超声弹性成像评价2型糖尿病患者桡动脉血管壁弹性

目的 应用超声弹性成像技术评价2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者桡动脉血管壁的弹性变化.方法 对T2DM组包括患者37例,正常对照组42名,以常规二维超声测量桡动脉收缩期内径(Ds)和舒张期内径(Dd);应用超声弹性成像技术计算受试者桡动脉内血液与血管壁的应变比值(B/A),并将上述两组受试者各指标进行比较.结果 T2DM组桡动脉的应变比值明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);T2DM组桡动脉舒张期内径及收缩期内径与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 超声弹性成像技术可以评价T2DM患者桡动脉血管壁弹性的早期变化.     

彩色多普勒血流显像对2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉血管病变的评估

目的:观察2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉血管病变的彩色多普勒血流显像特点。方法:选择2003-01/2005-03在哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者40例作为病例组,另选正常体检者30例作为正常对照组,均自愿参加观察。分别进行彩色多普勒血流显像检查,观察两组下肢动脉血管走行,管腔有无狭窄,是否有硬化斑块形成。测量下肢动脉内膜-中层厚度,观察频谱特征,测量收缩期峰值流速、搏动指数和阻力指数。结果:病例组40例和对照组30例全部进入结果分析,无脱落。①两组观察对象的彩色及频谱多普勒血流显像结果比较:正常对照组血管走行平直,血流充盈良好、血流颜色正常;血流呈三相波,频带较窄,收缩期下面有一个无血流信号的窗。病例组血管走行弯曲,硬化斑块形成,管腔狭窄,狭窄处血流充盈缺损,呈稀疏血流或花彩血流;血流呈两相波或单相波,重者出现湍流连续频谱,频带较宽,频窗消失。②两组观察对象的血管内径、内膜-中层厚度及血流动力学参数比较:胫后动脉、足背动脉内径较正常对照组变细,血流速度减慢(P<0.05);内膜-中层厚度较正常对照组增厚,搏动指数、阻力指数较正常对照组增大(P<0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒血流显像可以明确地反映动脉的病变情况,较准确地测量血流动力学参数,可为临床动态评估糖尿病患者下肢动脉粥样硬化的发生发展及其防治提供客观依据。     

血管超声对糖尿病患者颈动脉壁剪切力的评价

目的 用彩色多普勒声像仪结合血液黏度仪测定血管剪切力,观察糖尿病患者血管壁动力学变化.方法 为23例糖尿病患者和20例健康自愿者测定颈动脉中-内膜厚度(IMT),收缩和舒张期血管内径(IDs,IDd),收缩期峰值血流速度、舒张末期血流速度和平均血流速度(Vs,Vd,Vm),血流量(BF),搏动指数(PI),雷诺氏指数(RN),血流黏度(η),收缩期剪切力和平均剪切力(Ts,Tm).结果 (1)糖尿病组的剪切力明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),剪切力降低主要是由于血管内径扩大和血流速度降低所致;(2)糖尿病组中-内膜增厚组的剪切力亦明显低于中-内膜非增厚组(P＜0.05),降低的原因主要是由于血流速度降低,并且剪切力的降低是发生在搏动指数和血流量正常的情况下.结论 剪切力可以早期反映糖尿病患者血管壁动力学变化.     

彩色多普勒超声在动脉血管吻合术疗效评估中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在评估动脉血管吻合术疗效中的应用价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声仪对16条桡动脉2、条尺动脉吻合术后疗效进行观察,以动脉吻合术后2周、24周血管吻合口处血管内径和峰值血流速度、血流量作为疗效评估指标,同时以健侧桡、尺动脉相同部位的超声检测值作正常对照。结果术后2周,15条桡动脉吻合口处收缩期峰值血流速度升高,与正常对照组相比两组差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),血流量和血管内径缩小,但与正常对照组无显著性差异,余3条动脉吻合口处血流频谱呈单峰,收缩期峰值血流速度明显增高,吻合口远端血流频谱低平;术后24周吻合口处收缩期峰值血流速度较正常对照组增高,血流量降低,但均无显著性差异。结论彩色多普勒超声可作为评价动脉血管吻合术疗效的一种无创、简便及较为可靠的检查方法。     

血管回声跟踪技术与血流介导的血管舒张功能检测方法对评价2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的对比性研究

[摘要] 目的：对比血管回声跟踪技术与血流介导的血管舒张功能检测方法对评价2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血管内皮功能的价值。方法：对46例T2DM患者和30例正常人采用血管回声跟踪技术实时跟踪描记右侧肱动脉管壁的运动轨迹,测量肱动脉收缩期内径（Ds）、舒张期内径（Dd）、僵硬度（β）、弹性模量（Eρ）、顺应性（AC）、脉搏波传导速度（PWVβ）等参数;采用高分辨率超声检测T2DM组和对照组血流介导的肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张（FMD）和硝酸甘油介导的非内皮依赖性血管舒张（NTG）功能。其中24例T2DM患者在3个月降糖药物治疗后重新测量上述各指标。结果：β,Eρ及PWVβ T2DM组较对照组升高（P<0.01）,AC及FMD功能较对照组降低（P<0.01）,硝酸甘油介导的NTG功能两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：血管回声跟踪技术与血流介导的血管舒张功能检测方法均能较好的评价T2DM患者血管内皮功能,两种方法具有良好一致性。     

三维多普勒血流频谱定量技术评估2型糖尿病患者拇指动脉血流

目的 应用三维多普勒频谱定量分析技术检测2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者拇指动脉血流,评估T2DM患者外周微小动脉血流的特点。方法 本研究根据T2DM的病程,将所有患者分为T2DM组1(病程≤5年;n=47)与组2(病程>5年;n=45)两组,46例正常志愿者为对照组。应用三维多普勒频谱定量分析技术的流速-血管深度频谱图模式,测定拇指动脉内径及拇指动脉频谱图收缩期瞬时最大血流面积(A_flow)。并且测定收缩期最大血流速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)。结果 所有T2DM患者拇指动脉血管内径均较对照组缩小[正常人拇指动脉血管内径平均为(2.11± 0.19)mm,T2DM组1平均为(1.71±0.21)mm,T2DM组2平均为(1.59± 0.25)mm,P<0.001];T2DM两组患者的拇指动脉A_flow较对照组显著减低[T2DM组1平均为(61.35±10.66)mm²/s,T2DM组2平均为(46.50±6.59)mm²/s,对照组平均为(75.32±11.97)mm²/s,P<0.001]。而且T2DM组2的拇指动脉A_flow较T2DM组1更为减低(P<0.001)。结论 三维多普勒超声技术所测拇指动脉内径与相关血流参数,可应用于临床观测T2DM患者外周微小血管的损伤度,为观测糖尿病患者外周血管病变提供一种可靠的无创伤性分析手段。     

正常人腓动脉二维和多普勒超声参数检测

目的用二维及彩色多普勒超声检测分析正常人腓动脉血流动力学参数.方法 82例正常成年人按年龄及性别分为6组.用二维图像显示腓动脉管壁、管腔并测量内径,脉冲多普勒测量血流参数.结果腓动脉显示率为100%.腓动脉内径随年龄、性别的变化差异不大.73%腓动脉频谱呈典型的"三相波",21%反向血流消失表现为"二相波",6%于舒张期正向血流后又出现一极小的反向波表现为"四相波".收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张早期反向流速(PRV) 及搏动指数(PI)在各不同年龄、性别组间无显著性差异.结论本文得到的各项参数对腓动脉病变的检查分析有一定意义.     

血管回声追踪技术评价2型糖尿病患者股动脉弹性的价值

目的 探讨血管回声追踪(ET)技术评价2型糖尿病患者股动脉弹性的价值.方法 采集30例正常人和54例2型糖尿病患者股动脉的二维超声图像,测量双侧股动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT),血管内径(D);应用脉冲多普勒技术(PW)测量收缩期流速(Vs)、舒张早期反向流速(Vr)、舒张末期正向流速(Vd)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI);应用ET技术检测弹性指标:僵硬度指数(β)、血管压力-应变弹性系数(Ep)、顺应性(AC)、增大指数(AI)、脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ).结果 按照IMT是否＜1.0 mm分组后显示:糖尿病IMT＜ 1.0 mm组及糖尿病IMT≥1.0 mm组的股动脉血流动力学参数RI、PI、Vr及弹性指标β、Ep、PWVβ均较对照组显著增高(P＜0.05),AC值显著降低(P＜0.05);糖尿病IMT≥1.0 mm组的股动脉血流动力学参数RI、PI与IMT＜1.0 mm组比较差异无统计学意义,但弹性指标β、Ep、PWVβ较糖尿病IMT＜1.0 mm组显著增高(P＜0.05).结论 糖尿病患者存在动脉硬化,且在血管粥样硬化的形态学改变出现之前,血管壁弹性功能已降低,且影响血流动力学,造成外周组织血液供应不良.     

彩色多普勒诊断椎动脉—颈总静脉瘘1例

患者 ,女性 ,71岁 ,以反复头晕十余年、发作一周入院 ,其间无明确外伤史。彩色多普勒颈部血管检查发现一发自右侧椎动脉第 5～ 6节段向前内侧走行的明亮血流束 ,管壁缺口约1.3mm(图 1,左 ) ,沿血流束走行追查 ,见其汇入右颈总静脉 ,入口约 1.6 mm(图 1,右 ) ,瘘管未见明显血管壁回声 ,多普勒频谱呈双峰频谱 ,最高流速约 5 0～ 6 0 cm/s。右颈总静脉内径较对侧无明显增宽 ,多普勒频谱呈有脉动特征的双向静脉频谱 ,流速高达 30～ 40 cm/s。超声诊断 :右椎动脉 -颈总静脉瘘。 3日后行右椎动脉造影术 ,证实超声诊断正确。讨论 :颈部动静脉瘘在临…     

应用E-Tracking技术对糖尿病肾病患者颈动脉弹性的临床研究

目的 应用回声跟踪(E-Tracking)技术评价糖尿病肾病不同时期颈动脉弹性的变化及临床意义.方法 选择2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者93例和正常对照(NC)32例,按照尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)将T2DM分为正常蛋白尿(DM1)、微量尿蛋白(DM2)和临床尿蛋白(DM3)三组,并采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪测量颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、收缩期颈动脉内径(Ds)、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、阻力指数(RI)、压力-应变弹性系数(Ep)、硬化指数(β)、顺应性(AC)、单点脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ)和增大指数(AI)等参数.结果 (1)与NC组比较,T2DM患者IMT值均明显增高(P<0.05); (2)与NC组比较,T2DM患者β、Ep、AI和PWVβ值明显增高,AC降低(P<0.05),而与DM1和DM2两组比较,DM3组的β和PWVβ值均升高(P<0.05);(3)直线相关分析发现IMT与β、Ep、AI、PWVβ呈正相关(P<0.05),与AC呈负相关(P<0.05),Logistic回归分析显示UAER与β、PWVβ和IMT呈正相关性(P<0.05).结论 糖尿病早期肾病期患者的颈动脉弹性已经发生改变,测定颈动脉弹性的变化可以反映糖尿病微血管的病变程度.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.