抗-HCV酶免筛查反应性献血者确证策略研究

目的对抗-HCV酶免筛查反应性献血者进行确证,制定抗-HCV酶免筛查反应性献血者确证策略。方法2013年12月-2015年9月,收集抗-HCV酶免筛查反应性献血者标本,经ELISA和ID-NAT重新检测,以及追踪和确证检测(RIBA),鉴别献血者筛查抗-HCV检测结果的真、假阳性。结果收集抗-HCV酶免筛查反应性标本73人份,经ELISA和ID-NAT重新检测及追踪和确证后,抗-HCV阳性8份(18.6%),抗-HCV阴性33份(76.7%),抗-HCV不确定2份(4.7%),30份由于未成功追踪而被放弃。抗-HCV筛查反应性献血者抗-HCV真阳性率为10.9%。结论 ELISA和ID-NAT都为反应性时,可以直接判为抗-HCV阳性;单独ELISA反应阳性时,如果RIBA是阳性,判为抗-HCV阳性,如果RIBA是阴性或不确定,3个月后追踪;本研究未发现单独ID-NAT反应性,其追踪方式尚待进一步研究。     

丙型肝炎病毒抗体筛查单试剂反应性献血者的追踪检测

目的了解丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）筛查单试剂反应性献血者感染HCV状况。方法对抗-HCV筛查单试剂反应性献血者经6个月以上屏蔽期后,随机抽样追踪进行酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）双试剂筛检、核酸检测（NAT）和抗体补充试验（RIBA）。结果 36例追踪样本中ELISA双试剂阳性1例,单试剂反应性10例,NAT检出1例阳性,RIBA补充试验检出1例阳性,2例为不确定。结论抗-HCV筛查单试剂反应性献血者经6个月以上屏蔽期后追踪检测多为潜在合适献血者,规范和实施补充确证试验可以维护献血者权益,减少献血者流失,确保血液安全。     

ELISA试剂检测抗HCV反应性结果分析

目的探讨丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗HCV)进口酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂在血液筛查中的效果及与国产试剂、重组免疫印迹试验(RIBA)确证检测的相关性。方法用RIBA确证试剂及国内销量前2名的国产抗HCV ELISA试剂对56例进口抗HCV ELISA试剂检测呈反应性的标本进行检测分析。结果 56例标本经RIBA确证结果为阳性12例,不确定18例,阴性26例。3种试剂均为反应性的9例标本中,确证阳性7例,不确定1例,阴性1例。结论目前市售的丙型肝炎ELISA试剂均存在较大的生物学假阳性,不同试剂间检测结果仍存在一定差异。为确保输血安全,建议有条件的采供血机构实验室抗HCV检测时以国产和进口试剂联合检测为佳。     

献血者抗-HCV不合格标本RIBA确认结果分析

目的分析献血人群ELISA试剂抗-HCV不合格标本确认结果,探讨抗-HCV ELISA试剂组合及灰区限的设置。方法收集113份ELISA试剂抗-HCV不合格标本,采用重组免疫印迹实验(RIBA)进行确认,并比较不同ELISA试剂的检测情况。结果 113份ELISA检测不合格标本中,RIBA确认阳性46份,不确定39份,阴性28份。确认阳性比例为40.7%。RIBA确认阳性的标本中,2种抗-HCV ELISA试剂检测结果均呈阳性反应的有44份;1种抗-HCV ELISA试剂呈阳性反应的标本中,RIBA确认阳性有2份,其余为阴性或不确定;灰区标本中,确认结果均为不确定或阴性。2种ELISA试剂检测均呈阳性反应的标本中,确认阳性率为78.57%。结论选用国产和进口试剂相组合,并设定灰区限,对保证血液安全意义重大。     

献血者HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TPELISA检测阳性与确证试验的对比研究

目的评价ELISA两步法用于献血者血液HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP筛检阳性标本与确证试验结果的符合性,探讨确证试验结果用于献血者管理、酶免试剂选择和ELISA灰区范围设置的理论依据。方法 HB-sAg采用电化学发光(ECLIA)中和试验、抗-HCV采用重组免疫印迹试验(RIBA)、抗-HIV采用蛋白质印迹(WB)法、抗-TP采用凝集法(TPPA)确证试验对ELISA两步法检测阳性及灰区标本456份进行检测,将2者结果对比分析。结果 HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV和抗-TP确认阳性率分别为41.18%、38.00%、18.52%和48.82%;抗-HIV、抗-TP灰区(S/CO值0.5～1.0)标本确证试验无阳性,HBsAg灰区(S/CO值0.8～1.0)、抗-HCV灰区(S/CO值0.7～1.0)均有阳性和不确定标本检出。结论为ELISA两步法应用于献血者酶免4项检验效果进行了科学评价,为假阳性献血者检验结果的告知及ELISA灰区设立原则提供了实验依据。     

丙型肝炎的血液筛查检测策略对血液安全的影响

目的 建立合理有效的丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)血液筛查策略,降低HCV输血传播的风险,保障血液安全,提高血液筛查检测质量。方法 分析大连地区2017～2021年HCV不合格情况,并对HCV抗体单试剂不合格的献血者进行跟踪检测,同时结合电化学发光免疫分析技术(ECLIA)和HCV RNA的核酸检测(NAT)结果,对HCV筛查策略进行综合评价。结果 2017～2021年本中心共筛查HCV不合格血液标本851份(0.20%),HCV不合格标本数与不合格率呈下降趋势,其中抗-HCV双试剂反应性/NAT反应性(抗-HCV++/NAT+)标本不合格率呈显著性下降(P<0.05)。抗-HCV双试剂反应性/NAT无反应性(抗-HCV++/NAT-)标本血液标本共117份(0.028%);抗-HCV单试剂反应性(抗-HCV+)标本共664份,其中试剂1单独反应性(抗-HCV+/-)70份(10.54%),试剂2单独反应性(抗-HCV-/+)594份(89.46%);补充实验ECLIA检测标本340份,反应性标本122份(35.88%)。参与跟踪检测28人,检测结果仍为反应性的15人,ECLIA复测为反...     

深圳地区抗-HCVRIBA结果不确定献血者的随访研究

目的追踪随访深圳地区抗-HCV ELISA结果呈反应性、RIBA结果为不确定的献血者,研究分析其HCV转归情况,为抗-HCV ELISA呈反应性结果的无偿献血者召回提供理论基础和科学依据。方法追踪随访2年前32名抗-HCV RIBA结果为不确定的献血者,对其血液标本进行抗-HCV ELISA、HCV-RNA(NAT)、ALT以及HCV病毒载量检测,若HCV-RNA阴性则加做RIBA确证试验。结果 32例随访者血液标本中6例抗-HCV ELISA呈反应性,包含1例ALT升高同时HCV-RNA和病毒载量测定阳性;3例RIBA确证阳性。结论抗-HCV RIBA结果为不确定的献血者仍属于献血高危人群,存在一定的HCV输血传播风险。     

双抗原夹心法检测丙型肝炎病毒抗体的应用分析

目的分析探讨应用双抗原夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)检测丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)的应用效果,为无偿献血样本的抗-HCV筛查提供参考依据。方法收集2017年4月至2018年1月某院经间接法ELISA检测的抗-HCV单试剂或双试剂反应性的献血者标本72份以及1 850份无偿献血者样本作为研究对象,采用双抗原夹心ELISA法和间接ELISA法进行检测,对于有一种以上试剂反应性(包括单试剂反应性、双试剂反应性及三种试剂均呈反应性)的标本采用重组免疫印迹实验(RIBA)进行进一步确认。以RIBA检测阴性或三种试剂均为阴性作为真阴性的标准,分析两种检测方法三种试剂的检测结果的假阳性率、特异性及符合性。结果总共1 922份检测样本中,一种以上反应性样本合计51例,三种试剂均为阴性反应性1 871份。51例反应性样本经RIBA验证,阳性29例,阴性22例。万泰双抗原夹心试剂诊断的假阳性率明显低于雅培间接试剂和万泰间接试剂,诊断与RIBA的符合率则高于两种间接法试剂,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。1 871份阴性检测样本中,万泰间接试剂、雅培间接试剂和万泰双抗原夹心试剂诊断的特异度分别为96.69%、94.28%、99.79%,万泰双抗原夹心试剂诊断的特异度明显高于两种间接法试剂,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论应用双抗原夹心法诊断试剂者检测血液样本抗-HCV具有较高的特异性和准确性,能降低生物学假阳性,值得在临床血液样本的抗-HCV筛查中进行广泛推广应用。     

献血者抗-HCV阳性标本中RIBA确认情况的研究

目的探索献血人群ELISA试剂抗-HCV阳性标本RIBA确认阳性情况。方法收集492份ELISA试剂抗-HCV阳性标本,采用重组免疫印迹实验(RIBA)进行确认,并比较不同ELISA试剂检测情况。结果 492份抗-HCV阳性标本中RIBA确认阳性89份、可疑164份、阴性239份,确认阳性比例为18.1%。RIBA确认阳性的标本,2种抗-HCV ELISA试剂检测结果均呈现阳性反应;一种ELISA抗-HCV试剂阳性反应的标本中,RIBA确认均为阴性或可疑。2种ELISA试剂抗-HCV均阳性反应的标本中,RIBA确认阳性率为56.9%—60.0%。结论献血人群ELISA试剂抗-HCV阳性标本中存在较高的假阳性反应,在反馈献血者检测信息中应加以考虑。     

深圳市无偿献血者丙型肝炎检测结果回顾性分析

目的了解深圳无偿献血人群抗-HCV感染情况.方法对深圳市2000～2004年220218名无偿献血者血液标本抗-HCV ELISA试剂筛查阳性率进行分析比较,并对部分ELISA结果阳性的标本进行RIBA(重组免疫印迹试验)确认分析.结果深圳市无偿献血者HCV感染率呈逐年明显下降趋势(P＜0.005),低于全国平均水平;抗-HCV ELISA试剂的存在一定的假阳性.结论应大力提倡无偿献血,提高检测试剂的特异性和灵敏度,进一步确保输血安全.     

Significance of the signal-to-cutoff ratios of anti-hepatitis C virus enzyme immunoassays in screening of Chinese blood donors

BACKGROUND: The correlation between signal-to-cutoff (S/CO) ratios of a second-generation hepatitis C virus (HCV) enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Abbott) and a third-generation HCV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Ortho) and confirmed HCV infection has been reported. The utility of the values for the Chinese anti-HCV EIA kits, however, has not been studied in evaluating test results in Chinese blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 156 donor samples repeat reactive for anti-HCV at routine screening from five representative regions of China were retested for anti-HCV by the Ortho third-generation HCV ELISA and six Chinese EIA kits and for HCV RNA by a human immunodeficiency virus-1 and HCV assay (Procleix, Chiron Corp.). The HCV RNA-nonreactive samples were further tested for anti-HCV by a third-generation recombinant immunoblot assay RIBA (Chiron Corp.). The positive result by either nucleic acid amplification test or RIBA was interpreted as confirmed HCV infection. RESULTS: The confirmed HCV prevalence rate in donors in five representative regions obtained in this study was 0.20 percent (77/37,900) in 2004. All seven anti-HCV EIA kits had a significant correlation between S/CO ratios and confirmed HCV infection. The threshold S/CO ratios, which predicted more than 95 percent of confirmed HCV infections for the Ortho, SABC, BGI-GBI, InTec, GWK, KHB, and WANTAI kits, were 3.8, 6.0, 7.0, 8.6, 10.0, 10.0, and 14.0, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-HCV EIA kits commonly used in Chinese donors screening demonstrate good correlation between S/CO ratios and the confirmed infection. For the Ortho third-generation HCV ELISA, the S/CO ratio of 3.8 determined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is applicable to Chinese blood donors. The Chinese domestic EIA kits evaluated show a diverse range of threshold S/CO ratios.     

广州献血人群抗-HCV ELISA检测S/CO值与确证试验结果的相关性

目的研究广州献血人群抗-HCV ELISA检测试验S/CO值与确证试验(NAT和RIBA)结果的相关性。方法采用进口(Abbot或Ortho)和国产(科华)抗-HCV ELISA试剂对2009年2月～2012年4月广州血液中心采集的无偿献血者血浆标本作抗-HCV检测,从中随机收集664份双试剂呈反应性的血浆标本进一步作确证试验;使用ROC曲线分析3种ELISA试剂的S/CO值与确证试验结果的相关性。结果 ROC曲线分析显示3种ELISA试剂检测的S/CO值与确证试验结果具有相关性:以Youden指数最大时的S/CO值为最佳阈值,Abbot、Ortho及科华试剂分别为3.234、4.460和6.976,均可预测>95%的确证试验阳性结果。结论不同试剂具有各自的最佳S/CO阈值,可以通过S/CO值预测HCV感染确证试验的阳性结果。     

Transmission of HCV infection by RIBA indeterminate and positive blood units

A retrospective study was carried out on the recipients of 73 units of blood from 53 donors found reactive for anti-HCV. The donors were screened with anti-HCV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA C-100) and reactivity was confirmed with the first generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA I). Fifty-two patients were recipients of blood from donors reacting as RIBA I 'indeterminate' and 21 of blood from RIBA I 'positive' donors. Only three recipients (5.8%) from 'indeterminate' donors were anti-HCV positive indicating that such donors are very seldom infectious. Eleven (52.4%) recipients from 'positive' donors had antibodies to HCV, indicating that not all RIBA-positive donors are necessarily infectious. Pretransfusion samples of the seropositive recipients were unavailable. All samples were analyzed with the first generation ELISA and with either the second-generation ELISA or RIBA (RIBA II) in order to evaluate test sensitivity. RIBA II was more sensitive than RIB I. One RIBA I indeterminate donor was positive by RIBA II. His recipient had antibodies to HCV. Twelve RIBA I indeterminate and three RIBA I positive donors were negative by RIBA II. All their recipients were anti-HCV negative. The second-generation ELISA was also shown to be more sensitive than ELISA C-100. The second-generation ELISA detected six confirmed anti-HCV positive recipients who were negative by ELISA C-100.     

Hepatitis C core antigen in Polish blood donors

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of adopting the HCV core antigen ELISA (HCVcAg) for routine screening of Polish blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 133,279 donor samples were tested by ORTHO HCVcAg. All repeatedly reactive (RR) samples were tested by neutralization test for confirmation, RIBA HCV for anti-HCV, and by Cobas Amplicore for HCV RNA. All donations were tested for ALT level. RESULTS: The HCVcAg test specificity was 99.94 percent. In total, 1499 donations (1.12%) were initially reactive and 124 (0.09%) were RR. Antibodies to HCV were found in 22 out of 124 donors and HCV RNA was detected in 19 out of 22. In 10 out of the 19 HCV-RNA-positive donors, the HCVcAg neutralization test was positive. Among the 102 HCVcAg RR/anti-HCV-negative donors, there were 6 neutralization-test-positive individuals, and all were HCV RNA positive. Elevated ALT level was observed in one of them. During the follow-up studies of three HCVcAg RR/HCV-RNA-positive donors, seroconvertion was observed 5 to 7 weeks after the initial HCVcAg-positive result. In all, HCVcAg results became negative once antibodies to HCV were detected. CONCLUSION: The HCVcAg test proved to be feasible for routine screening in the Polish Blood Transfusion Service. Six HCVcAg RR/anti-HCV-negative donors were identified. The calculated residual risk in this study of donors in the preseroconversion window was 45 per million. Mandatory testing of every blood and plasma donation for HCVcAg or HCV RNA was recommended as of January 2, 2002.     

Anti-hepatitis C virus serology in patients affected with congenital coagulation defects: a comparative study using three second generation ELISA tests

We determined the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in 34 patients affected with congenital coagulation disorders attending the Haemophilia Centre of Padua, Italy. Serological tests were carried out by three second generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), two based on recombinant proteins (Ortho and Abbott) and one based on synthetic peptides (Behring) as antigenic substrate. The repeatedly reactive specimens were further assayed by the supplemental 4-antigen recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) (Chiron and Ortho). Moreover, we performed the dot-blot Matrix test (Abbott) on the samples showing discrepant results by the three ELISA tests. Twenty-six patients (76.5%) were anti-HCV positive using all three ELISA tests; 25 were confirmed by the supplemental RIBA test, the other one was indeterminate. Two samples were in a gray-zone only using the anti-HCV ELISA Abbott. These were positive by the RIBA; in contrast, such samples showed no reactivity with the Matrix test. In accordance with the current literature, these data show an equivalence between the 2nd generation screening tests (ELISA), at least when applied to a high risk population as in the present study. Further, these screening tests demonstrated a reliable specificity, since most of the ELISA-reactive specimens were confirmed by the supplemental RIBA test. In contrast, combined use of the anti-HCV tests could be useful when high sensitivity is requested, as in the case of blood donor pretransfusion screening.     

Antibody to hepatitis C virus in blood donors found positive for other agents. II. Anti-HIV-1

Summary. Stored serum samples from 24 blood donors confirmed positive for anti-HIV-1 were tested for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Those repeatedly reactive using the anti-HCV ELISA screening test were retested by the HCV recombinant immunoblot (RIBA). Risk-factors for the contraction of HIV infection that had been elicited at formal counselling sessions were evaluated in relation to HCV/HIV modes of infection. The only two donors confirmed to be anti-HCV positive both admitted to intravenous drug use.     

Investigation of an algorithm for anti HCV EIA reactivity in blood donor screening in Turkey in the absence of nucleic acid amplification screening

Purpose

In this study we aimed to propose an algorithm for initial anti HCV EIA reactive blood donations in Turkey where nucleic acid amplification tests are not yet obligatory for donor screening.

上海地区抗-HCV反应性献血者随访研究

目的对抗-HCV反应性献血者进行随访以分析反应性献血者的归队途径。方法随机对上海地区52名抗-HCV单试剂反应性献血者献血间隔6个月后随访,使用4种采供血机构常用的抗-HCV ELISA试剂检测,对于抗-HCV反应性标本使用重组免疫印迹试验确证,同时使用罗氏cobas Taqscreen MPX核酸检测试剂(NAT)单人份检测;3～6个月后进行第2次随访,开展相同实验。结果 2次随访研究发现,52名献血者中,39名(75%)献血者4种抗-HCV试剂检测结果均为阴性,13名(25%)献血者4种抗-HCV试剂至少有1种试剂检测结果为反应性,与原抗-HCV试剂检测结果相同,且S/CO数值保持基本一致,13名抗-HCV反应性献血者中有1名免疫印迹检测结果为阳性;52名献血者NAT结果均为阴性。结论献血者抗-HCV单试剂反应性,经过至少6个月间隔,使用包含原抗-HCV在内的2种试剂检测结果阴性,同时NAT检测阴性者可恢复献血权利。     

Application of a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of total hepatitis C virus core antigen in blood donors

Recent studies have shown that total hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen, both free and antibody bound, is an accurate indirect marker of viral replication that can be used in clinical practice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a new total HCV core antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection and quantification of total core antigen in blood donors, testing positive for anti-HCV antibodies and for prospective low-risk population screening. A population comprising 257 samples, from blood donors detected reactive for anti-HCV antibodies [137 recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) positive and 120 RIBA indeterminate], were tested by using a new total HCV core antigen ELISA. HCV-RNA was quantified by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in all RIBA-positive samples and RIBA-indeterminate samples that were positive for the total core antigen. Specificity of the assay was studied in 1070 healthy blood donors negative for anti-HCV antibodies. Compared with quantitative PCR assays, the total HCV core antigen assay showed 97.37% sensitivity. The three HCV-RNA-positive samples, which tested negative for the total core antigen, had a low viral load (< 1.4 x 10(4) IU mL(-1)). All samples with more than 1.4 x 10(4) IU mL(-1) of viral RNA were positive for total core antigen, independent of the HCV genotype. Concentration of total core antigen correlated significantly with those of HCV-RNA (r = 0.614, P < 0.0001). Overall specificity in freshly collected blood donor specimens was 99.63%. Our data indicate that the total HCV core antigen ELISA has a sensitivity close to PCR assays in diagnosing HCV infection in blood donors with anti-HCV antibodies and shows an excellent specificity in volunteer donors. This assay, in combination with anti-HCV antibodies screening tests, could be an alternative to molecular assays for HCV infection screening in blood donors.     

Routine HCV PCR screening of blood donations to identify early HCV infection in blood donors lacking antibodies to HCV

BACKGROUND: Detection of early hepatitis C infection of blood donors is still a major problem for blood transfusion. Common anti-HCV screening assays show differences in sensitivity and specificity. The often mild symptoms of acute hepatitis C also cause difficulties in the identification of early HCV infection. The feasibility and efficacy of routine screening of blood donations for HCV RNA were investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood donations (n = 251,737) were screened for HCV RNA over 4 years. RNA extraction, amplification, and detection were done by two commercial HCV PCR kits (HCV Cobas Amplicor and HCV Cobas Amplicor 2.0, Roche Diagnostics). Screening was done by pool testing with a maximum pool size of 40 serum samples. RESULTS: Three donations out of 251,737 were HCV RNA positive and anti-HCV negative. ALT levels of these donations were 271, 32, and 10 U per L. The HCV infection of a fourth HCV RNA-positive donor could not be identified by routine, second-generation HCV EIA (Abbott Diagnostika). In this case, two previous donations were also HCV RNA positive, and three second-generation test systems (Abbott) could not detect anti-HCV, whereas third-generation anti-HCV screening assays detected antibody with different sensitivity. The first HCV RNA-positive donation was identified only by the HCV ELISA 3.0 (Ortho Diagnostic Systems). The results of confirmatory assays like RIBA HCV 3.0 (Ortho) and Matrix (Abbott) indicate a restricted immune response to NS3 only. CONCLUSION: HCV RNA detection by PCR can be carried out routinely in blood donor screening without significant delay of release of the components. The residual risk of transmission can be reduced by identification of early infection, which can lead to an improved safety of blood components. RNA screening can also be advantageous in cases of incomplete or lack of antibody response to HCV.