颈椎前外侧入路穿刺技术的解剖学基础及应用体会

 目的 探讨颈椎前外侧入路穿刺技术的解剖学基础,提高该入路的安全性和可操作性。方法 成人尸体解剖22具,颈椎前路手术患者50侧。通过尸体解剖及手术观察向左侧推移脏器鞘时颈动脉鞘的位移情况,颈动脉鞘与脏器鞘间隙在不同颈椎水平的特点,向内侧推移气管时食管随气管移动的情况及食管向内侧相对于椎体的移动发生在哪一筋膜间隙,向内外侧推移颈动脉鞘时其移动情况。回顾性分析2007年1月至2011年12月采用颈椎间盘髓核射频技术治疗颈椎间盘源性疼痛及颈性眩晕206例患者资料,男93例,女113例;年龄22～71岁,平均48岁,共434个椎间盘。结果 尸体解剖和术中观察均发现在约C4椎体水平以下颈动脉鞘和脏器鞘之间不存在天然间隙,为使二鞘之间产生可供穿刺的间隙需借助手法分离。椎前筋膜浅、深两层之间容易分离。在脏器鞘完整情况下,向内侧推移气管时,食管随气管一同活动,脏器鞘相对于颈椎的活动主要发生在椎前筋膜浅、深层之间。颈动脉鞘主要由椎前筋膜向两侧移行而成,受椎前筋膜的限制加之颈动脉本身的张力使其向内外的活动度受到明显限制。434个颈椎间盘穿刺均安全完成,无一例发生颈动脉、食管损伤和椎间盘炎等并发症。结论 颈椎前外侧入路穿刺技术应基于对颈前解剖的正确理解,在此基础上的操作合理安全。
     

内镜下上颈椎前方咽后入路的应用解剖学研究

目的 对上颈椎前路咽后入路进行解剖学研究,为应用内镜行上颈椎前路手术提供解剖学依据.方法 对10具防腐和3具新鲜成人尸体标本进行C臂机下模拟上颈椎前路手术内固定及逐层解剖,测量咽后壁厚度,观察穿刺套管经甲状腺上动脉下方入路时与重要血管神经等结构的相应关系,分析MED下进行上颈椎前路咽后壁手术的安全性.结果 MED套管与甲状腺上血管、神经相邻,而距离舌下神经、舌动脉、舌咽神经等较远.在颈1～2水平咽后壁正中旁开10 mm软组织厚度平均为(5.32±2.14)mm,咽后间隙与椎前间隙之间可以形成较大腔隙,足可以安全放置外径18 mm套管.结论 经内镜下行上颈椎前路咽后手术入路是安全的.     

颈前路减压植骨术预防椎动脉损伤的基础与临床研究

目的在对椎动脉进行解剖学研究基础上,探讨如何预防颈椎前路减压术中椎动脉损伤。方法采用成年尸体10具,去除颈部浅层肌肉及软组织,显露双侧颈长肌及椎动脉,观察椎动脉与钩椎关节及颈长肌的关系,测量颈椎钩椎关节突外上缘与椎动脉的距离。找出各颈椎节段与椎动脉之间的确切关系,以防手术时损伤椎动脉。结果颈长肌外缘在钩椎关节与颈椎横突孔内侧连线中点处。椎动脉位于钩椎关节外侧,颈椎钩椎关节与椎动脉的距离为:C3水平(0.91±0.22)mm;C4水平(1.02±0.41)mm;C5水平(1.37±0.39)mm;C6水平(1.54±0.51)mm;C7水平(1.63±0.74)mm。在此基础上行颈前路减压植骨,防止了椎动脉损伤。结论颈椎前路减压术不应超过钩椎关节;对于椎动脉损伤,颈长肌肌瓣填塞是有效的止血方法。     

缝合椎前筋膜预防颈前路术后吞咽困难的临床研究

目的：探讨缝合椎前筋膜对颈椎前路内固定术后吞咽困难的预防作用。方法：将176例行颈前路手术、钛板内固定患者于手术前一天掷钱币方式随机分为2组。A组89例（缝合椎前筋膜组）：术中颈前路钢板固定后缝合椎前筋膜,覆盖钢板,使食管不直接与钢板相贴。B组87例（不缝合椎前筋膜组）：术中固定后不缝合椎前筋膜,食管与钢板直接相贴。分别于术后3周及3、12个月对患者进行随访,以吞咽困难患者数及吞咽困难发生率作为观测指标。结果：A组术后3周及3、12个月吞咽困难发生率分别为25.8%、9.0%、5.6%;B组为25.3%、20.6%、14.9%。经统计学处理,3、12个月时吞咽困难发生率A组低于B组,差异有统计学意义（3个月时P=0.030,12个月时P=0.049,均〈0.05）。结论：缝合椎前筋膜能有效地预防颈椎前路内固定术后吞咽困难的发生。     

泌尿生殖筋膜与腹盆壁内脏间隙的应用解剖研究

目的研究盆腹壁的内脏及其筋膜关系,为普外科腹腔镜腹膜前疝修补手术及腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术提供应用解剖指导。方法对西安交通大学医学部解剖教研室提供的10具尸体(男性9具,女性1具),按照腹腔镜手术的方式对腹股沟区腹膜前间隙以及结直肠周围间隙进行解剖和观察。结果肾前筋膜和肾后筋膜在外侧方向包绕精索血管和输精管并以生殖血管和侧锥筋膜为外侧边界,继续向下从内环向外穿出。该筋膜深浅2层共同向内下延续为骶前筋膜,并沿盆侧壁包绕精囊腺和前列腺;该筋膜在脐内侧襞处其浅层向膀胱后壁延伸,其深层向膀胱前壁方向延伸。腹横筋膜在腹壁下动脉两侧是延续的,并继续向腹前壁和腹后壁延伸。通过解离肾后筋膜延续至骶骨前方的筋膜,可将直肠、膀胱、前列腺、精囊腺等器官完整地从骶骨表面揭离。骶骨表面的筋膜与腹横筋膜延续。有骶神经从骶骨表面筋膜穿出,向盆侧壁与盆从汇合。结论 (1)存在1个独立的包绕肾脏、输尿管、输精管、精索血管、腹下神经、精囊腺、前列腺以及膀胱下部的泌尿生殖筋膜系统,生殖血管和侧椎筋膜是其外侧界限,并有一部分筋膜随着生殖血管和输精管穿出内环,左右两侧筋膜至少在髂血管分叉处以下是相互融合连续。(2)Bogros间隙和Retzius间隙是同一个间隙,可统称为腹盆壁内脏间隙。(3)泌尿生殖筋膜将直肠后方与骶骨表面筋膜之间的间隙分为直肠后间隙和骶前间隙。     

椎管内修复臂丛损伤的显微解剖

目的 通过尸体解剖及摹拟手术，设计一种椎管内利用残留神经前根修复臂丛椎间孔段神经根损伤的新术式。方法 对15具成人颈段尸体标本，测量如下解剖学数据：C5～T1神经前根的直径；神经前根的长度；神经前根自出硬脊膜处到臂丛上、中、下干前股、后股，外侧束、正中神经内侧头的距离；前根的有髓神经纤维计数。在2具成人尸体标本模拟颈椎后路半关节及椎板切除结合前路锁骨上臂丛探查手术，并取腓肠神经桥接从C5神经前根至同侧臂丛上干前股起始处。结果 臂丛C5～T1前根长度逐渐增加。颈神经根出硬脊膜处到各干分前后股处的距离C6最短。而C5～C7到下干前后股的空间最近距离、C5～C7到外侧束的距离、各根出硬脊膜处到正中神经内侧头距离从C5到C7减短。有髓神经纤维以C7最多，以T1最少。摹拟手术显示：经颈椎后路的半关节及半椎板切除，C5神经前根可以得到良好暴露。神经移植操作亦可行。结论根据解剖结果与提示，行椎管内探查并利用残余神经前根修复臂丛神经椎间孔段根损伤切实可行。     

椎板后壁部分刮除辅助透视行颈椎弓根钻孔

目的探索椎板后壁部分刮除辅助透视行下颈椎椎弓根钻孔的可行性。方法3具新鲜尸体下颈椎的30例椎弓根，透视确定椎弓根轴线所在高度，将此高度侧块与椎板后壁交界内外侧各5mm范围内的皮质骨去除，刮除其下松质骨，先暴露出内侧的椎板前壁，后紧贴椎板前壁向外侧刮除，找到椎弓根入口。根据内倾角确定入口外侧骨质去除范围，以椎弓根内壁为参照，透视确定上倾角，行髓腔钻孔。CT扫描明确钻孔准确性。结果1例髓腔消失，放弃钻孔；27例钻孔准确；2例髓腔〈3mm，椎弓根外壁向外侧移位，但〈2mm。结论椎板后壁部分刮除辅助透视行下颈椎椎弓根髓腔钻孔效果满意。     

臂丛神经与颈筋膜的解剖关系及其在手术中的应用

[目的]揭示颈筋膜与臂丛神经的解剖关系，增进臂丛神经显露的安全和简捷。[方法]取福尔马林处理的成人尸体标本21具，解剖观察颈筋膜浅层与颈神经浅丛的位置关系，解剖观察颈筋膜浅层、深层之间的脂肪层的结构，颈筋膜深层的质地及其与臂丛神经的解剖关系。[结果]在颈中部及其以下的颈筋膜浅、深两层之间的脂肪层中无颈神经浅支，在此脂肪层中除颈横动脉和肩胛舌骨肌无重要结构，颈筋膜深层质地致密，臂丛神经紧位于其深面。[结论]利用颈筋膜深层紧位于臂丛神经浅面、致密清晰，其浅面脂肪内无重要结构的特点，可使颈部臂丛神经的显露更简捷、安全。     

肌间法颈丛神经阻滞的解剖学研究与临床应用

作者对颈丛神经阻滞麻醉进行了改良性探索。在胸锁乳突肌后缘中点向前、上、内进针约2cm,穿过颈深筋膜浅层(有明显的突破感和空气空虚感)。将局麻药注入胸锁乳突肌深面与肩胛提肌及中斜角肌浅面之间的疏松组织中,简称肌间法。通过30具(60侧)尸体模拟解剖实验研究和100例的临床应用观察,发现本方法操作容易,指征明确。麻药浸润范围正是颈丛神经穿过椎前筋膜后较集中之处,与交感干、椎间孔距离较远。颈丛神经阻滞效果良好,副作用少,无严重并发症。作者认为,部分病例出现的血压升高,脉膊加快和声音嘶哑乃是局麻药渗过颈动脉鞘,部分阻滞迷走神经所致。     

颈椎前路手术并椎间孔减压的疗效探讨

目的探讨颈椎前路手术并椎间孔减压的治疗方法和注意事项。方法2000年4月-2004年1月间采用颈椎前路椎体次全切除、椎间盘切除及椎管前外侧的椎间孔切开减压松解颈神经根治疗共28例患者,并对临床资料及手术治疗结果进行回顾性分析。结果28例平均获得9个月(6-12个月)以上的随访,根据JOA评分标准,优11例、良13例、中4例,优良率为85.7%。结论颈椎间盘突出合并相应节段局限性椎间孔狭窄引起神经根受压时,在颈椎前路手术切除椎间盘的同时彻底减压椎间孔,疗效优良。     

颈部臂丛神经入路的解剖学研究

目的研究颈部臂丛神经入路的解剖特点,探讨臂丛神经的显露方法,使其显露更加简便、安全和充分。方法取甲醛溶液固定的成人尸体标本21具,解剖观察颈筋膜浅层与颈神经浅丛的位置关系,解剖观察颈后三角颈筋膜浅、深层之间的脂肪层的结构、内容,颈筋膜深层的质地及其与臂丛神经的解剖关系。取甲醛溶液固定的成人尸体标本21具,制成颈部连续断层标本,观察不同断面颈后三角颈筋膜浅层深面蜂窝组织的边界、内容、与臂丛神经的解剖关系。结果在颈中部及其以下,颈后三角的颈筋膜浅、深两层之间的脂肪层界限清晰完整,其内无重要结构,颈筋膜深层质地致密,臂丛神经紧位于其深面。结论利用颈筋膜与臂丛神经解剖关系,可使颈部臂丛神经的显露更简便、安全。     

Surgical anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk during anterolateral approach to cervical spine

The sympathetic trunk is sometimes damaged during the anterior and anterolateral approach to the cervical spine, resulting in Horner’s syndrome. No quantitative regional anatomy in fresh human cadavers describing the course and location of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) and its relation to the longus colli muscle (LCM) is available in the literature. The aims of this study are to clearly delineate the surgical anatomy and the anatomical variations of CST with respect to the structures around it and to develop a safer surgical method that will diminish the potential risk of CST injury. In this study, 30 cadavers from the Department of Forensic Medicine were dissected to observe the surgical anatomy of the CST. The cadavers used in this study were fresh cadavers chosen at 12–24 h postmortem. The levels of superior and intermediate ganglions of cervical sympathetic chain were determined. The distance of the sympathetic trunk from the medial border of LCM at C6, the diameter of the CST at C6 and the length and width of the superior and intermediate (middle) cervical ganglion were measured. Cervical sympathetic chain is located posteromedial to carotid sheath and just anterior to the longus muscles. It extends longitudinally from the longus capitis to the longus colli over the muscles and under the prevertebral fascia. The average distance between the CST and medial border of the LCM at C6 is 11.6 ± 1.6 mm. The average diameter of the CST at C6 is 3.3 ± 0.6 mm. Superior ganglion of CSC in all dissections was located at the level of C4 vertebra. The length and width of the superior cervical ganglion were 12.5 ± 1.5 and 5.3 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. The location of the intermediate (middle) ganglion of CST showed some variations. The length and width of the middle cervical ganglion were 10.5 ± 1.3 and 6.3 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. The CST’s are at high risk when the LC muscle is cut transversely, or when dissection of the prevertebral fascia is performed. Awareness of the CST’s regional anatomy may help the surgeon to identify and preserve it during anterior cervical surgeries.     

The investing layer of the deep cervical fascia does not exist between the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the 3-dimensional organization of connective tissues in the suboccipital region. Study Design and Setting: We conducted a sectional anatomic investigation with the use of E12 sheet plastination. SUBJECTS: Six human adult cadavers (2 male and 4 female; age range, 54 to 86 years) were used in this study. Five of them were sectioned as 2.5-mm-thick coronal (1 cadaver), transverse (2 cadavers), or sagittal (2 cadavers) sections. RESULTS: No aggregation of fibrous connective tissue was seen between the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The intervening space was fully occupied by fatty tissue that was indistinguishable from the subcutaneous tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The investing layer of the deep cervical fascia is incomplete so that the carotid sheath is directly exposed to the subcutaneous tissue via a gap between the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle. SIGNIFICANCE: This anatomic feature should be considered when designing a minimally invasive endoscopic approach to the carotid sheath and the surrounding deep cervical structures.     

Lateral congenital anomalies of the pharyngeal apparatus: part III. cadaveric representation of the course of second and third cleft and pouch fistulas

"Stepladder" surgery for fistula from second or third pharyngeal cleft and pouch is "blind." Neither intraoperative methylene blue injection and probing nor preoperative imaging (fistulogram ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) reveal three-dimensional anatomic relations of fistulas. This article describes the most common second and third fistula courses and demonstrates representation of their tracts with wires in human cadavers. A second cleft and pouch fistula, at its external opening, pierces superficial cervical fascia (and platysma), then investing cervical fascia, and travels under the sternocleidomastoid muscle, superficial to the sternohyoid and anterior belly of omohyoid. It ascends along the carotid sheath, and at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage it pierces the pretracheal fascia. Characteristically, it courses between the carotid bifurcation and over the hypoglossal nerve. After passing beneath the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the stylohyoid, it hooks around both glossopharyngeal nerve and stylopharyngeus muscle. The fistula reaches the pharynx below the superior constrictor muscle. The course of a third cleft and pouch fistula is similar until it has pierced pretracheal fascia; then it passes over the hypoglossal nerve and behind the internal carotid, finally descending parallel to the superior laryngeal nerve, reaching the thyrohyoid membrane cranial to the nerve.     

Does the Investing Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia Exist?

Background: The placement of the superficial cervical plexus block has been the subject of controversy. Although the investing cervical fascia has been considered as an impenetrable barrier, clinically, the placement of the block deep or superficial to the fascia provides the same effective anesthesia. The underlying mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional organization of connective tissues in the anterior region of the neck.

Methods: Using a combination of dissection, E12 sheet plastination, and confocal microscopy, fascial structures in the anterior cervical triangle were examined in 10 adult human cadavers.

Results: In the upper cervical region, the fascia of strap muscles in the middle and the fasciae of the submandibular glands on both sides formed a dumbbell-like fascia sheet that had free lateral margins and did not continue with the sternocleidomastoid fascia. In the lower cervical region, no single connective tissue sheet extended directly between the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The fascial structure deep to platysma in the anterior cervical triangle comprised the strap fascia.     

Spread of injectate during C6 stellate ganglion block and fascial arrangement in the prevertebral region: an experimental study using donated cadavers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The precise fascial space through which the injectate spreads during stellate ganglion block (SGB) remains unclear. Recent studies using magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography have suggested that the injectate is deposited around and/or within the longus colli muscle during SGB. However, a fascial space, close to the longus colli, is the most likely route of spread. We identified the prevertebral interlaminal space (PVILS), situated between the anterior and posterior laminae of the prevertebral layer of the fascia, as an important route for the spread of the injectate and as a potential pathway to the ganglion. The danger of downward spread of deep infections through this space has previously been recognized. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the 6th cervical vertebra paratracheal approach technique, we performed experimental SGB with 10 mL latex on donated cadavers. Spreading of latex into the PVILS was observed in 45 of 52 (86.5%) cadavers that had been fixed with formaldehyde after death, and 5 of 8 (62.5%) fresh cadavers. In these experiments, the latex usually reached the ganglion via the PVILS (39 of 45 and 5 of 5, respectively). Moreover, after direct injection into the PVILS, latex reached the ganglion in 13 of a further 19 (68.4%) postmortem-fixed donated cadavers. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the PVILS plays a critical role in the spread of injectate as well as being a potential pathway to the stellate ganglion during SGB.     

Demonstration of the spread of injectate with deep cervical plexus block: a case series

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The authors conducted a scanographic study in order to characterize the local anesthetic spread of injectate resulting from a single-injection technique of deep cervical plexus block. METHODS: Six consecutive American Society of Anesthesiologists II and III patients scheduled for elective carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia were enrolled. Deep cervical plexus block was placed via an anterolateral approach using a nerve stimulator to guide the injection on contact with the levator scapulae nerve. With specific contractions evoked at a stimulating current intensity 相似文献