关于“连续性肾脏替代疗法”命名的探讨

连续性肾脏替代疗法(continuousrenalreplacementtherapy,CRRT)是由Scribner等人在1960年提出的,主要解释为缓慢的、连续清除水和溶质的一种治疗方式。现有的动静脉缓慢连续超滤(AVSCUF)、连续性动静脉血液滤过(CAVH)、连续性动静脉血液透析滤过(CAVHDF)、连续性动静脉血液透析(CAVHD)、静静脉缓慢连续超滤(VVSCUF)、连续性静静脉血液滤过(CVVH)、连续性静静脉血液透析滤过(CVVHDF)、连续性静静脉血液透析(CVVHD)都属于此范畴。CRRT中的“replacement”英语一词,可译成替代、取代、代替,实际上替代是一种代替。虽然,近…     

血液净化治疗妊娠合并急性肾功能衰竭

目的 探讨血液净化方法在妊娠合并急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的应用及疗效。方法 对我院从1996年1月至2001年8月期间收治14例妊娠合并ARF患者,选用血液透析(HD)或连续静静脉血液滤过(CVVH),进行临床资料回顾性分析。结果 选用血液透析(HD)或连续静静脉血液滤过(CVVH)14例病人中4例采用血液透析(HD)治疗,7例采用连续静静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗,3例采用HD CVVH治疗;14例中有1例曾行血浆置换治疗;12例患者进行疗效分析,死亡率为16.67％。结论 妊娠合并急性肾衰患者早期应用血液净化方法,疗效较好;合并多脏器衰竭连续性血液净化治疗比间歇性血透更具优势。     

血液净化新概念：血液净化理论与技术的新进展

1977年Kramer等人将连续性动．静脉血液滤过（CAVH）应用于临床，1982年Bishoff等提出连续性静．静脉血液滤过（CVVH），由此CVVH在治疗急性肾衰竭（ARF）和多脏器功能衰竭（MODS）中发挥药物不能取代的作用。21世纪提出体外循环多器官支持系统或体外循环生命支持系统。     

PRISMA系统行连续性肾脏替代治疗的护理体会

连续性动脉静脉血液滤过(CAVH)是模拟正常肾小球的滤过功能,将血液引入一个小型、高效能、低阻力的滤过器,使得血液中的水分不断被超滤,同时补充置换液,借以清除体内多余的水份及氮质产物,维持酸碱平衡的操作过程.CAVH自1975年应用于临床,前景至今不衰,为急性肾功能衰竭尤其是合并多器官功能障碍(MODS)的救治带来光明的前景,其模式已由经典的CAVH衍生出泵驱动式的连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH),连续性动脉-静脉血液透析(CAVHD),连续性静脉-静脉血液透析滤过(CVVHDF)等多种形式,称之为连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT),是应用于重症急性肾功能衰竭合并多器官功能衰竭的最安全、有效的治疗手段.这些手工操作过程虽然逐渐改革为常规化、便捷化、轻松化的工作,仍带有操作者的主观性,不能精确维持水平衡,需耗费大量的人力、物力.从1998年6月到2001年12月我院用HOSPAL公司的全自动PRISMA系统治疗了32例急性肾功能衰竭合并多器官功能障碍的患者,减少了上述缺陷,取得满意的疗效,报告如下.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过救治重症中毒10例分析与护理

2003年11月～2004年9月,我院采用连续静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)救治重症中毒患者10例,取得较好效果,现报告如下.     

连续静静脉血液滤过在ICU中的应用研究

目的 探讨连续静静脉血液滤过在(CVVH)救治危重症患者中的应用及其使用过程中对血生化的影响。方法 15例患者共进行了22例次的CVVH,其中重症胰腺炎5例,在使用连续性静静脉血液滤过前、中、后,对患者的血生化进行监测,并就其对急性重症胰腺炎等疾病的预后进行分析。结果 与治疗前相比,行连续静静脉血液滤过治疗后,血磷降低(P<0.05);血肌酐、尿素氮和尿酸CVVH治疗时也明显降低;二氧化碳升高(P<0.05),阴离子间隙降低(P<0.05)。经连续静静脉血液滤过治疗可以为疾病的救治赢得时间,但疾病的转归取决于疾病的本身。15例患者中有4例因多器官功能衰竭死亡,重症胰腺炎患者均好转出院。结论 连续静静脉血液滤过是危重症抢救工作中的一种有效而重要的治疗手段,对急性重症胰腺炎及任何伴有全身性炎症反应综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征的疾病可采用连续静静脉血液滤过治疗。     

血液灌流串联连续性静-静脉血液滤过抢救汽油中毒1例

本院收治1例汽油中毒患者,经血液灌流(HP)串联连续性静-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗疗效较好,报告如下.     

2种抗凝方法在CVVH中的应用比较与护理

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)它是连续肾替代治疗(CRRT)的一种治疗方法,也是急救医学最重要的进展之一.临床上在对行CVVH的抗凝药物中有许多方法,本科对常用的两种抗凝方法进行比较,现报道如下.     

持续性动静脉血液滤过护理体会

持续性动脉静脉血液滤过（CAVH）治疗急性肾衰和／或多脏器衰竭方法简单，疗效确切，我院自1991年2月至1997年5月采用CAVH系列中的持续静脉血液滤过透析（CVVHDF）及持续静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗各类危重病人65例，现将护理体会总结如下。1资料和方法1．l临床资料65例人中男36例，女29例，平均年龄38．2岁（ZI－62岁）。流行性出血热伴急性肾衰13例，多脏器衰竭伴急性肾衰25例（其中严重创伤及大手术后9例、严重感染及败血症5例，慢性肺心病4例，妊娠毒血症3例、急性胰腺炎3例，药物中毒1例），肾移植术后水储留6例，慢性肾衰伴脑…     

CVVH救治多器官功能障碍综合征中血小板数量及功能的评价

连续静脉-静脉血液滤过(continuous veno-venous hemofiltration,CVVH)广泛应用于急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)及多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dyfunction syndrome,MODS)的救治[1-2].然而,部分患者在CVVH治疗过程中出现显著的出血倾向,后者严重影响了CVVH的疗效及预后.     

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration

CAVH is a bedside form of dialysis that is used in the treatment of fluid and electrolyte disorders seen in critically ill patients. The major advantages of the procedure include (1) gradual, continuous therapy, which is ideal in hemodynamically unstable patients; (2) control of fluid balance; and (3) ease of administration in the ICU. The major disadvantages of CAVH include (1) a requirement for arterial access, (2) the need for anticoagulation, (3) the risks of infection from long-term indwelling vascular lines, and (4) the potential for significant volume depletion. The effectiveness of CAVH may continue to improve owing to technical developments in filter composition and the application of clinical tactics such as suction-assisted filtration, predilution fluid replacement, or regional heparinization. The next step in bedside dialysis is represented by CAVHD, which offers all of the advantages of CAVH as well as improved urea clearance.     

血液净化技术在危重病人急性肾功能衰竭中的应用

目的：总结危重病人急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）血液净化治疗的经验。方法：采用血液透析（HD）治疗者69例,持续性非卧床腹透析（CAPD）治疗者45例,连续性动静脉血液滤过（CAVH）治疗者2例。结果：应用HD治疗者69例,治愈52例（75．4％）,死亡17例;应用CAPD治疗者45例,治愈32例（71．1％）,死亡13例;HD和CAPD两种透析方法,治愈率和病死率两者之间差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）;应用CAVH治疗者2例,死亡1例,死于多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）。结：血液净化技术是治疗危重病人ARF的重要措施之一,但必须注意综合治疗,在积极治疗原发性疾病的基础上,加强对重要脏器功能的监测,正确评估和对其它“易衰竭器官”进行保护,以防止MODS的发生,对降低危重病患者ARF病死率有重要意义。     

连续肾替代抢救重症肾功能衰竭伴多器官衰竭50例探讨

目的：探讨连续肾代疗法（ＣＲＲＴ）地重症肾功能衰竭（肾衰）伴多器官衰竭（ＭＯＦ）抢救效果,以求提高重症肾衰伴ＭＯＦ的存活率。方法：总结我院１９９３年７月￣１、９９９年７月间使用连续动－静脉、静－静脉血液滤过（ＣＡＶＨ｜ＣＶＶＨ组）及连续动－静脉、静－静脉血液透析滤过（ＣＡＶＨＤＦ｜ＣＶＶＨＤＦ组）方法抢救重症肾衰伴ＭＯＦ５０例患者的资料,比较其疗效。结果：ＣＡＶＨ＋ＣＶＶＨ组２２例中存活５例（２２     

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in the therapy of acute renal insufficiency

30 patients with acute renal failure were treated in an intensive care unit by continuous arterio-venous haemofiltration (CAVH). This procedure has less side effects as compared with intermittent haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and haemofiltration (hypotension, bio-incompatibility and lack of biochemical steady state) and CAVH is clearly superior with regard to fluid removal. In removing the uraemic toxins CAVH is more effective than peritoneal dialysis and, in most instances, satisfactory as sole renal replacement therapy in acute renal failure.     

A randomized cross-over comparison of the hemodynamic response to intermittent hemodialysis and continuous hemofiltration in ICU patients with acute renal failure

Objective To compare the hemodynamic response of ICU patients with acute renal failure of a 24-h continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) and that of patients with a 4-h intermittent hemodialysis (HD).Design Cross-over randomized clinical trial. The two periods to be compared were a 24-h CAVH and the 24-h encompassing a 4-h HD. These two periods were separated by a 24-h wash-out period.Setting Ten bed medicosurgical ICU of a tertiary care center in Paris, France.Patients Inclusion criterion was the requirement of replacement therapy for acute renal failure in patients already submitted to mechanical ventilation.Interventions CAVH was performed with Ringers' lactate used for restitution and infused before the hemofilter. The ultrafiltrate output was maintained at around 15 ml/min. HD was performed with a bicarbonate-buffered dialysate.Mean outcome measures Mean arterial pressure (MAP), use of adrenergic drugs, and change in body weight during each period.Results Twenty-seven consecutive patients were included, 15 CAVH-HD and 12HD-CAVH. CAVH and HD allowed the same metabolic efficacy. No hemodynamic parameter (MAP, amount of adrenergic drugs, change in body weight) differed between the two methods.Conclusions CAVH is equivalent to HD in terms of MAP and the use of vasopressive drugs and fluids. Establishing the superiority of CAVH would require carefully controlled studies assessing either outcome or changes in tissue oxygenation.     

Techniques of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration and hemodialysis. Renal replacement in the ICU for hypervolemic, uremic patients

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) and continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD) are extracorporeal ultrafiltration techniques that permit ongoing removal of plasma water and uremic toxins. Both techniques are performed in the ICU with a minimum amount of equipment and achieve overall fluid balance more readily than intermittent hemodialysis. CAVH is used to manage hypervolemia, electrolyte imbalance, and/or mild uremia. CAVHD is used in hypercatabolic patients with acute renal failure who are hypervolemic and uremic; a dialysate fluid is used for more efficient solute removal. The most serious complications of CAVH and CAVHD relate to bleeding associated with cannulation or anticoagulation. Excess fluid and electrolyte losses may also occur.     

Five years experience with continuous extracorporeal renal support in paediatric intensive care

Continuous arterio-venous haemofiltration (CAVH) and continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) were used as renal support in 52 critically ill infants and children with acute renal failure. The majority of the patients were on mechanical ventilation (90%) and needed vasopressor support (85%). Uraemia was satisfactorily controlled with both treatment modes. Post-treatment serum urea levels were not different between survivors (94±8.8 mg/dl) and non-survivors (99.5±8.8 mg/dl). There were significant differences between survivors and non-survivors in the mean arterial pressure (64.7±3.8 vs 48.0±2.2 mmHg,p<0.001), the number of organ system failures (2.9±0.16 vs 3.8±0.21,p<0.025), and the severity of illness assessed by the acute physiologic score for children (APSC 19.4±1.9 vs 26.3±1.9,p<0.01). The overall mortality was 48%. The mortality in the CVVH group (65%) was higher than in the CAVH group (40%). Death was significantly related to sepsis (p<0.005) and multiple system organ failure (p<0.005). A major complication during CAVH was one femoral artery thrombosis after 12 days of treatment. Technical problems were only observed during CVVH. CAVH and CVVH are safe and effective methods of continuous renal support for critically ill paediatric patients with multiple system organ failure. CAVH is simpler, needs no specially trained staff and seems to the ideal renal replacement system for critically ill infants.     

Early experience with continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in critically ill pediatric patients

The applicability of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) for renal replacement therapy was evaluated in three infants and two young children with catastrophic medical and surgical illnesses. In the first four patients, CAVH was used in conjunction with either peritoneal or hemodialysis. In the fifth patient, CAVH was the sole renal replacement therapy employed; in this critically ill anuric infant, we were best able to evaluate the ability of CAVH to continuously control fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, and allow the administration of adequate parenteral nutrition. The difficulties encountered were related to anticoagulation, establishment of adequate vascular access, and selection of an appropriate hemofilter for the performance of the technique. Despite the application of suction-assistance, we were unable to effectively employ a prototype pediatric hemofilter to attain a level of plasma ultrafiltration consistent with the objectives of therapy. However, we were able to effectively and safely employ an adult hemofilter for these purposes; modifications were made in the adult hemofilter system before its application in the smallest pediatric patients. Our experience suggests that, even in critically ill infants, CAVH can be successfully applied as an effective renal replacement therapy. However, further experience is required before its potential impact on patient survival can be assessed.     

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in the patient with hepatorenal syndrome. A case study

CAVH has gained increasing medical acceptance, as favorable outcomes in the critically ill have proven its worth. Unfortunately, CAVH is often used as a "last ditch" effort for the patient with multisystem organ failure and septicemia. Performing the procedure in such a setting sometimes seems little more than an exercise in futility. However, as more patients such as the patient described in this case study are shown to benefit from CAVH, the nursing role needs to be examined both in performing the procedure and in caring for the critically ill patients. The nursing literature has kept abreast of the procedural aspects of CAVH. Now, critical care nurses must move on to the patient-oriented approach, share case studies, and work together to formulate nursing diagnoses, develop specialized care plans, and identify areas for nursing research.     

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in experimental iron intoxication

This study evaluated continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) as a method for removing the iron-deferoxamine complex in experimental iron intoxication. Five anesthetized dogs were instrumented for hemodynamic monitoring and then given 600 mg/kg of elemental iron as ferrous sulfate. After a 3-h absorption period, CAVH was begun from the femoral artery to femoral vein. Deferoxamine was infused into the arterial lines of the CAVH cartridge at increasing doses. We found a dose-dependent increase in the ultrafiltrate excretion of iron. However, most of the deferoxamine was excreted unbound. The efficiency of complex formation was greater at lower BP and ultrafiltrate formation rate, suggesting that inadequate mixing of deferoxamine with blood may occur when arterial administration is used. Iron excretion in the urine over the same time period was not significantly greater than that removed by CAVH. We conclude that CAVH can remove iron using deferoxamine as a chelating agent.