) were positive for polyomavirus DNA in blood (median level, 500 copies per milliliter of blood) including all 7 patients with renal function deterioration. Polyomavirus DNA detection in blood for diagnosis of renal function deterioration in KTR showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96%, whereas positive and negative predictive values were 50% and 100%, respectively. Diagnostic value of decoy cells detection and polyomavirus DNA quantification in urine samples was negligible.     

实时三维超声心动图评价间隔缺损大小的初步研究

目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图测量房、室间隔缺损面积的可行性和应用价值。方法：应用实时三维超声诊断仪获取20例先天性房间隔和／或室间隔缺损患者的三维数据库，利用三维数据工作站对缺损面积的大小进行测量分析，部分病例的三维测量值与二维超声测量值及手术结果对照。结果：实时三维成像能以多种视角观察间隔缺损的全貌并可对缺损面积进行三维测量，同二维超声所测直径相比，三维超声测量结果与手术结果具有更好的相关性(r=0．78 vs r=0．91)。结论：实时三维超声可显示房室间隔缺损的整体形态，可对缺损面积进行准确的定量分析，具有重要的临床应用潜力。     

斑点追踪技术及三维超声心动图评价肺动脉高压患者右心房功能

目的 应用斑点追踪技术(STE)和三维超声心动图(3DE)分析肺动脉高压患者右心房各时相功能的变化,并探讨两者右心房功能参数的相关性。方法 选取临床诊断为肺动脉高压且经胸超声心动图估测肺动脉收缩压(PASP)≥40 mmHg者60例,按PASP分为:Ⅰ组(PASP为40~59 mmHg,20例),Ⅱ组(PASP为60~79 mmHg,20例)和Ⅲ组(≥80 mmHg,20例),另选健康体检者30名作为对照组,行常规二维、三维超声心动图检查,脱机分析获得右心房相关应变和三维容积参数。 结果 右心房平均纵向应变值:随PASP的升高,负向峰值(LSneg)较对照组呈先增高后减低的趋势,正向峰值(LSpos)和总体纵向应变值(LStot))呈减低趋势。3DE参数:总排空分数指数(EFI)、被动排空分数指数(EFIpas)随PASP的升高呈减低趋势,主动排空分数指数(EFIact)随PASP的升高较对照组呈先增高后减低的趋势(P均<0.05)。右心房排空容积指数(SVI)、主动排空容积指数(SVIact)、被动排空容积指数(SVIpas)随PASP的升高变化趋势不明显。相关性参数:LSneg与最小容积指数、LSpos与收缩前容积指数、LStot与EFI分别呈显著正相关(P均<0.01)。结论 STE和3DE两种方法均能较客观地反应不同程度肺动脉高压患者右心房功能的变化,二者相关性良好,相互补充,对疾病的诊断、病情评估及预后判断更加敏感、准确。     

三维斑点追踪成像评价亚临床甲状腺功能减退患者左心室收缩功能

目的 评价三维斑点追踪成像(3D-STE)技术对亚临床甲状腺功能减退(SCH)患者左心室心肌功能减低的预测价值。方法 对32例SCH患者(SCH组)和30名健康志愿者(对照组)行3D-STE检查,获得左心室收缩期整体面积应变(GAS)、整体纵向应变(GLS)和整体环向应变(GCS)。比较对照组和SCH组治疗前后左心室三维应变参数差异,以左心室射血分数<65%为诊断左心室收缩功能减低金标准,采用ROC曲线评价左心室三维应变参数诊断SCH左心室收缩功能减低的效能。结果 SCH组治疗前后GAS、GLS和GCS绝对值均低于对照组(P均<0.05),治疗后GAS、GLS和GCS绝对值均高于治疗前(P均<0.05)。ROC曲线显示GAS、GLS和GCS的AUC分别为0.805、0.723和0.614,分别以-40.5%、-29.3%和-32.6%作为GAS、GLS和GCS诊断左心室功能减低界值,其敏感度分别为85.7%、77.8%和71.1%,特异度分别为72.2%、71.3%和60.1%。结论 3D-STE中GAS诊断SCH患者左心室收缩功能减低效能较高,具有一定的临床预测价值。     

组织多普勒结合腺苷负荷超声心动图试验诊断冠心病的临床研究

目的 以冠状动脉造影为金标准,评价组织多普勒结合腺苷负荷超声心动图试验(TDI-ASE)诊断冠心病的敏感度、特异度.方法 采用脉冲组织多普勒超声心动图技术(PW-DTI),对48例临床拟诊冠心病的患者分别静脉注射腺苷拟造成心肌缺血,注射剂量为140 μgkg-1min-1,用药时间6 min(总剂量0.8 mg/kg),分别测量左心室16节段的收缩期室壁运动最大速度和加速度及各节段心肌收缩的达峰时间.同时应用二维腺苷负荷超声心动图(2D-ASE)目测各节段心肌负荷前后的运动异常.结果 30例确诊为冠心病的患者中TDI-ASE阳性24例.18例冠状动脉造影正常的患者中TDI-ASE阳性有3例.应用TDI-ASE诊断冠心病的敏感度为80.0%(24/30),特异度为83.3%(15/18).而30例确诊为冠心病的患者中2D-ASE阳性22例.18例冠状动脉造影正常的患者中2D-ASE阳性有5例.2D-ASE诊断冠心病的敏感度为 73.3%(22/30),特异度为 72.2%(13/18).结论 TDI-ASE安全可行,客观准确诊断冠心病,敏感度及特异度较高.     

Long‐term prognostic role of coronary flow velocity reserve in patients with aortic valve stenosis – insights from the SZEGED Study

Introduction: Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFR) is markedly reduced in severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). Independent prognostic value of pulsed‐wave Doppler echocardiography‐derived CFR was seen in a variety of diseases. However, the prognostic significance of CFR by pulsed‐wave Doppler echocardiography has never been evaluated in patients with AS. Methods: A total of 49 AS patients (mean age: 63 ± 9 years, 26 men) were enrolled in this prospective follow‐up study; they all had undergone standard transthoracic Doppler‐echo study, coronary angiography and dipyridamole stress transoesophageal echocardiography as CFR measurement. Results: During a mean follow‐up of 82 ± 38 months, 18 patients suffered cardiovascular death and one patient had non‐fatal stroke. Other two patients underwent reoperation of dysfunctional prosthetic aortic valve. Using receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis, CFR <2·13 had the highest accuracy in predicting cardiovascular outcome (sensitivity 90%, specificity 46%, area under the curve 66%, P = 0·02). By univariable analysis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, presence of coronary artery disease and lower CFR were significant predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Multivariable regression analysis showed that only lower CFR [hazard ratio (HR) 1·67, 95% CI of HR: 1·05–4·29, P < 0·05] was independent predictor of cardiovascular outcome. Discussion: Long‐term prognostic significance of CFR for prediction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been demonstrated during a 9‐year follow‐up in patients with AS. Despite a relatively small number of patients were followed, CFR was found to be an independent predictor for future cardiovascular events in AS patients.     

实时三维超声心动图在心脏肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图在心脏肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法：对2例左房粘液瘤及1例心包肿瘤患者进行实时三维成像。结果：实时三维超声心动图能清晰显示心脏肿瘤的形态，部位，运动，以及毗邻关系。结论：与二维超声心动图比较，实时三维超声心动图反映了心脏肿瘤的一个真实的立体结构。与以往三维重建超声相比，实时三维超声可迅速获得心脏肿瘤的三维图像。     

主动脉单叶瓣畸形的超声心动图诊断

目的：探讨超声心动图诊断主动脉单叶瓣的价值。方法：采用美国ATL公司HDI-3000型彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断仪。探头频率3．5～7．0MHz。重点观察主动脉瓣的数目、形态、回声及启闭状态和血液动力学情况。结果：5例主动脉单叶瓣均经超声心动图确诊，其中3例经手术证实，2例经食道超声心动图证实。年龄4～15岁。平均8．5岁。在5例主动脉单叶瓣中，瓣口偏心4例，瓣口不偏心1例。多普勒显示瓣口偏心4例，主动脉瓣均重度狭窄。其中1例合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全。瓣口不偏心1例，呈重度主动脉瓣狭窄。结论：超声心动图能诊断主动脉单叶瓣，具有重要临床价值。     

经胸实时三维超声心动图在室间隔缺损诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图在室间隔缺损诊断中的临床应用价值。方法：应用实时三维超声诊断仪获取28例先天性室间隔缺损患者的三维数据库，并利用三维数据工作站对缺损大小进行测量分析，其中18例患者的三维测量值与二维超声及手术结果对照。结果：实时三维成像能从多个视角、甚至模拟手术路径立体显示室间隔缺损的全貌，包括缺损的整体形态、部位、大小以及毗邻关系；同二维超声所测直径相比，三维超声所测室缺最大长轴径与手术结果具有更好的相关性(r=0.92 vs r=0.84)。结论：与二维超声心动图比较，实时三维超声心动图反映了室间隔缺损的立体空间结构，可对缺损大小进行准确的定量分析；与以往三维重建超声相比，实时三维超声可迅速得到室间隔缺损的三维图像，具有重要的临床应用潜力。     

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of tricuspid regurgitation

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography is a noninvasive method with high sensitivity and specificity for the assessment of tricuspid regurgitation. In patients with tricuspid regurgitation, pansystolic unusual Doppler signals are detected in the right atrial cavity, which are interpreted as tricuspid regurgitant flow signals. They distributed in a spindle-shaped area from the tricuspid orifice toward the right atrial posterior wall in parallel with the interatrial septum. The orientation of the range where the regurgitant Doppler signals are detected in the right atrial cavity shows the direction of the regurgitant jet. However, such a result is determined mainly in patients with functional tricuspid regurgitation. In regard to patients with organic tricuspid lesion, different considerations may be necessary. Semiquantitative grading of the severity of regurgitation is possible, based on the distance covered by the regurgitant signals from the tricuspid orifice. Tricuspid regurgitation is demonstrated also by contrast echocardiography. The severity is graded based on the distance reached by regurgitant curvilinear contrast echoes from the tricuspid valve in the M-mode echocardiography. If the ultrasound beam is adequately directed through the tricuspid orifice, the grade estimated by the contrast echoes are well correlated with that by the Doppler. However, if the M-mode is performed without the guide by the two-dimensional image, it may miss the most adequate beam direction for the observation, resulting in underestimating severity. The influences of tricuspid regurgitation are generally seen in the flow pattern of the major veins. However, they are more sharply reflected by the flow condition in the right atrial cavity than by the flows patterns in the major veins.     

心肌声学造影评价梗死前心绞痛对心肌微循环损伤的保护作用

目的利用经静脉心肌声学造影(MCE)技术探讨梗死前心绞痛(PA)对急性心肌梗死心肌微血管损伤的影响。方法根据有无PA将首次急性心肌梗死(AMI)的37例患者分为两组,无PA组19例,有PA组18例。患者入院当天行心脏超声检查记录室壁运动和左室容积(EDV和ESV)。住院期间行MCE评价心肌危险区域中无再流范围。AMI后3个月再次行心脏超声检查评价左室重构。结果MCE显示无PA组心肌危险区域节段中无再流范围高于有PA组(P<0.05);EDV和ESV初诊时两组间无显著性差异。然而无PA组在3个月随访时超声结果显示左室容积较初诊时增加(P<0.0001),PA组左室容积较初诊时并无显著性改变。结论心肌梗死前心绞痛可以减少无再流,保护心肌微循环,有利于再血管化后左室功能的恢复,并防止左室重构的发生。     

802例正常成人超声心动图测值及其影响因素

目的确定正常成年人超声心动图的正常值,了解其影响因素.方法随机、整群、分层抽样调查广西南宁802例18～75岁的正常成人,测量其超声心动图测值.结果不同性别、不同年龄段13项超声心动图测值结果见正文.测值与年龄、性别、体重呈正相关,与心率呈负相关,收缩压与左室舒张末径、左室收缩末径、室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度正相关.结论所得到大样本的正常成人超声心动图测值呈正态分布,可重复性良好.影响超声心动图测值的因素除性别、年龄外,尚有体重、收缩压、心率等因素.     

经静脉左心声学造影改善内膜分辨

对２１例肥胖患者应用自制的１％葡萄糖白蛋白声学造影剂（０．１４ｍｌ／ｋｇ）经外周静脉行左心声学造影。结果：左心腔显影≥２级的为２０例（９５．２％）；全部左室内膜节段的平均计分和３分内膜节段的百分比，由造影前的１．４５±１．０８和２４．５％增加到造影后的２．５４±０．８０和６９．１％；进而使观察者对９０．５％（１９／２１）的患者节段室壁运动的评价充满信心；所有患者未出现明显不良反应。表明该造影剂是一种安全有效的经静脉左心声学造影剂，静注后可改善内膜的分辨，增加对节段室壁运动评价的信心。     

Molecular testing of respiratory swabs aids early recognition of meningococcal disease in children

Early meningococcal disease (MD) diagnosis is difficult. We assessed rapid molecular testing of respiratory specimens. We performed genotyping of respiratory swabs, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid from children with suspected disease and nasal swabs (NSs) from matched controls. Thirty-nine of 104 suspected cases had confirmed disease. Four controls were carriers. Throat swab ctrA and porA testing for detection of disease gave a sensitivity of 81% (17/21), specificity of 100% (44/44), positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% (17/17), negative predictive value (NPV) of 92% (44/48), and relative risk of 12. NS ctrA and porA testing gave a sensitivity of 51% (20/39), specificity of 95% (62/65), PPV of 87% (20/23), NPV of 77% (62/81), and relative risk of 4. Including only the 86 NSs taken within 48 h of presentation, the results were sensitivity of 60% (18/30), specificity of 96% (54/56), PPV of 90% (18/20), NPV of 82% (54/66), and relative risk of 5. Swab type agreement was excellent (kappa 0.80, P < 0.001). There was exact phylogenetic agreement from different specimen sites for individuals. Carried genosubtypes were P1.7 and P1.21-7. Prehospital rapid molecular testing of easily obtained respiratory specimens could accelerate diagnosis of MD.     

Feasibility and accuracy of speckle tracking echocardiography in emergency department patients

Background

Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel technology that measures regional wall-motion abnormalities that may speed diagnosis and intervention of acute coronary occlusion in Emergency Department (ED) patients with non-ST elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS). STE provides an objective measurement of myocardial strain that is superior to visual assessment of wall motion when performed as part of a point-of-care (POC) echocardiogram. We determined the feasibility and preliminary accuracy of POC STE operated by emergency providers when compared to comprehensive echocardiography or final diagnosis of ACS.

实时三维超声心动图评价房室间隔缺损大小的初步研究

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图测量房、室间隔缺损面积的可行性和应用价值。方法 应用实时三维超声诊断仪获取20例先天性房间隔和／或室间隔缺损患者的三维数据库，利用三维数据工作站对缺损面积的大小进行测量分析，部分病例的三维测量值与二维超声测量值及手术结果对照。结果 实时三维成像能以多种视角观察间隔缺损的全貌并可对缺损面积进行三维测量，同二维超声所测直径相比，三维超声测量结果与手术结果具有更好的相关性(r=0．78 vs r=0．91)。结论 实时三维超声可显示房室间隔缺损的整体形态，可对缺损面积进行准确的定量分析，具有重要的临床应用潜力。     

经食管超声心动图检查的重症并发症

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图（TEE）检查中的重症并发症.方法 回顾分析我院13年来,门诊和住院经食管超声心动图检查的855例患者,其中单平面TEE 417例,多平面438例.结果 TEE引起重症并发症3例,可疑1例.其中严重心绞痛和呼吸困难各1例,1例左房黏液瘤患者检查中发生急性脑栓塞.1例可疑病例为风湿性心脏病,TEE检出左房及左心耳血栓,检查后24 h发生脑栓塞.结论 本组病例TEE的重症并发症发病率为0.35%.笔者建议将心房黏液瘤及心房血栓等心脏占位病变,列为TEE的相对适应证.如经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查能确诊时,应慎行TEE检查.TTE检出有穗状分叶、蒂长、活动度大的黏液瘤应为TEE禁忌证.     

经胸及术中经食管超声心动图在主动脉夹层诊疗中的应用

目的 探讨TTE及术中经食管超声心动图(IOTEE)在主动脉夹层(AD)术前诊断、术中监测及术后随访中的应用价值.方法 收集经手术证实的56例AD患者的超声心动图资料, 均于手术前后接受TTE和IOTEE检查.结果 56例AD中,DeBakeyⅠ型36例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型8例.TTE诊断AD敏感度为89.29%(50/56),IOTEE为100%(56/56);IOTEE诊断AD分型、假腔内血栓形成、内膜撕脱、破口位置优于TTE.IOTEE于术后即刻评价主动脉瓣功能,2例接受带瓣人工血管主动脉根部替换术者出现瓣周漏,再次修补后无明显瓣周漏,余瓣膜功能正常;术后3天至1个月 TTE复查显示55例瓣膜及人工血管功能正常,1例左冠状动脉吻合口撕裂,再次行冠状动脉吻合术后恢复正常.结论 TTE在初步诊断AD及术后随访中具有重要作用;IOTEE对决定AD手术方案和即刻评价手术效果具有独特价值.