短期持续胰岛素输注治疗酮症起病的2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的 比较持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSII,胰岛素泵治疗)与多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)治疗酮症起病的2型糖尿病患者,观察其降糖效果和对胰岛β细胞功能的影响.方法 对新发的空腹血糖≥11.1 mmol/L,酮体阳性的60例初诊糖尿病患者随机分组.胰岛素泵持续注射胰岛素组(CSII组)30例,多次皮下注射胰岛素组(MSII组)30例.比较两种方法治疗前后血糖、胰岛素用量、血糖达标时间、低血糖发病率;标准馒头餐胰岛素释放试验的胰岛素及C肽、空腹血浆胰岛素及Homaβ等.结果 CSII组在血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖发病率上均优于MSII组(P＜0.05).胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善(P＜0.05).结论 对酮症起病的2型糖尿病患者,短期CSII强化治疗具有快速稳定纠正代谢紊乱、控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用.     

2型糖尿病治疗中胰岛素泵的临床应用价值探析

目的探究胰岛素泵在治疗2型糖尿病患者中的临床应用价值。方法选取该院2014年3月—2015年3月接诊的72例2型糖尿病患者进行研究。按照随机表法,随机平分为两组,CSII组采用持续皮下输注胰岛素,MSII组采用多次皮下输注胰岛素。观察并记录患者血糖达标时间、全天胰岛素用量;治疗前后空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖及不良反应发生率。结果治疗后,两组患者的空腹血糖均有所下降(t=18.5000、16.0835,P0.05),两组患者的餐后2 h血糖均有所下降(t=17.022 1、16.916 3,P0.05),效果显著;但两组治疗前后的血糖检查结果无明显差异(P0.05)。CSII组患者的空腹和餐后2 h血糖达标时间和全天胰岛素用量均比MSII组患者时间短(P0.05)。CSII组低血糖患者的发生率(2.78%)远低于MSII组(16.67%),两组数据对比差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.956 0,P=0.046 7)。结论胰岛素泵在治疗2型糖尿病中疗效显著,CSII组低血糖患者发生率较少,且血糖达标时间快,胰岛素用量少,明显优于MSII组,值得在治疗中广泛应用。     

胰岛素类似物联合胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病临床观察

目的比较研究胰岛素泵连续皮下输注胰岛素类似物（CSII）和多次注射胰岛素类似物（MSII）对2型糖尿病患者的临床治疗效果和安全性。方法将130例2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组，治疗组用诺和锐经胰岛素泵持续皮下注入，对照组用诺和锐30特充餐时皮下注射，每日2次。结果CSII组血糖控制达标的天数和胰岛素的用量明显少于MSII组；CSII组的低血糖发生率较低。结论CSII是目前糖尿病患者血糖控制较理想的方法。     

胰岛素泵治疗初诊2型糖尿病疗效评析

将62例初诊2型糖尿病按入院先后次序随机分为2组,持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSII,n=31)及多次皮下胰岛素注射(MSII,n=31).结果62例患者空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(PBG)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)治疗后较治疗前均显著改善(P＜0.05).两组治疗后比较.无统计学差异(P＞0.05).随访达1.5年的19例患者中12例未使用降糖药.结论短期胰岛素强化治疗可迅速降低血糖、血脂,可以在一段时间不用降糖药物.     

用胰岛素泵控制老年人2型糖尿病血糖水平的观察

目的比较胰岛素泵(CSII)和多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)治疗老年2型糖尿病患者高血糖的疗效.方法CSII组与MSII组患者各30例,均进行胰岛素强化治疗.治疗前CSII组空腹血糖显著高于MSII组.结果治疗后CSII组空腹血糖、3餐后2h平均血糖(APBG)和睡前血糖[(6.6±1.2)、(8.5±1.5)和(7.0±1.9)mmol/L]均较MSII组[(8.8±2.1)、(9.6±2.2)和(8.6±2.2)mmol/L]下降显著(P<0.05或P＜0.01),达到了预期强化控制水平.CSII组空腹血糖达标率(86.7%)显著高于MSII组(23.3%,P<0.01),两组餐后血糖达标率以及低血糖发生率差异无显著性.CSII组比MSII组少用胰岛素约15%.结论控制餐后高血糖2种方法同样有效,但CSII控制血糖,尤其是对空腹高血糖更迅速有效.     

持续皮下胰岛素注射强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的疗效

目的探讨短期持续皮下胰岛素注射治疗(CSII)对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖控制的影响。方法采用病例对照研究,对58例空腹血糖10 mmol/L的初诊T2DM患者,分为CSII治疗组和每天多次胰岛素注射治疗组(MSII治疗组),每组29例,比较两组治疗前后血糖控制效果、胰岛素用量等。结果两组血糖均显著下降(P0.01);血糖达标胰岛素日最大用量CSII组〔(0.60±0.15)U/kg〕较MSII组〔(0.89±0.21)U/kg〕明显减少(P0.01);血糖达标平均控制天数CSII组〔(6.3±2.1)d〕与MSII组〔(9.5±4.9)d〕相比明显减少(P0.01)。结论 CSII较MSII能更快速有效控制血糖。     

不同胰岛素强化治疗围手术期2型糖尿病的疗效比较

目的比较胰岛素泵持续皮下输注（CSII）及多次胰岛素皮下注射（MSII）强化治疗围手术期2型糖尿病的疗效。方法将78例围手术期的2型糖尿病患者随机分成两组,CSII组采用CSII治疗,MSII组采用MSII治疗,观察两组治疗后血糖、血糖达标时间、平均住院天数、降糖费用、切口愈合情况、并发症的差异。结果治疗后CSII组餐前血糖较MSII组低,血糖达标时间较MSII组短,平均住院天数、切口感染率及愈合障碍率均低于MSII组（P均〈0.05）,低血糖发生率两组差异无统计学意义,降糖费用CSII组略高于MSII组。结论 CSII治疗2型糖尿病围手术期患者疗效明显优于MSII。     

胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

68例初诊2型糖尿病患者分为CSII组36例和MSII组32例,治疗过程分为对照期,调量期和稳定期,设定靶血糖值为FBG＜6.1mmol/L,2hPPG＜8.3mmol/L,治疗前及稳定期治疗2W后化验空腹及餐后2h血糖、空腹胰岛素.按稳态模型计算胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),观察两种强化治疗方法降糖效果及对胰岛β细胞功能影响.结果两组患者对照期,调量期和稳定期空腹及餐后2h血糖比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05);两组治疗后HOMA-β均较治疗前增高,HOMA-IR均较治疗前降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);两组间治疗前后HOMA-β和HOMA-IR差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).但CSII组胰岛素用量较小,低血糖发生率低,达标时间较早.结论短期胰岛素强化治疗能改善胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗.CSII较MSII更适合作为强化治疗手段.     

胰岛素泵治疗老年2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的对比应用胰岛素泵(CSII)与多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)对血糖控制不佳的老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的治疗效果及安全性。方法将58例老年T2DM患者随机分为CSII组(30例)和MSII组(28例),进行胰岛素治疗。分别检测2组治疗前后的三餐前后及睡前血糖、血糖控制时间、每日胰岛素用量、低血糖发生的次数以及治疗后的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平并进行统计分析。结果2组均能达到目标血糖值,但CSII组血糖控制达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖发生率均明显少于MSII组(P<0.01),CSII治疗后HbA1c水平显著低于MSII组(P<0.01)。结论CSII有效模拟人体生理胰岛素分泌,用于老年T2DM患者能更快、更有效地控制高血糖,减少低血糖的发生率,并且效果能持续较长时间。     

108例2型糖尿病3种短期胰岛素强化治疗方法的临床研究

目的观察3种不同短期胰岛素强化治疗方法对2列糖尿病的降糖作用和评价常规人胰岛素和胰岛素Aspart应用于胰岛素泵的特点.方法对108例空腹血糖大于11.1mmol/L的2型糖尿病患者随机分为常规人胰岛素强化治疗组(MSII组)、胰岛素泵持续人胰岛素输注强化治疗组(CSII-R组)和胰岛素泵持续胰岛素Aspart输注强化治疗组(CSII-A组),比较血糖治疗达标所需天数、日均胰岛素用量、低血糖频率、泵应用的餐前大剂量和基础量及血糖控制水平.结果CSII-R组和CSII-A组血糖达标天数分别为4.7±1.6,4.8±1.2)比MSII组缩短13.8天(P＜0.0001),胰岛素用量比MSII组显著减少(均P＜0.05),CSII-R组和CSII-A组未发生低血糖,MSII组低血糖发生19人次.血糖治疗达标后至停止泵治疗时,CSII-A组胰岛素基础剂量比CSII-R组显著增多(均数增加14.2%,P＜0.05),餐前大剂量显著减少(均数减小17.4%,P＜0.05);CSII-A组餐后血糖较CSII-R组显著降低(均数降低1.3mmol/L,P＜0.01),前者发生低血糖1人次,后者6人次.结论胰岛素泵CSII强化治疗2型糖尿病具有快速、稳定、理想地控制血糖的作用,胰岛素Aspart具有更好的有效性和安全性.     

Effects of Pulsatile Subcutaneous Injections of Insulin Lispro on Plasma Insulin Concentration Levels

Background

Most insulin pumps used for the treatment of diabetes perform subcutaneous insulin injections by pulses. The purpose of this work is to analyze the effects of pulsatile injections of modern insulins on plasma insulin levels compared with a continuous insulin infusion.

Method

We simulate pulsatile implementations of a basal rate profile over a day on a type 1 diabetes mellitus patient using insulin lispro. Pulse periods were varied between 1 and 60 min, and random pump errors were included, modeled as white noise, 1/f noise, or 1/f² noise with relative standard deviations up to 10% of the pump output.

Results

Oscillations in plasma insulin caused by the pulsatile injections were not significant with respect to the global variations for pulse periods below 15 min. This cutoff period was found to be robust to random pump errors with standard deviations up to 10% of the pump output and hence solely determined by the insulin kinetics. Additionally, we showed that the pulse period achieving the best implementation of a continuous profile is an increasing function of the error variance for a given type of noise.

Conclusions

Our findings support that continuous insulin infusion can be implemented by a pulsatile injection of insulin as infrequent as a pulse every 15 min without significant effects on plasma insulin levels. If clinically confirmed, this result would have important consequences on the design and in silico testing of automated insulin treatment strategies, as increased delivery intervals imply higher accuracy of insulin delivery and facilitated implementations of closed-loop control algorithms.     

Low subcutaneous degradation and slow absorption of insulin in insulin-dependent diabetic patients during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion at basal rate

Summary As information on the absorption kinetics and local degradation of infused insulin is relevant to programming strategies for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, we examined the time relationship of systemic insulin appearance and quantitated subcutaneous degradation during a near-basal rate of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in five insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Plasma free insulin was monitored for 8 h during and 3 h after a subcutaneous (abdominal wall) infusion of neutral insulin at 2.4 U/h. An identical intravenous infusion (2–4 h) was given on a separate occasion. Plateau levels of free insulin were not significantly different during the subcutaneous (37±8 mU/l) and intravenous (40±7 mU/l) infusions. Fitting of the free insulin data to our two-pool model of the subcutaneous space gave a mean estimate of 9.2 units insulin (= 3.8 h infusion) for the subcutaneous depot after 8 h. Model estimates of systemic insulin appearance, as a percentage of subcutaneous infusion rate, were 59% and 93% after 4 and 8 h respectively, and 76% 2 h after cessation of infusion. In insulin-dependent diabetic patients subcutaneous degradation of infused insulin is negligible but local accumulation in the subcutaneous space is considerable. The delay in absorption has important clinical implications for interruption and resumption of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and also for programming of variable basal rates.     

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus usually presents in childhood. Since it i is generally accepted that persisting metabolic derangements contribute to the development of micro- and macrovascular complications, a primary aim of the management of children with diabetes is to achieve near normalization of metabolism. In adults continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) has been used to optimize control. Despite a reluctance amongst paediatricians to use CSII in children, several studies with pumps have been performed in adolescents. The results of these studies are contradictory with respect to acceptability and achieved metabolic control. Thus, some authors report a near normalization of blood glucose concentrations, whereas others only find a temporary improvement. Patient selection seems to account for many of these differences. This suggests that methods ought to be developed to predict success or failure of CSII in a particular adolescent patient. For diabetic toddlers with their age-specific problems CSII may be a therapy of choice. So far, good acceptability and improved metabolic control are reported in this group. More studies are needed to confirm this. It is important that the diabetic clinic as well as the patient is organized to high standard before starting CSII. Home blood glucose measurements, education, and a 24-h telephone service are essential factors for the management of diabetic children, treated conventionally or with CSII.     

Pharmacokinetics of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

Summary One of the reasons for the variability of blood glucose regulation in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients is the huge variation in subcutaneous absorption of intermediate-acting insulin. We have investigated the variation in insulin absorption during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in eight such patients. The content of insulin in the subcutaneous tissue was measured using ¹²⁵I-labelled insulin. The concentration of free serum insulin and blood glucose was followed from 1 h before and from 7 h after breakfast on two consecutive days. The amount of insulin absorbed during 24 h differed in all cases by less than 3% from the daily insulin dose given by the pumps. Mean insulin absorption rates and mean free insulin concentration showed peak values 30–90 min after meal bolus injections; this was sufficient to maintain near-normal blood glucose. Mean free serum insulin correlated strongly with disappearance of insulin from the subcutaneous tissue (r=0.98). From the insulin absorption rates and free insulin concentrations during basal constant insulin infusion, the half-time of serum insulin was calculated as 6 min. Compared with the known large variability in the absorption of intermediate-acting insulin, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion offers a precise and reproducible way of insulin administration resulting in post-prandial serum insulin peaks sufficient to maintain near-normal blood glucose levels. The half-time of serum insulin during subcutaneous infusion corresponds to values for intravenous infusion given in the literature, indicating that local degradation of insulin in subcutaneous tissue is of minor importance.     

持续皮下胰岛素注射在糖尿病酮症酸中毒早期应用的合理性探讨

目的:比较持续皮下胰岛素注射(CSⅡ)和持续静脉胰岛素输注(CVⅡ)在合并糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)患者早期治疗中的有效性和合理性.方法:比较两组血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、酮体和酸中毒纠正的时间、低血糖发生率及治疗前5 d血糖水平波动情况.结果:两组血糖达标的时间类似,但CSⅡ组前5 d血糖稳定于靶目标值(11.1±2.0 mmol/L)比例更高,且血糖的波动更小,前3 d胰岛素的用量更小(P均＜0.05);两组在酮体转阴、酸中毒纠正的时间以及低血糖的发生上无显著性差异(P均＞0.05).结论:CSⅡ和CVⅡ都能纠正DKA早期的代谢紊乱,但CSⅡ能使血糖更平稳、波动更小,临床使用须根据病情而定.     

Advances in Insulin Pen Technologies: Evolution of Diabetes Insulin Delivery Devices

The first manufactured insulin pump was introduced in the 1970s and the first insulin pens in 1985; since then, many improvements have been made to both devices. The advantages of pens over syringes have been confirmed in numerous studies and include greater accuracy, ease of use, patient satisfaction, quality of life, and adherence. United States claims database analyses indicate that the improved adherence made possible by use of an insulin pen has the potential to reduce diabetes care costs when compared with using a vial and syringe. Features of certain advanced pump models include the ability to connect wirelessly to a blood glucose meter or to a subcutaneous interstitial glucose sensor for semicontinuous glucose-driven insulin rate adjustment. A new trend in the design of insulin pumps is the tubing-free patch pump that adheres directly to the skin. The low rate of insulin pen usage in the United States compared with European countries and the fact that many patients report that they are not offered the option of an insulin pen by their physician suggest that there is a need to increase patient and provider awareness of the currently available devices for insulin administration.     

Mobilization of subcutaneously injected tritiated insulin in rats: Effects of muscular exercise

Summary Previous studies in man and pancreatectomized dogs have indicated that alterations of the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected insulin during physical activity may contribute to exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients. We have directly measured the appearance of subcutaneously injected insulin in the circulation and assessed its distribution to different tissues using a recently developed semisynthetic homogeneous [³H]insulin as a tracer. Following subcutaneous injection in rats of [³H]insulin in amounts insufficient to exert significant biological activity in intact animals, circulating levels of exogenous insulin were measured as plasma radioactivity co-migrating with insulin during gel filtration chromatography. Strenuous treadmill running accelerated the mobilization of subcutaneously injected [³H] insulin and resulted in a significant elevation of circulating levels of exogenous insulin early during exercise, followed by decreased levels in the post-exercise period. In addition, exercise induced a redistribution of ³H radioactivity in tissues, mainly increasing that found in skeletal muscle. This direct demonstration of altered pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected insulin during exercise provides, at least in part, a mechanism for the exercise-induced hypoglycemia seen following insulin injections in animals and during insulin treatment in man.Presented in part at the 37th Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association, June 5–7, 1977 and at the 13th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, September 27–30, 1977Dr. Varnic was a Visiting Professor and Massey Scholar on leave from the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada