Sonographic features of primary breast cancer in men

OBJECTIVE: The imaging studies of eight men with proven primary breast cancer and preoperative sonography and mammography were reviewed and correlated with final pathology reports. CONCLUSION: There were five cases of invasive breast carcinoma and three cases of ductal carcinoma in situ of the papillary subtype. All three cases of papillary ductal carcinoma in situ showed cystic features on sonography. Most (4/5) invasive cancers were solid on sonography. The appearance of a complex cystic mass in the male breast on sonography should suggest the possibility of malignancy and therefore warrants biopsy.     

原发性输卵管癌影像学表现

目的：探讨原发性输卵管癌（PFTC）的影像学表现,提高对该病的诊断准确性。方法：回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实的PFTC病例,其中9例行CT检查,3例行MRI检查。结果：10例为单侧病灶,2例为双侧病灶。CT表现：输卵管区分叶状或不规则状实性肿块1例;不规则囊实性肿块5例;腊肠形、“C”形实性肿块3例;管状囊性肿块伴管壁软组织结节3例。增强后实性部分轻到中度强化,呈延时强化,囊性部分不强化。MRI表现：实性部分呈稍长T1稍长T2信号,囊性部分呈长T1长T2信号,增强后肿块不均匀强化,实性部分DWI呈高信号。5例伴有输卵管积水。8例患侧子宫圆韧带均匀增粗,走形自然,增强后均匀强化。结论：PFTC典型表现为附件区腊肠样实性肿块,管形囊性肿块伴乳头状突起,伴输卵管积水。患侧子宫圆韧带增粗是PFTC重要的间接征象。     

Role of Interface Sign and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Differential Diagnosis of Exophytic Renal Masses

PurposeWe aimed to investigate the role of interfaces of exophytic solid and cystic renal masses on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the added value of diffusion-weighted imaging in differentiating benign from malignant lesions.MethodsThe Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study, and informed consent was waived. A total of 265 patients (109 [41%] women and 156 [59%] men) with a mean age of 57 ± 12 (standard deviation) years were enrolled in this study. Preoperative MRI (n = 238) examinations of patients with solid or cystic renal masses and MRI (n = 27) examinations of patients with Bosniak IIF cysts without progression were reviewed. Solid/cystic pattern, interface types and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were recorded by 2 radiologists. The diagnostic performance of combining normalized ADC values with interface sign were evaluated.ResultsAmong 265 renal lesions (109 cystic and 156 solid), all malignant lesions (n = 192) had a round interface. No malignant lesions showed an angular interface. For prediction of benignity in cystic lesions, sensitivity (82.86% vs 56.16%), negative predictive value (92.50% vs 85.71%), and accuracy (94.50% vs 87.92%) ratios of angular interface were higher compared to all (solid plus cystic) lesions. The best normalized ADC cutoff values for predicting malignancy in lesions with round interface were as follows: for all (solid plus cystic), ≤ 0.75 (AUROC = 0.804); solid, ≤ 0.6 (AUROC = 0.819); and cystic, ≤ 0.8 (AUROC = 0.936).ConclusionsAngular interface can be a predictor of benignity for especially cystic renal masses. The evaluation of interface type with normalized ADC value can be an important clue in differential diagnosis especially in patients avoiding contrast.     

Metastatic liver tumor from cystic ovarian carcinomas: CT and MRI appearance.

OBJECTIVE: The initial and follow-up CT and MRI images of ten patients with hepatic metastases from ovarian tumors were retrospectively analyzed to establish their features and sequential changes in appearance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with hepatic metastasis from ovarian tumors received initial and follow-up CT and MRI examinations. Six patients were followed up every two to three weeks before surgical tumor resection. Both CT and MR images were analyzed by two radiologists. RESULTS: A total of fourteen lesions were detected by CT and MRI in 10 patients. All 14 lesions were demonstrated as areas of marked hyperintensity on T2-weighted MRI. Eleven cyst-like tumors were demonstrated as round or oval low density lesions on CT and as areas of hypointensity on T1-weighted imaging. Three lesions were shown as solid masses with slightly low attenuation at the initial CT examination and slightly low or iso-intensity areas on T1-weighted imaging, and these lesions showed early peripheral globular enhancement and delayed enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging. Cystic formation was observed two to three weeks later after initial study in all the 3 solid lesions. Rapid subcapsular effusion, which showed obvious enhancement on delayed Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging, was observed in two patients. CONCLUSION: The hepatic metastatic tumor from cystic ovarian carcinoma may manifest as a well-defined cystic lesion or as a solid mass, and the solid mass shows delayed enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging. Furthermore, rapid cystic formation and rapid subcapsular extension is frequently seen.     

囊性肾癌的超声与CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨超声及CT对囊性肾癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术和病例证实的25例囊性肾癌的超声及CT表现。结果:依据各种不同的影像学表现将囊性肾癌分为:单房囊肿型,多房囊肿型,附隔、壁结节型和囊实混合型四类。其特点为:囊壁及囊内间隔局部不规则增厚或附有实性结节,以囊性为主的囊实性肿块;增厚的囊壁、间隔或附壁结节内可见强化。结论:超声及CT检查对囊性肾癌的诊断与鉴别诊断具有一定的临床实用价值。     

Imaging Features of Triple Negative Breast Cancer and the Effect of BRCA Mutations

Objective: The purpose of this study is to review the mammographic and the ultrasound features of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients and to investigate the potential effect of BRCA mutations on the imaging features of these patients. Methods: One hundred and seven patients with TNBC were enrolled in a retrospective study following IRB approval and approval of waiver of informed consent. BRCA mutations were assessed using genetic testing. Imaging features on mammography and ultrasound (US) as well as pathology and clinical information were retrospectively reviewed and characterized according to the BI-RADS lexicon (fifth edition). The relationships between BRCA mutations and the imaging findings were examined. Results: TNBC commonly presented as an irregular mass with obscured margins on mammography and as an irregular hypoechoic mass with microlobulated or angular margins on US. Approximately two thirds of TNBC cases had a parallel orientation and approximately one third had posterior enhancement, features often associated with benign masses. There was no statistically significant difference in the mammographic and the US features of BRCA positive and BRCA negative triple negative tumors. Conclusion: TNBC may have a parallel orientation and posterior enhancement, which are features often seen with benign masses. BRCA mutations do not affect the imaging features of triple negative breast tumors.     

Focal fibrosis: a common breast lesion diagnosed at imaging-guided core biopsy

OBJECTIVE: Focal fibrosis is a benign breast lesion commonly diagnosed by imaging-guided core biopsy. The goal of this study is to determine the frequency of focal fibrosis diagnosed at core biopsy and to describe its imaging features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 894 imaging-guided breast core biopsies were reviewed, and all cases of focal fibrosis were selected. The imaging features of each lesion were characterized. All lesions had been reviewed during radiologic-histologic review sessions to assess for accurate needle positioning and concordant results. Follow-up imaging and histologic data were reviewed to document lesion stability. RESULTS: Focal fibrosis was diagnosed in 80 (8.9%) of 894 imaging-guided core biopsies: 20 (8.7%) of 229 sonographically guided biopsies and 60 (9.0%) of 665 mammographically guided biopsies. Of 75 mammographically visible lesions, 39 (52%) were masses, 29 (39%) were densities, and seven (9.3%) were clusters of calcifications. Thirty-five hypoechoic lesions were visualized on sonography: 29 (80%) were oval, and six (17%) were irregularly shaped. Six (21%) of the 28 oval masses showed posterior enhancement, four (14%) posterior shadowing, and 19 (68%) neither feature. Fifty-two (65%) of 80 patients with focal fibrosis had routine imaging follow-up; all had stable findings (mean follow-up period, 27 months). No false-negative cases were identified. CONCLUSION: Focal fibrosis most commonly appears as an enlarging solid mass or developing density on mammography or as an oval mass on sonography. Our data suggest that focal fibrosis accounts for 9% of lesions that undergo imaging-guided core biopsy and that the diagnosis can be accurately reached using imaging-guided biopsy.     

乳腺增生症的影像学诊断

目的:评价影像检查对乳腺增生症诊断与鉴别诊断中的作用。材料和方法:回顾性分析74例乳腺增生症的临床和影像学表现。74例均做了钼靶X线摄影检查,其中19例做了选择性乳腺导管造影、10例超声检查和3例核磁共振检查。结果:74例钼靶X线平片检查表现为片状高密度影44例(59.5%),结节影18例(24.3%),无异常发现者12例(16.2%)。19例乳头溢液患者的选择性乳腺导管造影表现为囊肿型8例,囊肿伴导管硬化型6例,导管增生硬化型3例,终末导管囊性扩张型2例。10例肿块性患者的超声表现:实性病变8例,呈低回声;囊性病变2例,呈无回声液性暗区,伴有明显的后回声增强效应。3例乳腺囊肿,T1WI呈均匀低信号,T2WI呈均匀的高信号。结论:乳腺增生症的多种影像学表现反映其复杂多样的病理特点,钼靶X线摄影联合超声、MRI检查对肿块性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断有很重要的意义;选择性乳腺导管造影对乳头溢液患者的诊断帮助很大。     

腮腺基底细胞腺瘤的CT与MRI表现

目的:探讨腮腺基底细胞腺瘤(BCA)的CT和MRI表现。方法:回顾性分析10例腮腺BCA的CT和MRI表现。10例中男3例,女7例;右侧腮腺4例,左侧6例。结果:10例肿瘤均为单发,肿瘤最长径平均为2.4cm。10例肿瘤中不规则形或深分叶状2例,圆形或类圆形8例;边缘均光滑清楚。MRI检查2例,表现为长T1、短T2信号实性肿块,伴稍低信号包膜,增强扫描后病灶呈均匀明显强化。CT检查8例:6例呈实性,2例呈囊实性、内有大片液化囊变,实性部分明显强化。结论:腮腺BCA的CT和MRI表现有一定特征,结合临床,有助于本病的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Diffractive ultrasound in the evaluation of solid breast masses: preliminary results

PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate diffractive ultrasound (US) in the characterization of solid breast masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients with solid breast masses (24 malignant and 24 benign) observed at conventional US underwent targeted diffractive US before needle biopsy or surgery. The process of locating the lesion was performed with knowledge of the mammography and conventional US. On diffractive US, imaging features, including shape, brightness, echotexture, margin, and boundary echo were analyzed and odds ratio (OR) were calculated to show how the risk of malignancy was altered by the presence of a given finding. RESULTS: Of the 48 solid breast masses seen on conventional US, 46 (96%) were seen at diffractive US. Diffractive US features suggestive of malignancy were irregular shape (OR 11.5), sono-opacity (OR 204), spiculated margin (OR 17.0), and absent boundary echo (OR 11.5) or thick rim (OR 5.5), whereas those of benignancy were round shape (OR 0.03), sonotransmission (OR 0.07) or isodensity (OR 0.01), well-defined margin (OR 0.03), and thin capsule (OR 0.03; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The finding of a sono-opaque mass on diffractive US was highly sensitive for malignancy. Further improvement of diffractive US equipment is needed to increase image quality and to permit inclusion of the axillary tail and deep portions of the breast.     

CT and MRI features of pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in adults

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the CT and MRI features of pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients (six women and five men; mean age, 64 years) with acinar cell carcinoma, documented by pathologic examination of resected specimens, underwent CT (n=9) or MRI (n=2) examinations. Two radiologists evaluated imaging studies and determined, by consensus, the following data for each tumor: size, location, margination, internal density or signal intensity, and contrast enhancement pattern. In addition, they assessed the presence of calcification, pancreatic or bile duct dilation, and metastases. Imaging features were correlated with gross and microscopic pathologic features of the tumors. RESULTS: Masses were distributed throughout the pancreas (head, n=5; body, n=2; and tail, n=4). The mean largest dimensions were 6.0 x 5.3 cm (range, from 2 x 1.7 to 15 x 11 cm). Tumors were oval (n=5), round (n=4), or lobular (n=2). Ten (91%) masses were well marginated; nine (82%) were exophytic. Five (45%) masses enhanced homogeneously; the remaining tumors contained cystic areas. All masses enhanced less than the surrounding pancreas. Three (27%) masses contained calcifications. Four (80%) masses invaded the duodenum. Common bile and pancreatic duct dilatation was present in two and three patients, respectively. One patient had metastatic liver disease at presentation. CONCLUSION: Pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is usually an exophytic, oval or round, well-marginated, and hypovascular mass on CT and MRI. It typically is completely solid when small and contains cystic areas due to necrosis when large.     

卵巢颗粒细胞瘤的CT及MRI表现

目的 探讨卵巢颗粒细胞瘤(OGCT)的CT及MRI表现特征.方法 回顾性分析12例经病理证实的OGCT患者的临床、影像学资料(10例行CT检查,5例行MRI检查,其中3例同时行CT及MRI检查),并分析其影像学特征.结果 12例均为单发病变.肿瘤呈圆形、类圆形、分叶状,边界清楚.12例病例中囊性3例,均呈多房囊性,囊壁和分隔厚薄不均,增强扫描间隔及囊壁轻度强化.混合囊实性7例,瘤内可见多发囊变,"海绵状"为其典型表现,增强扫描病灶实性成分大多呈轻中度强化.实性2例,病灶有分隔,1例明显强化,1例轻度强化.12例中子宫体积增大及内膜增厚6例,合并子宫内膜癌1例.结论 OGCT的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征,结合雌激素异常有助于做出正确诊断.     

Radiological appearances of papillary breast lesions

This review illustrates the varied appearances of benign and malignant papillary breast tumours, as identified by a breast cancer-screening programme. The commonest mammographic appearance of a papillary tumour is as a soft-tissue mass, with calcification present in less than half of cases. When calcification is present the pattern is variable, but clusters of pleomorphic calcification can occur, sometimes resembling the mammographic appearance of invasive ductal carcinoma. Ultrasonography of papillary lesions typically shows a solid, oval, intraductal mass, often associated with duct dilatation. A cystic component is also commonly seen, and lesions may appear hypervascular on colour Doppler ultrasound. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a high sensitivity, but low specificity for detecting papillary tumours, and is useful in establishing the extent and distribution of lesions in patients with multiple papillomatosis. Despite a benign histology on core biopsy, an argument exists for complete surgical excision of all papillary tumours, as a significant proportion of papillomas will contain foci of atypia or overt malignant change.     

Ultrasound visualization of the breast in symptomatic patients

More than 400 breast patients (primarily symptomatic) have been examined with ultrasound alone and in combination with low-dose mammography. Symptomatic pregnant women and young patients with palpable masses were examined with ultrasound alone. In young, dense breasts, ultrasound was found to surpass mammography in the differential diagnosis of both cystic and solid masses. In older patients, the tumor characteristics displayed on ultrasound augmented those of mammography, resulting in increased diagnostic accuracy.     

Clinical and CT imaging features of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma

Purpose

This study was undertaken to analyse the clinical characteristics and computed tomography (CT) imaging features of patients with pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma and to clarify characteristic imaging features.

Materials and methods

Clinical and CT imaging records of ten patients with pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (three women and seven men; mean age, 58 years) examined using multidetector CT scanners were retrospectively studied. CT features emphasised included lesion location, size, shape, margin, solid or cystic component, density and enhancement. Imaging results were correlated with intraoperative surgical and pathological results.

Results

Lesions were distributed throughout the pancreatic head (n=3), body (n=3), tail (n=2) and both body and tail (n=2). The average diameter was 6.1 cm, varying from 2.3 cm to 15.8 cm. The tumours were round or oval (n=7) or lobular (n=3). Seven tumours appeared as enhanced solid pancreatic masses, with the large masses having hypodense areas; three had >75 % cystic component; seven (70%), including four solid and three cystic masses, had wellcircumscribed or partially well-defined thin, enhanced encapsulation. After contrast injection, the masses presented heterogeneous enhancement.

Conclusions

Acinar cell carcinoma should always be considered when a large pancreatic mass with typical imaging is found in solid masses with variably sized central cystic areas or cystic masses.     

Ultrasonographic evaulation of breast masses.

B-mode ultrasonic contact scanning should be performed in conjunction with mammography in any patient with a palpable breast mass that is 1 cm or larger in diameter. Patients with masses that appear cystic on the sonogram should undergo needle aspiration of their masses. The fluid should then be cytologically examined for confirmation of its benign nature and repeat sonograms obtained to ensure that the mass has completely disappeared. Patients with masses appearing either solid or complex ultrasonographically should undergo surgical biopsy.     

色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI表现

目的 探讨色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI表现特征和MRI诊断价值。方法 回顾分析经手术和病理证实的5例色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的MRI图像，全部病例采用SE序列和注射钆喷酸葡胺增强扫描。结果 1例局限型表现为关节囊结节状不规则增厚；4例弥漫型表现为关节旁葡萄串状囊性或囊实性包块，内有不规则结节，结节在T1、T2WI表现为低信号，囊液T2WI呈高低混杂信号、T1WI呈等信号，包块半包匀节囊及邻近骨生长；增强扫描绒毛结节及囊壁均匀强化，囊液信号变低。结论 色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎具特征性MRI表现，MRI可作出确诊。     

卵巢颗粒细胞瘤的CT、MRI诊断和误诊分析

目的 分析卵巢颗粒细胞瘤（granulosa cell tumor,GCT）的CT、MRI表现及误诊原因,提高对该肿瘤的认识.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的10例GCT的CT、MRI表现.结果 10例GCT位于右侧4例,左侧6例.肿瘤最大径平均6.1 cm.全部肿瘤边界清楚,包膜完整呈圆形或卵圆形7例,不完整呈分叶状3例;肿瘤呈囊实性8例,实性2例.7例CT检查,平扫肿瘤实性成分平均CT值为35HU.3例行MRI检查,实性成分T1WI呈等信号,T2 WI呈稍高信号;囊性成分T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号.所有肿瘤实性成分增强后均呈中等程度强化.合并子宫内膜增生5例,腹水6例,同时合并子宫内膜癌及肌瘤1例.10例GCT术前均未能作出正确诊断.结论 典型的GCT多呈囊实性,包膜完整,边界清楚,增强后肿瘤实性成分中等程度强化;易合并子宫内膜增生及少量腹水.因对该肿瘤缺乏足够的认识、部分肿瘤缺乏典型的影像表现、阅片不够仔细等是导致误诊的主要原因.