妇血宁荧光分光光度法测定和体外吸收实验研究

妇血宁及其组分具有橙黄色荧光，经荧光光度计扫描，其荧光强度波峰（λf）为450nm，激发光波峰（λex）为380nm。妇血宁浓度与荧光强度之间呈线性关系（r＝0．992）。大鼠离体回肠吸收实验表明，妇血宁可经肠道转运，50min时约吸收10％，其扩散常数为3．2×10－6cm2／s。     

西沙必利片的荧光分光光度法测定

目的：建立了西沙必利片的荧光分光光度测定方法。方法：以0．01mol·L^-1 HCl为溶剂，荧光分光光度法测定渡长为λex 310nm和λem360nm。结果：西沙必利浓度在0．10-4．0μg·ml^-1范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系（r=0．9994），平均回收率为100．0％，RSD=2．3％（n=15）。结论：荧光分光光度法简便、迅速、灵敏、准确可作为西沙必利片的质量控制。     

荧光分光光度法测定氧氟沙星脂质体的包封率

以荧光分光光度法测定了氧氟沙星脂质体的重要质控指标包封率，λｍａｘ为２８８．０ｎｍ，λｅｍ为４６７．２ｎｍ。在５７～５１３μｇ／Ｌ氧氟沙星浓度与荧光强度呈良好线性关系，ｒ＝０．９９９４。２种样品的回收率在９９％以上，ＲＳＤ均小于０．６％（ｎ＝５）。     

三波长分光光度法测定复方甲硝唑搽剂的含量

用三波长分光光度法测定复方甲硝唑搽剂中甲硝唑含量，可消除氯霉素的干扰，三波长组合选择在氯霉素△A值为零处λ1＝330nm，λ2＝310nm，λ3＝254nm。平均回收率为99．14％（RSD＝0．50％）。     

荧光分光光度法测定盐酸多沙普仑注射液的含量

目的 建立盐酸多沙普仑注射液含量测定的荧光分光光度法。方法以水为溶剂,测定波长λex为270nm,λem为320nm。结果盐酸多沙普仑质量浓度在20．05～240．7μg／mL范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为99．81％,RSD=0．60％（n=6）。结论荧光分光光度法专属性强、灵敏度高、重现性好,结果准确,适用于盐酸多沙普仑注射液的质量控制。     

荧光分光光度法测定赤土茯苓中的赤土茯苓苷

目的：建立测定赤土茯苓中赤土茯苓苷含量的方法。方法：荧光光分度法。用无水醇作溶煤,以Ex=388cm,Em=503nm测定荧光强度。结果：浓度在0．4－0．8μg/ml范围内,浓度与荧光强度呈良好线性关系。回归方程为F＝0．3161＋6．8615C,r＝0．9995。平均加样回收率为99．14％,RSD为0．98％。测得赤土茯苓中赤土茯苓苷的含量为0．63％。结论：本法快速、简便、灵敏,可用于赤土茯苓药材及制剂的含量测定及质量控制。     

诺氟沙星-铽荧光体系的研究及分析应用

对稀土元素铽与诺氟沙星配合物的荧光特性进行了研究,建立了高灵敏度测定诺氟沙星制剂的分析方法,其荧光光谱的激发波长λｅｘ＝３３０ｎｍ,发射波长λｅｍ＝５４５ｎｍ。诺氟沙星浓度Ｃ在０．０１～１μｇ／ｍｌ范围内与荧光强度Ｆ呈良好的线性关系,标准曲线的回归方程为Ｆ＝３８１Ｃ－１．３２,＝０．９９９７,平均回收率为９９．９２％,ＲＳＤ为１．５％。     

荧光分光光度法测定何首乌及人参首乌胶囊中总葸醌的含量

目的：建立测定何首乌及人参首乌胶囊中总蒽醌含量的方法。方法：荧光分光光度法。以最佳pH条件的无水乙醇为溶剂，在λEX=440nm、λEM=515nm处测定总蒽醌含量。结果：在0．03～0．15p,g·mL^-1范围内，大黄素浓度和荧光强度有良好的线性关系，回归方程为F=194．36C＋2．9642，r=0．9996。平均回收率何首乌为98．1％，RSD为1．9％；人参首乌胶囊为98．6％，RSD为2．0％。测得总蒽醌含量何首乌中为0．522mg·g^-1，人参首乌胶囊中为0．443mg·g^-1。结论：本法简便快捷，准确灵敏，重复性好，可用于何首乌及人参首乌胶囊的质量控制。     

紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定乳酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的含量

用紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定乳酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的含量,以0．1mol／L盐酸液作溶剂,紫外分光光度法选择294±1nm作为测定波长,乳酸左氧氟沙星在浓度1～10μg／ml之间与吸收度呈良好线性关系,相关系数r＝0．99995。5次的平均加样回收率为99．5％,RSD为0．6％。高效液相色谱法采用AlltimaC_(18)（4．6mm×15cm,5μm）作为分离柱,流动相为水相（内含49mmol／L柠檬酸和13mmol／L醋酸按,用三乙胺将pH调至4．0）－乙腈（7：23）,流速0．8ml／min,检测波长294nm。乳酸左氯氟沙星浓度在8～120μg／ml之间与峰面积呈良好线性关系,相关系数r＝0.9995.最低检出量为4ng。5次的平均加样回收率为100．4％,RSD为1．5％,日内、日间精密度（RSD）分别为0.9％和1．6％。用上述两种方法测定本品的含量,结果基本一致。     

左氟沙星分散片的紫外分光光度法测定

用紫外分光光度法测定左氟沙星分散片的含量，选用0.1mol/L盐酸为溶剂，在293nm波长处测定吸收度，左氟沙星浓度在1.2-10.8μg/ml范围内与吸收度呈良好的线性关系，平均回收率为100.6％，RSD=1.3%。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.