抗独特型抗体在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展

应用抗独特型抗体（抗-Id）疫苗激活抗肿瘤免疫是治疗肿瘤的有效途径之一。大量动物研究证明，抗-Id在预防肿瘤生长和抗肿瘤治疗方面是非常有效的。许多抗独特型抗体模拟特异性人肿瘤相关抗原（TAAs），在临床应用获得令人鼓舞的效果。抗独特型抗体免疫治疗最大的挑战是确定替代TAAs功能并刺激机体产生体液、细胞免疫的最佳抗独特型抗体。本文从实验室研究和临床研究方面综述了近年来抗独特型抗体在肿瘤免疫治疗研究中的进展。     

免疫荧光和免疫酶染色检查沙眼衣原体包涵体

用提纯的我国分离的沙眼衣原体TE55株抗原免疫动物,制备了抗沙眼衣原体的抗体。用免疫荧光和免疫酶染色可以确定感染细胞中沙眼衣原体的包涵体。免疫荧光法测定的抗体滴度要稍高于免疫酶法而且免疫荧光法可观察到不同形态的包涵体。     

抗幽门螺杆菌牛初乳体外调理杀伤研究

免疫牛初乳是通过接种弱毒性的病原性微生物 ,刺激母牛机体发生免疫应答而分泌的乳汁 ,不仅含有高滴度的特异性抗体 ,还具有许多非抗体功能因子等 ,免疫乳被证实具有被动免疫保护作用 ,是目前国内外研究的热点。目前 ,治疗幽门螺杆菌 (Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｐｙｌｏｒｉ,Ｈｐ)感染的方法有铋剂三联治疗和 2种抗生素加抑酸剂法 ,其副作用大 ,患者依从性差 ,易产生耐药性菌株。采用抗Ｈｐ牛初乳进行人体被动免疫保护 ,是预防和治疗Ｈｐ感染的一条新思路 ,这种方法无副作用 ,不产生耐药性 ,针对性强。迄今国内还未见报道。我们对免疫乳对Ｈ…     

母乳中的防御因子与抗感染作用

母乳不仅含有婴幼儿生长必要的各种营养成份,而且还含有婴幼儿常见病的多种防御因子(defences factor),是婴幼儿最初获得免疫保护的重要来源。 近年来,母乳在防御感染方面的作用逐渐引起人们的关注,本文就母乳中的防御因子及其在预防感染,降低婴幼儿发病率的关系上作一综述。     

抗工程菌产HBcAg单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系的建立

制备乙型肝炎核心抗原(HBcAg)和核心抗体(抗-HBc)是深入研究乙型肝炎不可缺少的条件之一。目前国内已建立多株抗-HBc单克隆抗体,但免疫用的HBcAg基本上是从尸肝中提取。由于富含HBcAg的尸肝不易获得,而且从组织中提取纯化抗原的步骤也比较复杂,因此抗原来源困难。近年来,HBcAg已能用遗传工程菌进行大量生产,本文报告用菌产HBcAg制备抗HBc-     

腺病毒六邻体蛋白型间线性化抗原位点的研究

目的 对人类腺病毒（adenovirus,AdV)六邻体型间抗原位点的特性进行研究。方法 通过计算机对腺病毒六邻体氨基酸序列进行比较分析，结合抗原性的预测结果和六邻体蛋白三维空间结构的肽段暴露状态，选定了保守性抗原位点进行多肽合成或通过构建重组质粒表达蛋白，将合成的六邻体肽段和表达纯化的蛋白抗原免疫动物后，用免疫印迹和间接免疫荧光方法检测抗血清的免疫特异性，结果 免疫印迹分析显示，抗多肽抗体和抗重组蛋白抗体均与腺病毒的六邻体蛋白特异性识别，间接免疫荧光显示，腺病毒感染HeLa细胞核内荧光着色，并且抗血清有较好的腺病毒型间反应性，合成多肽抗体与含有相同肽段的重组蛋白抗原产生特异性结合。结论 在腺病毒六邻体蛋白中存在有线性化的型间抗原位点，全盛的六邻体多肽和表达重组蛋白可用于诊断价值抗体的研制。     

鼻咽癌抗独特型抗体诱导的体液和细胞免疫应答

目的 探讨抗独特抗体２Ｈ４和５Ｄ３模拟抗原诱导免疫应答的能力。方法 用Ａｂ２免疫Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠获得抗血清,以ＥＬＩＳＡ检测其Ａｂ３,Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ Ｂｌｏｔ分析其识别抗原的分子质量。用迟发型超敏反应（ＤＴＨ）和淋巴细胞增殖试验,检测Ａｂ２诱发细胞免疫反应的能力。结果 ２Ｈ４,５Ｄ３免疫同系动物产生的含有抗抗蚀特型抗体（Ａｂ３）的抗血清,可特异性地与靶细胞结合。ＦＣ２（Ａｂｌ）和经２Ｈ４免疫的Ａｂ     

抗聚合人血清白蛋白的抗独特型抗体

一种针对兔抗聚合人血清白蛋白抗体(anti-PHSA,Ab_1)的抗独特型抗体(anti-anti-PHSA,Ab_2),已通过免疫同种动物制成。该Ab_2具有以下特性:(1)它既可与兔anti-PHSA反应,也可与鼠的单克隆的anti-PHSA反应。(2)它与鼠的单克隆的anti-PHSA的反应,可受到PHSA和乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)上的聚合人血清白蛋白受体(PHSA-R)的抑制。(3)它可在异种动物体内诱导产生具有anti-PHSA活性的抗-抗独特型抗体(anti-anti-anti-PHSA,Ab_3),而且在收获的Ab_2血清中也查见了Ab_3。本研究不仅表明了针对PHSA的免疫应答中独特型网络调节的客观存在,而且在其抗独特型抗体(anti-Id)中,的确存在具有PHSA内映像的成分。     

酵母表达的戊型肝炎病毒结构区ORF2蛋白的免疫原性研究

目的 研究巴氏毕赤酵母表达系统表达的戊型肝炎病毒（Hepatitis Evirus,HEV)结构区ORF2蛋白的免疫原性。方法 将重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠。首先通过亲和捕获反转录PCR鉴定免疫小鼠抗血清是否能结合感染HEV恒河猴粪便及胆汁中的病毒颗粒,其次将重组蛋白分别以不同免疫途径,不同佐剂免疫小鼠,通过检测小鼠血清中抗-HEVORF2抗体阳转率及抗体滴度,观察其免疫原性。结果 亲和捕获反转录PCR阳性,表明免疫鼠抗血清可以捕获感染恒河猴粪便及胆汁样品中的HEV。在小鼠免疫实验中,肌内免疫优于腹腔免疫,抗原联合铝佐剂及CpG佐剂及CpG佐剂优于抗原联合铝佐剂,以抗原联合铝佐剂和CpG佐剂经股四头肌免疫小鼠,4周后加强一次的免疫效果最佳,ED500为0.023μg,实验表明,巴氏毕赤酵母表达的重组HEVORF2蛋白刺激小鼠产生的抗体,不仅可以特异性结合天然HEV,而且该蛋白在小鼠体内可以有效地诱发体液免疫反应。结论 巴氏毕赤酵母表达系统表达的HEVORF2蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,这为新型戊型肝炎疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

风湿病及其他疾病中抗胸腺细胞抗原的细胞毒抗体

已发现在许多自身免疫性疾病患者血中存在抗淋巴细胞细胞毒抗体,但对抗胸腺细胞抗原的细胞毒抗体现在研究得还很少.有作者证实风湿病患者胸腺中有Ig和IC固着.IC沉淀在淋巴样细胞周围的细胞间隙中,据此推测IC中含有抗胸腺细胞抗原的抗体.     

The intrauterine and postnatal environments

Pregnancy is associated with a strong skewing toward T(H)2 cytokine pattern, which enables the survival of the fetus, including fetal allergen-specific immune responses. The postnatal maturation of the immune system which is characterized by the development of a balanced T(H)1/T(H)2 immunity is genetically determined and modified by the environment. The process seems to proceed at a slower rate in atopic than in nonatopic infants. There is a close immunologic interaction between the mother and her offspring through the breast milk. Individual variations in the composition of human milk may explain the controversy with regard to the possible allergy-preventive effects of breast-feeding. Recurrent respiratory infections have been suggested to enhance immune deviation. The microbial flora are a more likely source, however, because they are a major driving force in the maturation of the immune system. Changes in its composition, as a consequence of an altered lifestyle and diet, may play a role in the higher prevalence of allergy. So far, primary prevention of allergy has failed. Future studies should therefore focus on factors enhancing immune deviation (ie, "success" factors) rather than on "risk" factors. The intestinal microflora is one of these factors that deserves closer analysis.     

A study of cellular immunity in newborns after prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Cellular immune responsiveness against infections was evaluated in four groups of newborns. The first group was composed of preterm newborns whose mothers had received betamethasone for prevention of RDS, the second group of preterm newborns whose mothers had received ambroxol for prevention of RDS, the third group of preterm newborns whose mothers had not received any drug enhancing surfactant production, and the fourth group were healthy-term infants. A reduction of OKT4+ cells and functional deficits of neutrophils were found in preterm infants born to mothers treated with steroids, whereas no functional abnormalities of immune-competent cells were observed in preterm infants born to mothers treated with ambroxol.     

Acquisition of human cytomegalovirus infection in infants via breast milk: natural immunization or cause for concern?

Since the recognition in the 1960s that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections could be transmitted by breast milk, there has been relatively little attention paid to the potential medical consequences of such infections. Indeed, since HCMV infections acquired by healthy newborn infants appear to be largely asymptomatic in nature, there has been no real incentive to develop or implement strategies to prevent transmission by this route. However, recent studies have identified a significant risk for low-birth weight, premature infants for the development of HCMV disease following acquisition of infection via breast milk. Such infections may cause considerable short-term morbidity and, in some cases, severe, life-threatening illness. There is little consensus amongst neonatologists on the approach to prevention and management of such infections. This review summarises the epidemiology and natural history of HCMV infections acquired via breast milk, and outlines available strategies for prevention and management of such infections, as well as opportunities for future clinical research on this understudied topic.     

人初乳中免疫细胞的特性研究

本文报告了应用溶血空斑形成试验检测北京市区143名初产妇初乳内的细胞分泌或释放特异性抗肠道细菌抗体的活性,此特异性抗体主要为 IgA。空斑中心可见 21.6％为淋巴细胞,35.8％为巨噬细胞(Mφ)。免疫荧光抗体染色见Mφ胞浆内含较多的IgA。     

Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines for infants: Safety,immunogenicity, and efficacy

Respiratory viral infections in infants and young children frequently cause illness that can easily progress to hospitalization and death. There are currently no licensed vaccines to prevent respiratory viral disease in children younger than 6 months, reflecting safety concerns and the difficulty in inducing effective immune responses in infants. This review discusses vaccines that have been developed, or are currently being developed, against influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, with a focus on studies performed to demonstrate their safety and efficacy, and the impact of immunologic immaturity and maternal antibodies on the infant response to vaccines.     

An African perspective on mucosal immunity and HIV-1

HIV prevention mandates an understanding of the mechanisms of mucosal immunity with attention to some unique features of the epidemic and mucosal environment in the developing world. An effective vaccine will have to induce mucosal protection against a highly diverse virus, which is equipped with a number of immune evasion strategies. Its development will require assessment of mucosal immune responses, and it will have to protect a mucosal environment where inflammation and altered immune responses are common because of the presence of other mucosal infections, such as sexually transmitted infections and parasites, and where nutritional status may also be compromised. Ideally, not only prevention methods would protect adults but also provide cover against gastrointestinal transmission through maternal milk. Prevention might also be complemented by microbicides and circumcision, two alternative approaches to mucosal protection. It seems unlikely that a single solution will work in all instances and intervention might have to act at multiple levels and be tailored to local circumstances. We review here some of the mucosal events associated with HIV infection that are most relevant in an African setting.     

Innate immunity related pathogen recognition receptors and chronic hepatitis B infection

Innate immunity consists of several kinds of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which participate in the recognition of pathogens and consequently activation of innate immune system against pathogens. Recently, several investigations reported that PRRs may also play key roles in the induction/stimulation of immune system related complications in microbial infections. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), as the main cause of viral hepatitis in human, can induce several clinical forms of hepatitis B and also might be associated with hepatic complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on the important roles of PRRs in the eradication of microbial infections including viral infections and their related complications, it appears that the molecules may be a main part of immune responses against viral infections including HBV and participate in the HBV related complications. Thus, this review article has brought together information regarding the roles of PRRs in immunity against HBV and its complications.     

Pre‐ and probiotics for allergy prevention: time to revisit recommendations?

Reduced intensity and diversity of microbial exposure is considered a major factor driving abnormal postnatal immune maturation and increasing allergy prevalence, particularly in more affluent regions. Quantitatively, the largest important source of early immune‐microbial interaction, the gut microbiota, is of particular interest in this context, with variations in composition and diversity in the first months of life associated with subsequent allergy development. Attempting to restore the health consequences of the ‘dysbiotic drift’ in modern society, interventions modulating gut microbiota for allergy prevention have been evaluated in several randomized placebo‐controlled trials. In this review, we provide an overview of these trials and discuss recommendations from international expert bodies regarding prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic interventions. Recent guidelines from the World Allergy Organization recommend the use of probiotics for the primary prevention of eczema in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers of infants at high risk for developing allergy and in high‐risk infants. It is however stressed that these recommendations are conditional, based on very low‐quality evidence and great heterogeneity between studies, which also impedes specific and practical advice to consumers on the most effective regimens. We discuss how the choice of probiotic strains, timing and duration of administration can critically influence the outcome due to different effects on immune modulation and gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, we propose strategies to potentially improve allergy‐preventive effects and enable future evidence‐based implementation.     

Fc gamma receptors in respiratory syncytial virus infections: implications for innate immunity

RSV infections are a major burden in infants less than 3 months of age. Newborns and infants express a distinct immune system that is largely dependent on innate immunity and passive immunity from maternal antibodies. Antibodies can regulate immune responses against viruses through interaction with Fc gamma receptors leading to enhancement or neutralization of viral infections. The mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effect of Fc gamma receptors on viral infections have yet to be elucidated in infants. Herein, we will discuss current knowledge of the effects of antibodies and Fc gamma receptors on infant innate immunity to RSV. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of RSV infections in young infants may provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies such as vaccination. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.