广东连南汉族和瑶族儿童硫嘌呤甲基转移酶研究

目的本文对硫嘌呤甲基转移酶(Thiopurine S-methyltransferase,TPMT)在广东连南地区健康汉族儿童(n=87)和瑶族儿童(n=1 26)中的活性分布和4种常见TPMT基因突变的等位基因频率进行研究.方法采用高效液相色谱法测定红细胞的TPMT活性;采用等位基因特异性的PCR(allelespecific PCR,ASPCR)方法和限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-restrictionfragmentlength polymorphism,RFLP)的方法检测TPMT*2(G238C)、TPMT*3A(A719G/G460A)、TPMT*3B(G460A)和TPMT*3C(A719G)的等位基因频率.结果健康汉族儿童和瑶族儿童的TPMT活性都呈正态分布,活性的平均值分别为13.01±2.80U.ml-1pRBC和13.54±3.89U.ml-1 pRBC,两者的差异无显著性.在健康汉族儿童中只找到1例TPMT*3C杂合子(该汉族儿童的TPMT活性为12.36U.ml-1 pRBC),没有找到TPMT*2、TPMT*3A和TPMT*3B,汉族儿童总的TPMT基因突变频率是0.6%.在健康瑶族儿童中没有找到这几种突变.结论广东连南地区汉族和瑶族儿童TPMT的活性分布和总的TPMT基因突变频率没有显著性差异.     

中国哈萨克族人硫嘌呤甲基转移酶活性分布和基因多态性

目的 研究硫嘌呤甲基转移酶(TPMT)在中国哈萨克族的活性分布和4 种常见TPMT基因突变等位基因频率。方法 用高效液相色谱法测定TPMT 活性;用等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应检测TPMT*2;用限制性片段长度多态性 检测TPMT*3A、TPMT*3B和TPMT*3C的等位基因频率。结果 哈萨克族T PMT活性呈正态分布,活性的均值为(12．27±3．42)U·mL-1 Rbc,其中发现6 例TPMT*3C杂合子和2例TPMT*3A杂合子,总TPMT基因突变频率是1．2％。 结论 中国哈萨克族TPMT活性呈正态分布,总TPMT基因突变频率同汉族相 比差异无显著性。     

CYP3A4基因多态性与汉族小儿耐药性癫痫的关系

目的探讨耐药性癫痫的汉族儿童CYP3A4*18A、CYP3A4*1G与癫痫耐药的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术,共检测西南地区238例儿童的CYP3A4*18A、CYP3A4*1G基因型频率和等位基因频率,其中耐药性癫痫(耐药组)83例、抗癫痫药物治疗有效(有效组)87例、健康儿童(正常组)68例。结果 CYP3A4*1G野生纯合子频率在耐药组、有效组、正常组分别为47%、45%、50%,突变杂合子频率分别为46%、49%、43%,突变纯合子频率为7%、6%、7%;等位基因野生型频率分别为70%、70%、71%,突变型频率分别为30%、30%、29%。3组基因型频率及等位基因频率差异均无显著意义(P>0.05)。CYP3A4*18A在耐药组中分布野生纯合子93%、突变杂合子7%,等位基因野生型96%、突变型4%;有效组、正常组野生纯合子100%,未发现突变。耐药组CYP3A4*18A多态性的突变杂合子基因型频率及突变型等位基因频率高于有效组,差异有显著意义(P<0.05),耐药组与正常组基因型频率及等位基因频率比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论西南地区汉族儿童CYP3A4*18A基因多态性可能与癫痫耐药存在相关性,CYP3A4*1G基因多态性与癫痫耐药可能无相关性。检测CYP3A4*18A基因型也许是选择有效抗癫痫药物的方法之一。     

河南地区汉族人群药物代谢酶CYP2C19，NAT2和TPMT基因多态性分析(英文)

目的：了解细胞色素P450(cytochromes P450,CYP)2C19,N-乙酰基转移酶2(arylamine N- acetyltransferase 2,NAT2)和硫嘌呤甲基转移酶(thiopurine S-methyltransferase,TPMT)基因常见的遗传多态性在河南地区汉族人群中的分布及其频率。方法：应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)对210名河南地区汉族人群的CYP2C19突变基因(*2和*3)、NAT2突变基因(*6和*7)和TPMT突变基因(*3A,*3B和*3C)进行检测。用聚合酶链反应-等位基因特异性扩增(PCR-ASA)对NAT2突变基因(*5)和TPMT突变基因(*2)进行检测。结果：CYP2C19*2和*3等位基因分布频率分别为34．76%和6．4%,同时携带2个等位突变基因的慢基因型频率占14．8%。NAT2*4(wt),*5(341C),*6(590A)和*7(857A)等位基因分布频率分别为59．1%,4．1%,26．4%和9．5%,慢基因型分布频率占19．5%。TPMT*3C等位基因分布频率为1．2%,未发现TPMT*2,TPMT*3A或TPMT*3B。结论：CYP2C19,NAT2和TPMT基因常见的遗传多态性在汉族人群中的分布及其频率与白人存在明显差异,这将有助于我国汉族人群临床药动学研究和给药剂量的确定。     

脑梗死患者血浆胆固醇酯转运蛋白水平及其基因两种主要突变的检测

检测脑梗死患和正常人的胆固醇酯转运蛋白（CETP）基因15外显子D442G突变和14内含子I14A突变的频率。方法 应用聚合酶链反应－限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析（PCR－RFLP）的方法检测110例脑梗死患和100例健康人胆固醇酯转运蛋白基因D442G突变和I14A突变；用本室建立的酶联免疫测定法（ELISA）测定血浆CETP水平。结果 110例脑梗死患中发现4例D442G杂合子，1例114A杂合子，无纯合子，突变率分别为3．6％、0．9％；100例健康人中发现4例D442G杂合子，1例D442G纯合子，1例I14A杂合子，突变率分别为5％、1％，两组相比较突变频率的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）；而脑梗死组TC、CETP水平明显高于正常组（P＜0．05），TG、LDL－C、apoB水平与正常组相比差异性极其显（P＜0．005），HDL－C、apoAI水平则显低于正常组（P＜0．005）。结论 脑梗死患血脂和脂蛋白谱表现较强的动脉粥样硬化性，CETP水平明显升高；CETP基因突变频率与正常组比较无显差异。     

中国汉族和维吾尔族药物代谢酶CYP3A4、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6基因多态性分析

目的对中国汉族、维吾尔族健康人群CYP3A4、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6进行基因多态性分析,并对汉族和维吾尔族人群等位基因频率和基因型频率进行比较。方法聚合酶链反应一限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)法对CYP3A4、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6进行分型。结果汉族、维吾尔族健康人群CYP3A4*5等位基因频率为0,CYP3A4*18等位基因频率分别为0.183 8、0.140 2;CYP2C9*2等位基因频率分别为0.011 0、0.095 8,CYP2C9*13等位基因频率分别为0、0.002 3;CYP2C19*2等位基因频率分别为0.386 0、0.324 8,CYP2C19*3等位基因频率分别为0.051 5、0.021 0;CYP2D6*10等位基因频率分别为0.573 5、0.224 3。结论本研究在汉族、维吾尔族健康人群中未发现CYP3A4*5等位基因。汉族、维吾尔族健康人群CYP3A4*18、CYP2C9*13、CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3等位基因频率差异均无统计学意义。维吾尔族健康人群CYP2C9*2等位基因频率远高于汉族(P<0.01);CYP2D6*10等位基因频率远低于汉族(P<0.01),存在民族差异。     

肾移植受者硫嘌呤甲基转移酶基因多态性与硫唑嘌呤不良反应关系的研究

目的:探讨硫嘌呤甲基转移酶(thiopurine S-methyltransferase,TPMT)表型和基因多态性与硫唑嘌呤(AZA)所致不良反应的关系。方法:应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定150例肾移植患者红细胞TPMT活性,采用等位基因特异性的PCR和限制性片断长度多态性的方法检测TPMT*2、*3A、*3B和*3C四种基因型,分析TPMT活性和基因多态性与AZA所致不良反应的关系。结果:30例(20%)患者由于发生了不良反应而停用AZA或减少了AZA的用量,其中12例患者发生了血液毒性,另外18例发生了肝脏毒性。将未发生不良反应的患者作为对照组,其红细胞TPMT活性范围为16.63~68.25 U,平均为(38.43±11.59)U。发生了血液毒性的患者红细胞TPMT活性平均为(24.16±9.84)U,明显低于未发生不良反应的患者(P=0.0003)。另外18例发生了肝脏毒性的患者TPMT活性离散度较大,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.145)。本研究未发现TPMT活性缺乏者。共发现7例(4.7%)TPMT*3C杂合子患者,这7例患者均为TPMT中等活性13.04~19.21 U,平均为(...     

新疆维吾尔族患者CYP2C9和VKORC1基因多态性分布及不同种族间的比较

目的:为建立适合新疆维吾尔族患者的华法林个体化给药模型提供研究基础。方法:检测200例新疆维吾尔族患者中CYP2C9和VKORC1的基因型,并与世界不同种族人群基因型及等位基因频率进行比较。结果:新疆维吾尔族CYP2C9*1/*1基因型频率低于韩国、日本、美国及中国汉族,高于土耳其;*1/*2杂合突变型频率低于土耳其、瑞典、英国,高于韩国、日本及中国汉族;*1/*3杂合突变型频率高于日本、韩国、中国汉族、英国、美国;*3/*3基因频率高于上述人群(P<0.05)。新疆维吾尔族*1等位基因频率低于中国汉族、日本、韩国、美国,高于土耳其;*2等位基因高于中国汉族、日本、韩国,低于土耳其、瑞典、英国;*3等位基因高于中国汉族、日本、韩国、瑞典、英国和美国(P<0.05)。VKORC1-1639AA型频率高于美国、瑞典、英国,低于新加坡、日本、中国台湾、中国汉族;AG型频率高于新加坡、日本、中国台湾、中国汉族;GG型频率高于新加坡、日本、中国台湾、中国汉族,低于美国、瑞典、英国(P<0.05)。新疆维吾尔族A型等位基因频率低于中国汉族、中国台湾、日本、新加坡,高于美国、瑞典和英国;G型等位基因高于中国汉族、中国台湾、日本、新加坡,低于美国、瑞典、英国(P<0.05)。结论:新疆维吾尔族患者CYP2C9和VKORC1基因多态性分布与亚洲及欧美人群均存在明显差异。     

广东部分地区健康人群GSTP1基因多态性研究

目的 了解谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶P1(GSTP1)基因多态性在广东省部分地区健康人群中的分布规律。方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)的方法检测广东省粤语言地区224名健康人GSTP1基因型。应用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果 在所调查人群中野生纯合子GSTP1 ^*A^*/A基因型的频率为66．5％(149／224)；杂合子GSTP1 ^*A/^*G在人群占26．8％，突变纯合子GSTP1 ^*G/^*G占6．7％。经检验这种分布在不同性别、职业、地区以及生活方式人群中的分布均衡。结论 二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示，高血压、冠心病、脑卒中、肺癌及鼻咽癌等家族史在人群中的发生与人群GSTP1不同基因型的分布无显著相关关系。     

新疆维吾尔族健康人群细胞色素P450基因多态性研究

目的了解CYP2C9基因多态性在新疆维吾尔族健康人群中的分布以及与其他不同民族之间的差异。方法采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应和限制性内切酶反应(PCR-RFLP)技术对197名乌鲁木齐地区维吾尔族健康个体CYP2C9*2和CYP2C9*3位点进行了检测,计算其基因型和等位基因频率,并与国外多个民族CYP2C9基因多态性分布进行比较。结果国内首次在新疆维吾尔族健康人群中发现CYP2C9*2等位基因,新疆维吾尔族健康人群中共检测到3种等位基因:CYP2C9*1、CYP2C9*2、CYP2C9*3,等位基因频率分别为80%、3%、17%。新疆维吾尔族健康人群CYP2C9共检测到5种基因型,以CYP2C9*1*1常见,基因型频率为77%,其次为CYP2C9*3*3,基因型频率为15%。CYP2C9*1*2、CYP2C9*1*3和CYP2C9*2*2的基因型频率分别为4%、3%和1%。结论新疆维吾尔族CYP2C9基因多态性的分布与欧美人群接近,而与日本、韩国以及国内报道的汉族人群CYP2C9基因多态性分布有较大差异。     

Gene mutation of thiopurine<Emphasis Type="Italic"> S</Emphasis>-methyltransferase in Uygur Chinese

Objective This study was to investigate the gene mutation of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) in Uygur Chinese.Methods Polymerase chain reaction-based methods were used to analyze three commonly reported inactivating mutations—G238C, G460A and A719G.Results One TPMT*3A heterozygote and five TPMT*3C heterozygotes were found in 160 Uygur Chinese subjects, and allele frequencies of TPMT*3A and TPMT*3C were 0.3% and 1.6%, respectively.Conclusion TPMT*3C is a common mutant allele in Uygur Chinese, while TPMT*3A is a rare mutant allele in Uygur Chinese.     

The frequency and distribution of thiopurine methyltransferase alleles in Caucasian and Asian populations

Thiopurine methyltransferase metabolizes 6-mercaptopurine, thioguanine and azathioprine, thereby regulating cytotoxicity and clinical response to these thiopurine drugs. In healthy Caucasian populations, 89-94% of individuals have high thiopurine methyltransferase activity, 6-11% intermediate and 0.3% low, resulting from genetic polymorphism. Four variant thiopurine methyltransferase alleles were detected in over 80% of individuals with low or intermediate thiopurine methyltransferase activity. The wild-type allele is defined as TPMT*1 and the mutant alleles are TPMT*2 (G238C), TPMT*3A (G460A and A719G), TPMT*3B (G460A) and TPMT*3B (A719G). The frequency of these alleles in different ethnic groups is not well defined. In this study, DNA from 199 British Caucasian, 99 British South West Asian and 192 Chinese individuals was analysed for the presence of these variant alleles using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction based assays. The frequency of individuals with a variant thiopurine methyltransferase genotype was: Caucasians 10.1% (20/199), South West Asians 2.0% (2/99) and Chinese 4.7% (9/192). Two TPMT*2 heterozygotes were identified in the Caucasian population, but this allele was not found in the two Asian populations. TPMT*3A was the only mutant allele found in the South West Asians (two heterozygotes). This was also the most common mutant allele in the Caucasians (16 heterozygotes and one homozygote) but was not found in the Chinese. All mutant alleles identified in the Chinese population were TPMT*3C (nine heterozygotes). This allele was found at a low frequency in the Caucasians (one heterozygote). This suggests that A719G is the oldest mutation, with G460A being acquired later to form the TPMT*3A allele in the Caucasian and South West Asian populations. TPMT*2 appears to be a more recent allele, which has only been detected in Caucasians to date. These ethnic differences may be important in the clinical use of thiopurine drugs.     

Frequencies of thiopurine S-methyltransferase mutant alleles (TPMT*2, *3A, *3B and *3C) in 151 healthy Japanese subjects and the inheritance of TPMT*3C in the family of a propositus

AIMS: To determine the frequencies of four thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) mutant alleles, TPMT*2, *3A, *3B and *3C in a normal Japanese population. METHODS: Genotypes were determined in 151 Japanese subjects and in six family members of a propositus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele-specific PCR assays. RESULTS: Only one TPMT*3C heterozygote was identified (gene frequency 0.3%). TPMT*2, *3A and *3B were not detected. In addition, TPMT*3C was found to have been inherited from the mother and passed on to the son of the propositus. CONCLUSIONS: TPMT*3C appears to be most prevalent among the known mutant allele of TPMT in a Japanese population which may have some relevance for the treatment of Japanese patients with thiopurine drugs.     

Phenotyping and genotyping study of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in healthy Chinese children: a comparison of Han and Yao ethnic groups

AIMS: Ethnicity is an important variable influencing drug response. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) plays an important role in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs. Previous population studies have identified ethnic variations in both phenotype and genotype of TPMT, but limited information is available within Chinese population that comprises at least 56 ethnic groups. The current study was conducted to compare both phenotype and genotype of TPMT in healthy Han and Yao Chinese children. METHODS: TPMT activity was measured in healthy Chinese children by a HPLC assay (n = 213, 87 Han Chinese and 126 Yao Chinese). Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to determine the frequency of TPMT mutant alleles (TPMT*2, TPMT*3 A, TPMT*3B and TPMT*3C) in these children. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean TPMT activity between Han and Yao Chinese children. A unimodal distribution of TPMT activity in Chinese children was found and the mean TPMT activity was 13.32 +/- 3.49 U ml(-1) RBC. TPMT activity was not found to differ with gender, but tended to increase with age in Yao Chinese children. TPMT*2, TPMT*3B and TPMT*3A were not detected, and only one TPMT*3C heterozygote (Han child) was identified in 213 Chinese children. Erythrocyte TPMT activity of this TPMT*3C heterozygote was 12.36 U ml(-1) RBC. The frequency of the known mutant TPMT alleles was 0.2%[1/426] in Chinese children. CONCLUSION: The frequency distribution of RBC TPMT activity was unimodal. The frequency of the known mutant TPMT alleles in Chinese Children is low and TPMT*3C appears to be the most prevalent among the tested mutant TPMT alleles in this population.     

Ethnic differences in thiopurine methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: evidence for allele specificity in Caucasian and Kenyan individuals

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) degrades 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine and 6-thioguanine which are commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, leukaemia and organ transplantation. TPMT activity is polymorphic as a result of gene mutations. Heterozygous individuals have an increased risk of haematological toxicity after thiopurine medication, while homozygous mutant individuals suffer life threatening complications. Previous population studies have identified ethnic variations in both phenotype and genotype, but limited information is available within African populations. This study determined the frequency of common TPMT variant alleles in 101 Kenyan individuals and 199 Caucasians. The frequency of mutant alleles was similar between the Caucasian (10.1%) and Kenyan (10.9%) populations. However, all mutant alleles in the Kenyan population were TPMT*3C compared with 4.8% in Caucasians. In contrast TPMT*3A was the most common mutant allele in the Caucasian individuals. This study confirms ethnic differences in the predominant mutant TPMT allele and the findings will be useful for the development of polymerase chain reaction-based strategies to prevent toxicity with thiopurine medications.     

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase genetic polymorphism in the Thai population

AIMS: To determine the incidence of the thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) genetic polymorphism in the Thai population. METHODS: Genomic DNAs were isolated from peripheral blood leucocytes of 200 healthy Thais. The frequencies of five allelic variants of the TPMT gene, TPMT*2, *3A, *3B, *3C and *6 were determined using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. RESULTS: Of the 200 Thai subjects participating in this study, 181 subjects (90.5%) were homozygous for TPMT*1, 18 subjects (9.0%) were heterozygous for TPMT*1/*3C. Only one subject (0.5%) was homozygous for TPMT*3C. The frequency of TPMT*3C mutant allele was 0.050. CONCLUSIONS: Although the TPMT*3C is the most prevalent mutant allele in Asian populations, the frequency of this defective allele is significantly higher in Thais than has been reported in other Asian populations.     

Genotype–phenotype correlation for thiopurine S-methyltransferase in healthy Italian subjects

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to estimate the concordance rate between erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and genotype at the TPMT locus in an Italian population sample. METHODS: The TPMT phenotype and genotype were determined in an unrelated population of 103 Italian healthy blood donors. Erythrocyte TPMT activity was measured with a radiochemical assay using 12.5 microM S-adenosyl-L-(methyl-14C)-methionine and 4 mM 6-mercaptopurine. The genotyping assay was based on restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) and allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) methods. RESULTS: All subjects had detectable TPMT activity. The activity of TPMT varied 2.8-fold between the 5th and 95th percentile. This variation was neither age (P = 0.63) nor gender (P = 0.44) regulated and the frequency distribution of TPMT activity is compatible with a polymorphic distribution. The presence of the four most common defective alleles, i.e. TPMT*2, TPMT*3A, TPMT*3B and TPMT*3C, was examined through the entire phenotyped population. Ninety-two subjects did not carry any of the tested mutations. Eleven individuals were heterozygous for one of the mutant alleles and had a TPMT activity lower than 30 pmol/min/mg. Eight subjects were TPMT*1/TPMT*3A, two TPMT*1/TPMT*3C and one was TPMT*1/TPMT*2. The TPMT*3B allele was not detected in the samples analysed. CONCLUSION: There was a concordance of 97% between genotype and phenotype. All the heterozygotes had an intermediate phenotype. However, the wide variation range in TPMT activity detected in the wild-type homozygotes indicates that other genetic or epigenetic factors influence the TPMT phenotype.     

Allelic variants of the thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) gene in the Colombian population

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) catalyzes the inactivation of thiopurine drugs (mercaptopurine, thioguanine and azathioprine) used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia, autoimmune diseases and recipients of transplanted organs. No endogenous substrates for this enzyme are known. The TPMT polymorphism is a major determinant of individual differences in the toxicity or therapeutic efficacy of these drugs. The molecular basis of this polymorphism has been established in Caucasians, Africans, African-Americans and Asians, but not yet in the heterogeneous Latin American groups, including the Colombian population. The frequency of the four allelic variants of the TPMT gene, TPMT*2 (G238C), TPMT*3A (G460A and A719G), TPMT*3B (G460A) and TPMT*3C (A719G), were determined in 140 Colombian volunteers of Mestizo origin, using allele-specific PCR and PCR-RFLP assays. The *3A allele was found in 10 samples and the *2 allele in one, all heterozygotes; neither homozygous mutant genotypes nor the *3B and *3C alleles were detected. In agreement with these results, 92.1% and 7.9% of the Colombian population correspond to the phenotypes high and intermediate methylators, respectively. These results show that the frequency of mutations and the allelic distribution of the TPMT gene in the Colombian population are similar to the genetic profile found among US and European Caucasian populations, where the *3A allele is prevalent and the *2 allele is currently present.     

Molecular analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase alleles in South-east Asian populations

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) catalyses the S-methylation of thiopurine drugs. In Caucasians, four variant TPMT alleles have been detected in over 80% of individuals with low or intermediate TPMT activity. The wild-type allele is designated as TPMT*1 and the mutant alleles are designated TPMT*2 through TPMT*8. The frequency of these alleles in different ethnic groups has not been well defined. In this study, one hundred individuals, from each of the Indonesian, Thai and Philippine populations, together with 249 Taiwanese, were analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing methods. The results showed that the allelic frequencies of TPMT*3C were 0.6% for Taiwanese and 1% for Filipino, Thai and Indonesian populations, respectively. One Filipino with a Caucasian parent was found to be heterozygous for the TPMT*2 allele. This study provides the first analysis of the allele frequency distribution of all known TPMT mutations in South-east Asian populations.