不同年限园参和石柱参不同部位的显微定量鉴别

目的采用显微定量法对园参和石柱参的不同年限进行鉴别。方法采用显微定量法,以人参的草酸钙簇晶为显微特征物,根据不同年限不同部位特征物含量及形态上的差异对园参和石柱参的不同年限进行鉴别。结果随着年限的增长全参、芦头、主根、侧根、须根的草酸钙簇晶的含量上升且体积增大,但石柱参的须根草酸钙簇晶含量随着年限的增长而下降,而园参须根中的特征物含量明显升高,可用于两者的鉴别。其中芦头内的草酸钙簇晶含量明显高于其他部位。根据草酸钙簇晶含量和形态上的差异,可以区分园参和石柱参的不同年限。结论显微定量法鉴别园参和石柱参的不同年限方法可行。     

Studies in the field of drugs containing anthracene derivatives

The anthranoid composition in roots of RHEUM OFFICINALE has been followed during a one year cycle. No statistical correlation could be found between total anthranoid content and time of sampling. The mean total anthranoid content was found to be 3.17%, calculated on freeze dried plant material. On the other hand the ratio anthrone/total anthranoid varied with the season. It was concluded that all anthranoids were present under oxidized form, the anthraquinone, in summer months. They were in the reduced form, the anthrone, in winter. The conversion occured in a time lapse of three weeks. Also cyclic variations between the relative amounts of anthrone aglycones, anthronemono- and diglycosides could be observed. Just before the conversion anthrone --> anthraquinone and vice versa, the anthrone diglycoside content increased markedly. To find out if ambient temperature decrease is one of the factors influencing the anthraquinone --> anthrone conversion, analyses were carried out on plants submitted to a cooling treatment. After comparison with reference plants, it was clear that the composition was similar to that of plants harvested in winter time. This experiment confirms that the conversion anthraquinone --> anthrone could be induced artificially by decreasing ambient temperature.     

Papaver bracteatum Lindl.--a new plant source of opiates

Certain strains of P. bracteatum Lindl. are reported to contain in the roots significant quantities of thebaine, which can be used for the production of codeine and other opiates. Results from plants raised from Iranian seeds and grown near London for 4 to 5 years are presented. The botanical and chemical characters correspond closely to those of the active strain Halle III described by Böhm (1970) and enable this plant to be clearly distinguished from the closely related P. orientale L. The thebaine content of the roots was 0.25 % which is much lower than the value of 0.7 to 1.3% reported in Halle III roots. The fruiting tops, however, were also investigated and found to contain significant amounts of thebaine in field conditions. If tops were harvested in the summer and roots in the autumn, about 15 kg thebaine per hectare should be produced from our strain grown in the conditions described. This compares favourably with about 1 kg alkaloids per hectare from Turkish opium production or even the 3 kg per hectare from the high yielding Indian farms.     

野生粗毛淫羊藿苷含量变化研究

目的寻找淫羊藿苷在野生粗毛淫羊藿地上、地下各部位及夏、秋、冬三季的动态分布规律。指导栽培、收获。方法分别在6、9、12月中旬取样测定苷在叶片、地上茎、地下根状茎及须根中的含量,分析分布规律。结果淫羊藿苷在叶片中含量最高,地上茎最低。结论栽培上要注意提高叶片及须根产量。     

野生粗毛淫羊藿苷含量变化研究

OBJECTIVE Searching for the glycoside distribution of Epimedium Acuminatim above the ground and underground in summer,autumn and winter. Directing the cultivation and harvest.METHODS Determining the glycoside content in leaves,stems and fibrous roots abov     

Simultaneous determination of the contents of three stilbene oligomers in Caragana sinica collected in different seasons using an improved HPLC method

The objectives of this research were to determine simultaneously the contents of two stilbene tetramers, carasinol B (1) and kobophenol A (2), and one stilbene trimer, (+)-alpha-viniferin (3), in the roots, tubers, and leaves of Caragana sinica in various seasons. A HPLC method has been developed for efficiently quantifying the three analytes in the plant. Using this method, different samples of Caragana sinica were evaluated. The results showed that the contents of 1, 2, and 3 in the roots were much higher than those in the tubers, and the contents of stilbene tetramers were maximal in winter while the contents of the stilbene trimer were maximal in summer. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 could not be detected in the flowers of Caragana sinica in our detection ranges.     

After the Prestige oil spill modifications in NO production and other parameters related to the immune response were detected in hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis

In marine mollusks, many physiologic functions are regulated seasonally depending on such factors as the reproductive cycle or the presence of food. The synthesis of nitric oxide by hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis is among the multiple physiologic actions in the immune response, and it is also affected by season. The maximal basal production of NO by hemocytes of M. galloprovincialis was detected in summer, whereas the minimum values were detected in winter. In winter, the presence of IL-2 induced an increase in NO production that was not detected in summer. Three months after the Prestige oil spill (November 2002), basal NO production by the hemocytes of mussels in the Galician coast showed a progressive decrease and stopping, both in summer and in winter. The characteristic increase of NO synthesis induced by IL-2 in winter also disappeared all through 2003 and 2004. The two different nitric oxide synthases previously identified by immunoblotting between 1999 and 2002 were undetectable in both 2003 and 2004. When comparing the data obtained during 2003 and 2004 to those obtained in previous years, an increase in the proportion of SH cells was detected. Also, these cells showed a higher sensitivity to apoptosis- and necrosis-inducing agents than in earlier years.     

人参与三七对小鼠的体温调节作用

本文报告了人参及三七根20％乙醇提取物对小鼠的体温调节作用,及对环境温度变化适应性的影响。结果表明:人参与三七多次给药或一次给药,均可使寒冷和高温环境下动物存活时间显著延长,但三七抗高温的作用比人参弱得多;人参与三七均可对抗利血平引起的体温下降,亦可抑制多巴胺引起的体温升高;人参可对抗内毒素初期的体温降低,亦可阻抑其后期的体温升高;三七使小鼠体温维持于一般低水平,只阻遏内毒素的体温升高。     

After the Prestige oil spill modifications in NO production and other parameters related to the immune response were detected in hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis

In marine mollusks, many physiologic functions are regulated seasonally depending on such factors as the reproductive cycle or the presence of food. The synthesis of nitric oxide by hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis is among the multiple physiologic actions in the immune response, and it is also affected by season. The maximal basal production of NO by hemocytes of M. galloprovincialis was detected in summer, whereas the minimum values were detected in winter. In winter, the presence of IL-2 induced an increase in NO production that was not detected in summer.Three months after the Prestige oil spill (November 2002), basal NO production by the hemocytes of mussels in the Galician coast showed a progressive decrease and stopping, both in summer and in winter. The characteristic increase of NO synthesis induced by IL-2 in winter also disappeared all through 2003 and 2004. The two different nitric oxide synthases previously identified by immunoblotting between 1999 and 2002 were undetectable in both 2003 and 2004.When comparing the data obtained during 2003 and 2004 to those obtained in previous years, an increase in the proportion of SH cells was detected. Also, these cells showed a higher sensitivity to apoptosis- and necrosis-inducing agents than in earlier years.     

Seasonal changes in alcohol consumption and related problems in Iowa, 1979-1980

What happens to heavy-drinking and problem-drinking rates when per-capita alcohol sales (apparent consumption) increase and decrease is examined. A panel of individuals were interviewed at three 6-month intervals: winter of 1979, summer of 1979 and winter of 1980. Respondents were questioned about their drinking-related behavior in the 30 days prior to each interview. Although per-capita alcohol sales increased from winter to summer and decreased from summer to winter, heavy-drinking and problem-drinking rates changed relatively little, usually in the opposite direction of the sales change. Few of the new problem drinkers appearing from season to season also became new heavy drinkers. These findings were interpreted to mean that the Single Distribution model, relying exclusively on restricting sales to prevent alcohol misuse, is underspecified. There is much to be learned about how aggregate sales changes come about and how sales changes interact with other factors to affect problem-drinking rates.     

A comparative study on the health effects of smoking and indoor air pollution in summer and winter

This study was performed by a comparison between summer and winter for the purpose of demonstration the actual conditions of health effects of indoor air pollution with special reference to NO2 and smoking, on the subjects composed of 820 school children and their 546 mothers in the two areas with different ambient NO2 concentrations. In either case, examination was carried out with standardized questionnaire test for respiratory symptoms, personal NO2 exposure measurement using the filter badge by Yanagisawa, and analysis of urinary hydroxyproline and creatinine in two areas with different ambient NO2 levels. Personal NO2 exposure level in winter season was 2-3 times higher than that in summer, particularly NO2 level among residents living in homes with non-vented stove for space heating was substantially higher from those of residents with vented stove. Wives with vented stove had a moderate exposure level in winter season by the contribution of NO2 originated from the kitchen and poor ventilation rate. Since the hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio (HOP-ratio) of children increased more, their household location were nearer to any heavy traffic roads in summer, health effects from automobile exhaust were suggested only in summer season. In summer season, personal NO2 exposure level were almost the same with the ambient NO2 concentrations over both areas. These results suggest that indoor air pollution in winter season may be separated from outdoor air pollution. It was a matter of course that hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio in winter season was higher than that in summer, in any group and in any area, but the range of variation of hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio was smaller by far than that of personal NO2 exposure level. Judging from urinary hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio, health effects of active smoking and passive smoking increased with increasing the number of smoked, dose-dependently in any season. According to stepwise multiple regression analysis, hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio had significant relation to either NO2 and active or passive smoking, but personal NO2 exposure level had no relation to cigarette smoking. NO2 and cigarette smoke were seemed to make hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio increase, independently each other.     

A realistic in vitro exposure revealed seasonal differences in (pro-)inflammatory effects from ambient air in Fribourg,Switzerland

Ambient air pollutant levels vary widely in space and time, therefore thorough local evaluation of possible effects is needed. In vitro approaches using lung cell cultures grown at the air–liquid interface and directly exposed to ambient air can offer a reliable addition to animal experimentations and epidemiological studies. To evaluate the adverse effects of ambient air in summer and winter a multi-cellular lung model (16HBE14o-, macrophages, and dendritic cells) was exposed in a mobile cell exposure system. Cells were exposed on up to three consecutive days each 12?h to ambient air from Fribourg, Switzerland, during summer and winter seasons. Higher particle number, particulate matter mass, and nitrogen oxide levels were observed in winter ambient air compared to summer. Good cell viability was seen in cells exposed to summer air and short-term winter air, but cells exposed three days to winter air were compromised. Exposure of summer ambient air revealed no significant upregulation of oxidative stress or pro-inflammatory genes. On the opposite, the winter ambient air exposure led to an increased oxidative stress after two exposure days, and an increase in three assessed pro-inflammatory genes already after 12?h of exposure. We found that even with a short exposure time of 12?h adverse effects in vitro were observed only during exposure to winter but not summer ambient air. With this work we have demonstrated that our simple, fast, and cost-effective approach can be used to assess (adverse) effects of ambient air.     

Relative contributions of diet and sunlight to vitamin D state in the elderly.

In winter the vitamin D state of elderly people may reach levels associated with osteomalacia, although the disease may not be clinically apparent. A statistical correlation was observed in a group of elderly subjects during the winter between dietary vitamin D intake and vitamin D state, but the intake was generally too low to make a biologically important contribution to maintaining vitamin D concentrations. Ultraviolet light (UVL) is the primary determinant of vitamin D state in summer and winter, in winter owing to the pools of vitamin D built up during the previous summer. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) in winter of 15.0-22.5 nmol/l (6-9 ng/ml) require that the concentration in the previous summer was over 40 nmol/l (16 ng/ml). To maintain plasma concentrations in the elderly above those associated with osteomalacia a mean dietary vitamin D intake of over 5 microgram/day is required. A more physiological approach, however, would be to increase exposure to UVL.     

Effects of seasonal variations, acute hypothermia and physostigmine on cardiac acetylcholine, tissue glycogen and blood sugar concentrations in frogs

The effects of seasonal variations and the effects of acute hypothermia (8.0 degrees) and/or physostigmine (PHY) in different seasons have been studied on the tissue glycogen, cardiac acetylcholine (ACh) and blood sugar contents in frogs. Seasonal variations had no significant effect on cardiac cholinergic activity. However, cardiac ACh concentration was significantly reduced by hypothermia in all seasons. The extents of increase in cardiac ACh in PHY pretreated hypothermic frogs indicate that hypothermia depresses cardiac cholinergic acitity much more in summers than in rainy and winter seasons. The tissue glycogen contents and blood sugar concentrations were significantly lower in winter season than those in summer and rainy seasons. Hypothermia produced marked tissue glycogenolysis and hyperglycaemia during summer and rainy seasons and not during winters. In general PHY had no effect on tissue glycogen contents in any season, but it produced hyperglycaemia during rainy and winter seasons. PHY pretreatment increased cardiac, hepatic and muscle glycogen contents and produced hyperglycaemia in hypothermic winter frogs, and it increased ventricular and muscle glycogen contents during summer and hepatic glycogen during rainy seasons, there being no significant effects on blood sugar.     

Assessment of seasonal relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation and expression patterns of oxidative stress-related genes in muscle tissues of red mullet (M. barbatus) from the Northern Adriatic Sea

In this study, we examined the seasonal association between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and mRNA expression profiles of some antioxidant genes (i.e. CAT, GST and SOD), as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO), in muscle of sexually inactive females of red mullet (Mullus barbatus). Fish were captured in a fishery area of the Northern Adriatic Sea during both winter and summer. We found significantly (p < 0.05) higher ∑HMW-PAHs concentrations in muscle of specimens caught during winter than summer. On the basis of sampling season, red mullets exhibited different gene expression profiles of antioxidant enzymes showing lower levels of both CAT and GST in winter than in summer. Accordingly, CAT was found to be negatively associated with ∑PAH concentrations, especially ∑LMW-PAH, in individuals collected during winter. Seasonal-related downregulation of some oxidative stress biomarker expression is suggestive of greater susceptibility of red mullets to PAHs during winter.     

人参化学成分的研究——第Ⅳ报 人参挥发油的研究

本文测定了辽宁产人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.)根,茎叶,花中挥发油的含量,并用气相色谱——质谱——计算机联用装置分离分析了人参各部位挥发油中的化学成分及其相对含量,从油中鉴定出下列十八个化合物;α——愈创烯(α-guaiene)_1,β——广藿香烯(β-patchoulene)_2,反式——丁香烯(trans-caryophyllene)_3,蛇麻烯(humulene)_4,β——榄香烯(β-elemene)_5,γ——榄香烯(γ-elemene)_6,艾里莫酚烯(eremophilene)_7,α——檀香烯(α-santalene)_8,α——金合欢烯(α-farnesene)_9,β——金合欢烯(β-farnesene)_(10),β——古芸烯(β-gurjunene)_(11),2,6——二特丁基-4-甲基苯酚(2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methyl phenol)_(12),2-甲基十四烷(2-meth-yl-tetradecane)_(13),正十五烷(n-pentadecane)_(14),十七烷醇-1(1-heptad-ecanol)_(15),十七烷酮-2(2-heptadecanone)_(16),棕榈酸(palmitic acid)_(17),棕榈酸甲酯(methyl palmitate)_(18)。人参根挥发油含1、2、3、4、5、6、7、10、11、12、15,茎叶挥发油含10、16、17、花中挥发油中含1、5、8、9、10、12、13、14、16、17、18。     

DNA damage and antioxidants; fluctuations through the year in a central European population group.

Dietary antioxidant levels in the blood depend on intake of fruits and vegetables and therefore might be expected to show seasonal variation. A group of healthy male subjects in Bratislava, Slovakia gave blood samples each month for 1 year. Vitamin C, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and several carotenoids were measured in plasma, and concentrations of essential metals zinc, copper and selenium in serum. Oxidative DNA damage was assessed in lymphocytes using the comet assay. Seasonal variations in antioxidant levels did not follow a common pattern. beta-Cryptoxanthin was highest in the spring. Lycopene peaked in late summer. Lutein/zeaxanthin was higher in summer than in winter. The concentration of zinc in serum was higher in winter than in summer. DNA damage was lower in summer than in winter. Selenium as well as several antioxidants correlated negatively with indices of DNA damage, while zinc levels showed a positive correlation with DNA damage. These results provide some support for a link between consumption of antioxidants and protection against DNA oxidation.     

Seasonal variation in responses of the toad renal vasculature to adrenaline

Summary Adrenaline and noradrenaline produced both constriction and dilatation of the toad renal vasculature: constrictor effects were mediated by -adrenoceptors; dilator effects were mediated by -adrenoceptors. Vasoconstriction was the predominant response to these amines. Dilatation was only revealed after blockade of -adrenoceptors and constriction of the vasculature. There was a marked seasonal variation in the constrictor responses to adrenaline, but not to noradrenaline. The maximal increase in renal vascular resistance produced by adrenaline in summer was greater, by a factor of three, than the maximum constrictor response in winter. The response to adrenaline in summer was also significantly greater than the responses to noradrenaline in both summer and winter. However, after treatment with propranolol there was no difference between the maximum vasoconstrictions to these two amines, in summer or in winter. Determination of dissociation constants for phentolamine indicated that adrenaline and noradrenaline acted on the same population of -adrenoceptors in both summer and winter. The enhanced vasoconstriction to adrenaline in summer appears to be due to a reduced potency of adrenaline on renal vascular -adrenoceptors. The reduction in potency may be caused by a subtle configurational change in the -adrenoceptors, perhaps induced by hormonal changes associated with the onset of breeding.     

基于UHPLC-HRMS/MS的鲜人参不同部位中皂苷类成分差异分析

目的 采用UHPLC-HRMS/MS对鲜人参中的三萜皂苷类成分进行分析鉴定,并阐明鲜人参不同部位(主根、侧根、须根和芦头)所含的三萜皂苷类成分的差异性。方法 以水饱和正丁醇为提取溶剂,以水-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在ESI负离子模式下建立新鲜人参药材中皂苷类成分的UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS分析表征方法,并采集各样品的高分辨质谱数据。结合色谱保留行为、精确分子量、多级质谱裂解规律及对照品比对等,鉴定各样品中的人参皂苷类成分;依据已鉴定的人参皂苷色谱峰的相对丰度,筛选差异色谱峰,阐明鲜人参各部位差异。结果 从鲜人参不同部位中共检测到68种差异皂苷类成分,其中主根有44种,侧根有47种,须根有52种,芦头有37种。结论 鲜人参不同部位中皂苷类成分差异较大;人参侧根、芦头等非主要药用部位中含有多种人参皂苷,且存在其他部位未检测到的成分,可作为药物研发的重要原料及多种人参皂苷的提取原料。     

Differences in cytotoxicity versus pro-inflammatory potency of different PM fractions in human epithelial lung cells

Air pollution in Milan causes health concern due to the high concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). The aim of this study was to investigate possible seasonal differences in PM10 and PM2.5 chemical composition and their biological effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine release and cytotoxicity. The PM was sampled during winter and summer seasons. The winter PMs had higher levels of PAHs than the summer samples which contained a greater amount of mineral dust elements. The PM toxicity was tested in the human pulmonary epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and A549. The winter PMs were more cytotoxic than summer samples, whereas the summer PM10 exhibited a higher pro-inflammatory potential, as measured by ELISA. This inflammatory potential seemed partly due to biological components such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as evaluated by the use of Polymixin B. Interestingly, in the BEAS-2B cells the winter PM2.5 reduced proliferation due to a mitotic delay/arrest, while no such effects were observed in the A549 cells. These results underline that the in vitro responsiveness to PM may be cell line dependent and suggest that the PM different properties may trigger different endpoints such as inflammation, perturbation of cell cycle and cell death.