广东、吉林、四川、湖北四省居民食品安全知识、态度和行为调查

目的　了解广东、吉林、四川和湖北 4省 4县居民在食品安全教育前食品安全知识、态度、行为 (KAP)等方面的现状。方法　用自制的居民KAP调查问卷在食品安全教育前对广东、吉林、四川和湖北 4个项目省随机抽取4个县的 2 0 0 4名居民进行问卷调查。其中 ,有 60 0名男性 ,1 40 4名女性 ;61 6%的人年龄在 1 8～ 3 5岁 ;被调查者中 68 0 %的人具有初中及初中以下文化程度。结果　食品安全方面知识得分及格及及格以上人数仅占被调查者的3 5 5 % ,态度得分及格率为 3 2 8% ,行为得分及格率为 42 80 % ;60岁及以上年龄组的调查对象的知识得分及格率为 1 8 1 % ,明显低于其他年龄组的人。 1 9～ 3 5岁和 3 6～ 5 9岁年龄组的态度得分及格率明显低于其他年龄组。调查对象的受教育水平越高 ,食品安全KAP的得分越高。结论　广东、吉林、四川和湖北 4个项目省随机抽取 4个县的被调查者食品安全KAP状况不容乐观。     

视力健康教育前后知识态度行为变化的研究

[目的]评价视力健康教育对大学生视力保健知识(knowledge)、态度(attitude)、行为(practice)(简称KAP)的影响.[方法]用自制的居民KAP调查问卷,在使用PRECEDE-PROCEED模式进行视力健康教育干预前后分别对我校实验组和对照组的680名学生进行问卷调查,并对调查结果进行比较分析.[结果]通过视力保护健康教育活动的开展,实验组学生的视力保护知识、态度、行为状况均有明显改善,经比较,干预后被调查者在视力保护方面知识、态度得分及行为得分均有明显提高,被调查者视力保护知识得分从73.31提高到91.08,态度得分从66.47提高到87.72,行为得分从49.89提高到75.36.[结论]健康教育干预对改善大学生视力保健知识、观念、行为有明显的促进作用,视力健康教育干预是改善我国大学生视力保健知识水平,端正视力保健态度和纠正不良视力保健行为的有效途径.     

兰州市大学生营养与食品安全知识、态度和行为调查分析

目的了解兰州市大学生对食品营养与食品安全知识、态度和行为(KAP)的认知现状,为进一步开展营养健康教育提供帮助。方法对兰州市某高校856名大学生进行随机分层整群抽样,制订调查问卷,匿名进行问卷调查。结果该校856名大学生中,营养与食品安全方面知识得分及格率为29.9%,态度得分及格率为42.6%,行为得分及格率为41.2%,3个年级之间学生对食品营养和食品安全知识、态度和行为得分及格率无统计学意义(P>0.05),男生与女生在营养与食品安全方面知识和态度得分及格率无统计学意义(P>0.05),而男生与女生之间行为得分及格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论该市大学生对营养与食品安全方面KAP的认知现状不容乐观,应进一步加大对大学生进行营养和食品安全健康教育的力度。     

青岛市居民食品安全知识、态度及行为调查

目的了解青岛市居民食品安全知识、态度和行为(KAP)现状,为进一步开展食品安全健康教育和行为干预提供科学依据。方法采用自制的居民食品安全KAP调查问卷,对随机抽取的1200名居民进行问卷调查。结果调查对象关于食品安全知识的平均得分为(11.24±3.83)分,食品安全正确行为的得分为(5.25±1.33)分,年长、文化程度高者得分越高,61.2%的居民对我国的食品安全现状表示担忧,并有92.6%认为很有必要定期开展食品安全健康教育,电视和报纸杂志是获取相关知识的主要途径。结论青岛市居民食品安全知识整体水平较低,获取相关知识的态度较为积极。应大力开展居民食品安全健康教育,使居民获得更多的食品安全知识,改变不良的食品安全行为习惯。     

农村居民高血压认知状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解农村地区居民关于高血压健康知识、态度和行为(KAP)情况及影响因素,为制定农村地区高血压防治措施提供依据.方法 以随机整群抽样方法抽取河北省藁城市梅花乡4个自然村,对35岁以上农村常住人口采取面对面访谈的方式进行问卷调查,并进行非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 高血压知识得分及格率24.8%;态度得分及格率62.4%,行为得分及格率26.3%.多因素Logistic回归分析提示,知识得分与调查对象年龄和文化程度有关;态度和行为得分与性别、知识得分相关.结论 农村居民高血压知识、态度和行为得分水平不高,应在广大农村人群中开展以提高高血压知识的健康教育活动.     

社区居民食品安全知识态度和行为现状及其影响因素调查

目的了解社区居民食品安全知识、态度和行为(KAP)现状及其影响因素,为更好普及《食品安全法》和开展食品安全知识健康教育提供依据。方法多阶段分层抽样选取宿迁市宿城区的780位居民进行访谈式问卷调查。结果居民食品安全KAP的及格率为84.5%,不同年龄、文化程度、职业、月收入、态度居民KAP总分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),多因素logistic回归分析表明影响居民食品安全KAP的因素主要为文化程度(OR=1.623);食品安全KAP间存在正相关关系(P<0.01);居民具有较强食品安全的知识需求,但在法律诉求方面仍有欠缺。结论应采取多种形式普及《食品安全法》和开展食品安全知识健康教育。     

安徽农村地区高血压患者KAP及影响因素分析

目的：通过对安庆某县农村地区高血压患者相关知识、态度、行为（KAP）进行调查,并分析影响因素,为制定农村地区高血压病防治措施提供依据。方法：随机抽取安庆市某县农村高血压患者1 140人进行调查。结果采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果：高血压病KAP总得分及格率49.6%,相关知识得分及格率55.4%,态度得分及格率68.9%,行为得分及格率15.0%;KAP总得分与月平均收入、家族遗传史有关。结论：本次调查显示农村地区高血压患者知识、态度和行为水平不高,应在广大农村地区开展以提高高血压知识的健康教育活动。     

旅客列车餐车工作人员食品安全KAP调查分析

目的了解铁路旅客列车餐车工作人员食品安全意识现状,KAP影响因素,为餐车工作人员食品安全知识培训及相关部门开展健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用自制食品安全知识KAP调查问卷,对497名铁路旅客列车餐车工作人员进行问卷调查,并进行统计学分析。结果被调查者的食品安全知识平均得分较低,为5.55±2.3分(满分10分),及格49.7%,良好2.0%,优秀2.8%。结论旅客列车餐车工作人员的食品安全知识掌握不够,食品安全知识态度行为有待改善。     

连云港农村地区高血压患者知识态度行为及影响因素分析

目的:通过对连云港市农村地区高血压患者相关知识、态度、行为(KAP)进行调查,并分析相关影响因素,为制定农村地区高血压病防治措施提供依据.方法:随机抽取连云港赣榆县和东海县农村高血压患者722人进行问卷调查.结果采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析.结果:高血压病KAP总得分及格率50.4%,相关知识得分及格率49.2%,态度得分及格率48.3%,行为得分及格率37.4%;KAP总得分与文化程度、高血压病家族遗传史有关.结论:本次调查显示农村地区高血压患者知识、态度和行为水平不高,生活行为方式不健康,应在广大农村地区开展以健康教育和健康促进为主的综合防治模式.     

营养教育对护士学校学生营养知识-态度-行为的影响

目的了解营养教育对护士学校学生营养知识、态度及饮食行为(KAP)的影响,评价营养教育效果,为开展营养健康教育提供科学依据。方法随机抽取某护士学校2015级5个小班的学生220名,以讲座、集体授课、实验与讨论等方式进行营养教育,教育前后采用自编调查问卷进行营养知识、态度和行为问卷调查。结果营养教育后护士学校学生营养知识明显提高,营养知识的平均知晓率由教育前的42.8%提高到75.3%,知识得分由(8.19±2.85)分提高到(13.68±2.77)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);教育前后学生的营养态度都较为积极。结论实施营养健康教育可以提高学生的营养知识水平,转变营养态度,有利于改善膳食行为,而课堂教育是学生获得营养知识的有效途径。     

Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors--Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997

During the summer of 1999, a heat wave occurred in the midwestern and eastern United States. This period of hot and humid weather persisted from July 12 through August 1, 1999, and caused or contributed to 22 deaths among persons residing in Cincinnati (18 deaths) and Dayton (four deaths). A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). This report describes four heat-related deaths representative of those that occurred in Cincinnati or Dayton during the 1999 heat wave, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1997, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, and recommends preventive measures.     

International standards and international reference preparations: amphotericin B, vancomycin, capreomycin, cefalotin, demethylchlortetracycline, gentamycin, gramicidin S, kanamycin and kanamycin B, lincomycin, lymecycline, methacycline, paromomycin, rifamycin SV, ristocetin and ristocetin B, spiramycin, and triacetyloleandomycin

Each of the preparations described here was obtained and evaluated at the request of a WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Unless otherwise stated, a standard procedure was used to distribute the material into individual ampoules. The procedure was as follows. Upon receipt by the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, materials were stored temporarily in the dark at a temperature of -10°C or lower, and protected from moisture. At a convenient time they were brought back to room temperature, mixed, and distributed into individual neutral glass ampoules so that each ampoule contained 50-100 mg of powder. If it was known that the material was light-sensitive non-actinic glass ampoules were used. After exhaustive drying in vacuum over phosphorus(V) oxide, the ampoules were either constricted (up to 1963) or fitted with capillary leak plugs, dried for a further period under the same conditions, filled with dry nitrogen, and sealed by fusion of the glass. The total drying period varied from 8 to 38 days according to the nature of the material. After they had been tested for leaks, the ampoules were stored in the dark at -20°C.     

Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality

BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that zinc, copper, and magnesium are involved in carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. Few longitudinal studies have related these minerals to cancer or cardiovascular disease mortality in a population. METHODS: Data from the Paris Prospective Study 2, a cohort of 4035 men age 30-60 years at baseline, were used to assess the association between serum zinc, copper, and magnesium and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Serum mineral values measured at baseline were divided into quartiles and classified into low (1st quartile, referent group), medium (2nd-3rd quartiles), and high (4th quartile) values. During 18-year follow up, 339 deaths occurred, 176 as a result of cancer and 56 of cardiovascular origin. Relative risks (RRs) for each element were inferred using Cox's proportional hazard model after controlling for various potential confounders. RESULTS: High copper values (4th quartile) were associated with a 50% increase in RRs for all-cause deaths (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1), a 40% increase for cancer mortality (1.4; 0.9-2.2), and a 30% increase for cardiovascular mortality (1.3; 0.6-2.8) compared with low values (1st quartile). High magnesium values were negatively related to mortality with a 40% decrease in RR for all-cause (0.6; 0.4-0.8) and cardiovascular deaths (0.6; 0.2-1.2) and by 50% for cancer deaths (0.5; 0.3-0.8). Additionally, subjects with a combination of low zinc and high copper values had synergistically increased all-cause (2.6; 1.4-5.0) and cancer (2.7; 1.0-7.3) mortality risks. Similarly, combined low zinc and high magnesium values were associated with decreased all-cause (0.2; 0.1-0.5) and cancer (0.2; 0.1-0.8) mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper, low serum magnesium, and concomitance of low serum zinc with high serum copper or low serum magnesium contribute to an increased mortality risk in middle-aged men.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, and blood pressure

The cross-sectional association of systolic blood pressure with dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, as estimated from dietary histories, was investigated by multiple regression analysis of data gathered in the Netherlands in the early 1950s in a general health examination of 2,291 middle-aged civil servants and spouses of civil servants. A statistically significant negative trend with systolic blood pressure was seen for calcium intake in both males and females, even after adjustments for covariates. For sodium and potassium intake, the observed negative trends were not significant after multivariate analyses. In addition, no consistent associations were found between diastolic blood pressure and the micronutrients after multivariate analyses, except for a significant negative association with calcium intake in females. In this study population, blood pressure was a strong independent risk factor of total mortality: 15- and 25-year mortality was about twice as high for hypertensives (greater than or equal to 160 mmHg) as for normotensives (less than 160 mmHg). These findings support the conclusion in recent epidemiologic studies that higher intakes of calcium are associated with lower systolic blood pressure, and they extend the evidence to an earlier time period.     

Professional and Consumer Publications, Programs, Audiovisuals, and Software

Books, curricula, audiovisuals, and other resources that nutrition professionals may use for reference, continuing education, or in a formal or informal education setting are designated “professional.” Books, handouts, diet plans, and other resources specified by authors as being written for general audiences are categorized as “consumer.” Inclusion of any material in this section does not imply endorsement by the Society for Nutrition Education. Evaluative comments contained in the reviews reflect the views of the authors. Prices quoted are those provided by the publishers at the time materials were submitted. They may no longer be current when the review is published.