海口市不同人群输血传播病毒感染调查

目的了解海口市不同人群中输血传播病毒(Transfusion transmitted virus,TTV)的感染状况,为进一步探究TTV的传播途径提供基本依据。方法于2013年1-12月采用半巢试PCR技术对530例患者及116名健康体检者血清中的TTV-DNA进行检测,数据采用SPSS18.0进行统计分析。结果 646例不同人群的血清样本,共检测出TTV-DNA阳性160例,阳性率24.77%,其中静脉吸毒患者阳性率最高,阳性率为41.38%,其次为性病高危人群,阳性率为37.35%,健康体检者的阳性率最低,阳性率为10.34%;TTV与HBV合并感染最常见,其次是HCV,单独TTV感染的阳性率为16.67%。结论海口市人群中存在较为广泛的TTV感染,其中静脉吸毒者和性病患者是TTV感染的高危人群。     

山东省部分地区不同人群输血传播病毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解山东省不同人群输血传播病毒(TTV)的感染状况.[方法]1999年12月至2000年11月,在泰安、济宁、枣庄、聊城和济南等地采集不同人群血清,用套氏聚合酶链反应检测TTVDNA.[结果]合计检测血清257份,TTVDNA阳性68份,阳性率为26.46%.献血员、血液病患者、丙型肝炎患者和非甲～非庚型肝炎患者的阳性率均高于体检的饮食服务人员(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).[结论]山东省部分地区不同人群均有较高的TTV感染率.     

我国不同人群输血传播病毒感染调查

目的　了解不同人群输血传播病毒 (TTV)的感染状况。方法　采用套式PCR法检测血清标本中TTVDNA ,并对其中 1株TTV的部分基因序列进行了测定。结果　不同人群TTVDNA阳性率分别为 :正常体检人群 10 .3% ,献血员 43.7% ,吸毒者 15 .6% ,血液透析病人5 4.4% ,妓女 65 .0 % ,慢性丙型肝炎病人 2 5 .0 % ,非甲～庚型肝炎 0 / 11。结论　TTV在各类人群中均有较高的感染率     

深圳市一般人群输血传播病毒感染的现况研究

目的　探讨深圳市一般人群中输血传播病毒 (TTV)感染情况及其影响因素。方法采用多阶段随机抽样抽取研究对象 ,并用套式聚合酶链反应法 (nPCR)检测该人群血清中TTVDNA。结果　深圳市一般人群中TTVDNA总阳性率为 11.86% ,男女阳性率分别为 14 .67%和9.41% ;年龄组间TTVDNA阳性率差异无显著性 ,单因素和logistic回归分析未显示肝病史、近期手术史、注射史、拔牙史及乙型肝炎疫苗接种等因素与TTVDNA感染有关 ;HBsAg、抗 -HBs和抗 -HBc与TTV感染无统计学意义。但不同职业人群TTVDNA阳性率差异有显著性 ,地税干部和中小学教师TTVDNA阳性率高于其他人群。结论　深圳市一般人群中TTV感染率较高 ,尤其是地税干部和中小学教师 ,但其流行因素尚需进一步研究     

儿童血液病患者输血传播病毒感染的调查

为调查上海地区输血传播病毒 (以下简称 TTV)在儿童血液病患者中的感染情况及探讨影响因素 ,应用半巢式 PCR方法检测儿童血液病患者 TTV DNA,以 6 8例健康人群的献血员 (AL T正常 )作为对照 ,并抽取部分阳性标本的PCR产物 (2 4 9bp)测定核苷酸序列。检测儿童血液病患者 37例 ,结果 TTV DNA阳性率 2 7.0 3% (10 / 37) ,高于献血员阳性率 17.6 4 % (12 / 6 8) ,统计学无显著意义。 2例儿童血液病患者与 2例献血员 TTV DNA测序结果核苷酸序列与日本株(N2 2 )比较同源性分别为 89.16 %、95 .18%和 96 .39%、95 .38%。37例儿童血液病患者中输血次数 2～ 15次不等 ,与 TTV阳性有关 ,临床均未见血液病外的明显症状。提示 :儿童血液病患者中存在 TTV感染。TTV测序表明与日本株 N2 2基本属于同一亚型     

输血传播病毒（TTV）感染的研究

目的: 了解输血传播病毒 (TTV) 在广西人群中感染情况, 探讨TTV 在肝炎发病中的作用与地位。方法: 用套式聚合酶链反应检测血清中TTVDNA,用ELISA或RT—PCR法排除非甲—庚型肝炎病毒。结果:正常献血员TTVDNA阳性率为16.4% (12/73), HBV感染者TTV DNA阳性率为4.3% (2/46), 显著低于正常献血员(χ2 = 3.97, P< 0.05), 非甲—庚肝炎患者TTV DNA阳性率为35.4% (6/17), 与正常献血员无显著性差异(χ2 = 3.0, P> 0.05), TTV感染在男女性别中无显著性差异, 但在30～50岁人群中感染率(17/78) 显著高于其他年龄段(4/58) (χ2 = 4.92, P< 0.05)。结论: 广西存在TTV 感染,且中年人群高于其他年龄段人群,TTV与HBV可有存在互相抑制或干扰作用, 但TTV可能不致病或具轻微致病性     

广西不同民族大学生输血传播病毒感染状况

目的　探讨广西不同民族大学生输血传播病毒 (TTV)感染情况及其基因型 ,为防治TTV感染提供依据。方法　采用ELISA法检测 358名不同民族大学生HBVM和抗 -TTV ,抗 -TTV检测 2次阳性者用PCR法检测TTVDNA ;用微板核酸杂交ELISA方法进行TTV基因分型。结果　 358名大学生中TTVDNA阳性率为 5 .0 %,HBsAg阳性率为 1 1 .5 %,各民族学生的HBsAg阳性率均比TTVDNA阳性率高 ,但各民族学生TTVDNA和HBsAg阳性率差异均无显著性 (P值均 >0 .0 5) ;41例HBsAg携带者TTVDNA阳性率为 2 4 .4%,各民族学生HB sAg阳性患者的TTVDNA阳性率比较 ,差异无显著性 ;TTV基因型Ⅰ型占 77.8%,Ⅱ型占 5 .6 %,Ⅰ、Ⅱ混合型占 1 6 .7%。结论　该地区汉族和各少数民族大学生TTV感染状况不容忽视 ,TTV基因型以Ⅰ型为主。     

海口市吸毒人群TT病毒与肝炎病毒感染状况的调查

目的：研究海口市吸毒人群病毒与甲－庚型肝炎病毒感染状况。方法：对221例吸毒者进行不同因素分析，采用巢式PCR法检测血清中的TTV DNA，对一株TTV部分基因序列进行了测定，用ELISA法检测甲－庚型肝炎病毒。结果：221名吸毒人群中TTV DNA与甲－庚型肝炎病毒感染率分别为HBV45.7%,TTV DNA31.6%，HCV11．8％、HGV10．4％，HEV2．2，HAV0．4％，静脉毒瘾者，有非固定婚外性伴侣等因素与TTV，HBV，HCV感染有关，TTV与甲－庚型肝炎病毒均存在合并感染；一株TTV DNA序列与GenBank中主要序列核苷酸同源性大于98％，结论：吸毒人群是TTV和肝炎病毒感染的高危人群，静脉毒瘾者，有非固定性伴侣是TTV，HBV，HCV传播的重要因素，TTV还存在非血源性传播途径。TTV与甲－庚型肝炎合并感染后引起的作用尚须作进一步研究。     

广西肝癌高低发区人群中 TTV感染的比较研究

目的了解广西肝癌高低发区人群中TTV的感染情况 ,以及TTV在HCC致病中的作用。方法在肝癌高发区、低发区中分别选择98人及75人作为研究对象 ,采用套式—PCR方法对研究对象的血清进行TTVDNA检测。结果高发区TTVDNA的阳性率为27.6 %(27/98) ,低发区的阳性率为10.7 %(8/75) ,结果表明 ,两组TTVDNA的阳性率有明显差异(P<0.01)。结论广西肝癌高发区人群中TTV的感染率高于低发区人群 ,提示TTV感染可能与原发性肝癌的发生有关 ,但不能排除其他因素如HBV感染的共同作用     

湖北吸毒人群中HIV、HBV、HCV、HGV、TTV感染情况调查

目的 了解湖北吸毒人群中HIV、HBV、HCV、HGV及TTV感染情况。方法 对湖北某戒毒所及本科室门诊的吸毒者进行调查并采静脉血分离血清作抗HIV、HBsAg、抗HCV、抗HGv、抗TTV检测。结果 89例吸毒者中，发现HIV阳性2例，阳性率为2．2％；FIBsAg阳性9例，阳性率为10．1％；HCV阳性51例，阳性率为57．3％；HGV阳性48例，阳性率为53．9％；42例吸毒者检查TTV，阳性25例，阳性率为59．5％。结论 在静脉吸毒人群中存在着较高的血传播病毒感染，且多为合并感染。湖北吸毒人群中的HIV感染尚为传入阶段，亟需采取有力措施控制HIV在吸毒人群中的传播。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.