HPLC法测定柏石水调散中盐酸巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC方法同时测定柏石水调散中盐酸巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱含量。方法: 采用反相离子对高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB C18（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相为乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液（50〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗50）（每100 ml加十二烷基硫酸钠0.2 g）;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长为345 nm;进样量为10 μl;柱温为室温。结果: 盐酸巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱进样量分别在1.11~22.16 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）和2.11~42.24 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为98.94%和101.3%,RSD分别为2.43%和2.05%（n = 6）。结论: 本方法快速、简便、准确,可用于柏石水调散中盐酸巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

痔科消炎止痛洗剂质量标准的建立

摘 要 目的： 建立痔科消炎止痛洗剂的质量标准。方法: 采用TLC法对痔科消炎止痛洗剂中黄柏、当归、黄芪进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法测定黄柏中盐酸小檗碱含量,色谱条件为Agilent 5 TC C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相:乙腈 0.05 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（30∶70）,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长：265 nm,柱温：30 ℃。结果: 痔科消炎止痛洗剂中黄柏、当归、黄芪的薄层色谱斑点清晰,专属性强,阴性对照无干扰;盐酸小檗碱在0.029～3.628 μg范围内,呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为97.83%,RSD=2.05%（n=6）。结论: 定性、定量方法准确可靠、重复性好,能有效控制痔科消炎止痛洗剂的内在质量。     

HPLC法测定黄连上清片中4种成分的含量

摘 要 目的： 提高黄连上清片质量标准,建立同时测定绿原酸、栀子苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱4种成分含量的方法。方法: 采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为DiamonsilTM C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为二元梯度系统,其中溶剂A为乙腈,溶剂B为0.3%磷酸水溶液,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为238 nm,柱温30℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 绿原酸、栀子苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱的线性范围分别为8.11～81.10 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 7)、13.08～130.80 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 7)、10.76～107.60 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 8)、7.92～79.20 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 8)范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.19%(RSD=0.9%)、98.44%(RSD=1.1%)、99.12%(RSD=1.0%)、99.18%(RSD=1.1%)(n=9)。结论:该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于黄连上清片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定伤科跌打膏中姜黄素和盐酸小檗碱的含量

摘 要 目的：建立测定伤科跌打膏中姜黄素和盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。方法: 采用高效液相色谱法。姜黄素：色谱柱：InertSutain C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相：乙腈 4%醋酸溶液（44∶56）;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1; 柱温：25℃;检测波长：430 nm;进样量：10 μl。盐酸小檗碱：色谱柱：InertSutain C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相：乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液（44∶56）(每100 ml加十二烷基磺酸钠0.1 g);流速：1.0 ml·min^-1; 柱温：25℃;检测波长：345 nm;进样量：10 μl。结果: 姜黄素和盐酸小檗碱分别在0.01～0.50 μg（r=0.999 3）和0.02～0.26 μg（r=0.999 9）范围内各自呈现良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为为101.03%和99.20%,RSD分别为1.75%和0.64%(n=9)。结论:本研究建立的方法操作简单,准确灵敏,专属性强,可用于伤科跌打膏的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定麻黄止嗽丸中盐酸麻黄碱及盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立麻黄止嗽丸中盐酸麻黄碱及盐酸伪麻黄碱含量的测定方法。方法: 采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Kromasil C₁₈柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈 0.1％磷酸溶液（含0.1%三乙胺）（4∶96）,流速为1 ml·min^-1,检测波长为207 nm,柱温：室温,进样量：5 μl。结果:盐酸麻黄碱在0.02～0.52 μg 范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.8%,RSD为1.6%(n=6);盐酸伪麻黄碱在0.02～0.51 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为0.9%(n=6)。结论:该方法准确可靠,可用于麻黄止嗽丸中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定。     

青蛤散质量控制研究

摘 要 目的：建立青蛤散的质量控制方法。方法: 采用TLC法鉴别青黛、关黄柏;限量测定升汞;HPLC法测定盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱的含量。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液（磷酸二氢钠浓度为0.02 mol·L-1）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 ml·min-1,检测波长为345 nm,柱温为25 ℃,进样量为10 μl。结果:青黛、关黄柏可在同一硅胶G薄层板进行薄层色谱鉴别;升汞可用比色法进行限量测定;盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱分别在0.020~0.205 μg（r=0.999 6）和0.068~0.683 μg(r=0.999 8)范围内呈良好的线性关系。加样回收率为98.17%~101.97%(RSD<2%,n=9)。结论:该方法简便,专属性强,稳定性好,可用于青蛤散的质量控制。     

加味小柴胡颗粒质量标准的建立

摘 要 目的：建立加味小柴胡颗粒的质量标准。方法: 采用TLC法对制剂中柴胡、黄芩、黄连进行定性鉴别;采用UPLC法对制剂中甘草苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸单铵盐进行定量分析。色谱柱：Aglient ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18（50 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm）,流动相：乙腈（A） 0.1%磷酸水（B）,流速：0.4 μml·min-1,检测波长： [0~11 min:270 nm;11~12 min:254 nm],柱温：35 ℃,进样量：2 μl。结果: 柴胡、黄芩、黄连的TLC图谱斑点清晰,分离度好;甘草苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸单铵盐质量浓度分别在1.764~28.224 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、12.390~198.240 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、2.496~39.936 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、4.200~67.200 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、0.940~15.040 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、1.872~29.950 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 6）浓度范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为103.26%,101.36%,97.66%,103.27%,101.37%,102.44%,RSD分别为0.71%,0.81%,2.53%,1.58%,2.31%,3.34%（n=6）。结论: 所建质量标准能有效控制加味小柴胡颗粒的质量。     

HPLC法同时测定妇科千金片中6种活性成分

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC 法同时测定妇科千金片中阿魏酸、绿原酸、盐酸小檗碱、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯及党参炔苷等6种活性成分,为妇科千金片质量提供保障。方法: 采用Waters XBridgeTM C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;流动相为0.1%磷酸水溶液 乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1;紫外检测波长为326,316,225,254,268 nm;柱温：35℃;进样量为10 μl。结果: 阿魏酸、绿原酸、盐酸小檗碱、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯及党参炔苷的线性范围分别为0.709～28.360 μg·ml^-1,0.459～18.350 μg·ml^-1,0.510～20.380 μg·ml^-1,1.259～50.360μg·ml^-1,0.829～33.140 μg·ml^-1,1.709～68.340 μg·ml^-1;平均加样回收率分别为99.5%,99.85%,98.8%,99.4%,98.5%,98.9%（n=6）,RSD分别为0.4%,0.1%、0.7%、0.5%、0.9%、0.4%（n=6）。结论:该方法平均回收率高、简便可行、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于控制妇科千金片中阿魏酸、绿原酸、盐酸小檗碱、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯及党参炔苷的质量控制。     

手性冠醚柱HPLC法测定盐酸伐昔洛韦分散片的含量及有关物质

摘 要 目的： 建立手性冠醚柱高效液相色谱法测定盐酸伐昔洛韦分散片的含量及其有关物质的方法,为质量标准的提高提供参考。方法: 采用手性冠醚柱[4.0 mm×150 mm,5 μm,DAICEL CROWNPAK CR(+)],流动相为0.1%高氯酸溶液,流量为0.75 ml·min^-1,检测波长为255 nm。结果: 盐酸伐昔洛韦在11.25～180.00 μg·mL^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为99.0%,RSD为0.8%（n=9）;有关物质阿昔洛韦在0.2～50 μg·mL^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为0.6%（n=9）;收集的两家企业的盐酸伐昔洛韦分散片含量测定结果分别为92.7%、97.4%,有关物质阿昔洛韦按外标法计算结果分别为0.5%、0.4%,D-伐昔洛韦按自身对照法计算结果均为0.9%。结论:该方法能有效分离伐昔洛韦及其同分异构体D-伐昔洛韦,简便、准确,专属性强,适用于盐酸伐昔洛韦的质量控制。     

百咳静糖浆质量标准的研究

摘 要 目的: 建立百咳静糖浆的质量标准。方法: 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对百咳静糖浆中陈皮、黄柏进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定糖浆中黄芩苷的含量,色谱柱为Hypersil C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(50∶50∶0.2),检测波长为280 nm,柱温为40℃,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1。结果:TLC鉴别方法专属性强;黄芩苷在5.36～85.76 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.3％,RSD=1.36％（n=6）。结论:所建立的方法简便可靠,可以用于控制百咳静糖浆的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.