Nd: YAG激光在口腔医学中的应用

近年来,激光作为一种辅助手段已被广泛应用于口腔疾病的治疗中。Nd: YAG激光操作方便,使用安全,治疗后的创面不会产生结痂区,术后反应轻微,患者舒适度高。本文简要介绍了Nd: YAG激光在口腔硬组织与软组织治疗方面的应用,口腔硬组织方面的治疗包括窝洞预备、酸蚀、根管预备和消毒、牙本质脱敏治疗等,口腔软组织方面的治疗包括辅助牙周基础治疗、牙龈美学治疗、口内软组织切除治疗等。Nd: YAG激光治疗为这些口腔常见治疗手段提供了多样化选择,是口腔临床医生诊疗的重要辅助手段。     

口腔颌面外科疾病的激光治疗

激光在口腔颌面外科中的应用日益广泛,按照激光对组织产生的作用是否可逆可分为高能量激光应用和低能量激光应用。高能量激光应用包括软组织切除、硬组织手术、血管瘤和静脉畸形治疗、口腔肿瘤的光动力疗法等;低能量激光应用包括炎症控制、止痛、促进创伤愈合和缓解肌肉疲劳等。     

《儿童口腔病学》应试辅导

《儿童口腔病学》是研究儿童青少年的牙、牙列、、颌及软组织等的形态功能 ;诊断、治疗、防治口腔疾病及畸形 ,诱导形成健全功能的咀嚼器官 ,发挥咀嚼功能的学科。它的研究对象是处在生长发育中的儿童 ,其研究内容涵盖了生长发育、口腔疾病、咬合诱导、乳恒牙拔除等内容 ,在临床工作中还要应用口腔内科、外科、修复科、正畸科和口腔预防科的技术和方法 ,因此 ,其内容比较广泛 ,又有一定综合性。由于儿童的特殊性 ,考生在应试准备或考试时 ,常应用成人的理论知识来套儿童的疾病诊断治疗 ,结果往往出现错误。笔者近年来多次参加国家执业医师…     

Er: YAG激光在口腔医学中的应用

Er：YAG激光属于中红外线激光,是新一代水动力生物激光系统,拥有适合切除口腔软硬组织的特点,与传统治疗方法相比具有许多优点,可减轻治疗过程中的不适感和疼痛,患者更易接受。因铒激光在牙科治疗中的研究和应用的不断深入,本文对其工作原理及其在口腔治疗中的优势和应用进行综述。     

半导体激光在口腔各分支学科中的应用

半导体激光作为一种软组织激光，具有操作简单、术中术后出血少、视野清晰，患者疼痛小以及术后瘢痕小等优势。其在口腔临床治疗中的应用极大地改善了口腔疾病的治疗效果，减轻了患者术中术后的不适度。本文介绍了半导体激光的基本特性，并对现有半导体激光在口腔各分支学科中的应用进展作一综述。     

低功率激光在骨折治疗中的应用

激光在损伤、溃疡等软组织疾病中的应用比较常见,而在骨折等硬组织疾病中的应用尚不多见.随着动物实验及临床研究的不断深入,低功率激光在骨折治疗中的作用越来越受到人们的重视.本文就低功率激光照射在骨折治疗中的作用及影响作一综述.     

铒激光在龋病治疗中的应用研究进展

随着技术的进展,激光被广泛应用于口腔临床。在龋病治疗中,最常应用的是铒激光,其能实现选择性去腐,且过程温和、无振动,可为患者提供良好的就诊体验。近年来,对于铒激光在龋病治疗中作用原理和临床疗效的探讨有了新的进展,不同能量参数下,铒激光可进行组织切割和组织处理,实现不同疗效。文章对近年来铒激光在龋病治疗中的基础和临床研究进展做一综述,以期为后续研究设计及临床实践提供参考。     

低功率激光在骨折治疗中的应用

激光在损伤、溃疡等软组织疾病中的应用比较常见，而在骨折等硬组织疾病中的应用尚不多见。随着动物实验及临床研究的不断深入，低功率激光在骨折治疗中的作用越来越受到人们的重视。本文就低功率激光照射在骨折治疗中的作用及影响作一综述。     

口腔微生物组标志物——儿童龋齿防治的新策略

口腔中的微生物组在人类生长发育、疾病发生过程中扮演着重要角色。微生物在口腔的不同部位定植,形成生物膜结构,抵抗外部不良刺激的侵入。同时,菌群失调也增加了口腔疾病乃至全身性疾病的风险。龋齿是最常见的口腔疾病,低龄儿童最易发生,已成为全球学龄前儿童普遍存在的公共卫生问题。文章总结了人类口腔微生物组的最新研究进展,进一步介绍了儿童口腔菌群结构在生长发育各阶段的变化,以及患龋前后的菌群动态变化特征,并从中找到龋齿相关的微生物标志物。另外,从机制上探讨了微生物在口腔中形成生物膜并定植的影响因素（如细胞外基质）,阐述了关键细菌（如牙龈卟啉单胞菌）干预宿主免疫的可能机制。综上,文章确定了以微生物膜为靶标,在未来预防和治疗龋齿的意义和应用前景。     

激光在牙种植中的应用

激光在医学中的应用始于上世纪60年代,随着医学研究者经验的积累,各类激光的性能不断地被认识,激光应用于口腔软组织病变和硬组织病变的范围愈趋广泛,本文将对激光在牙种植中应用的适应范围、种类的选择及注意事项等内容作一综述。     

Potential applications of Erbium:YAG laser in periodontics

OBJECTIVES: Since lasers were introduced for the treatment of oral diseases, there has been considerable advancement in technology. As a result, numerous laser systems are currently available for oral use. Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum:Garnet (Nd:YAG), carbon dioxide (CO(2)) laser and the semiconductor Diode lasers have already been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for soft tissue treatment in oral cavity. The Erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) laser was approved in 1997 for hard tissue treatment in dentistry and recent studies have reported positive results. This suggests that the Er:YAG laser system is a promising apparatus, which will be able to revolutionize and improve dental practice, in particular periodontal treatment. In this mini-review, we would like to describe the positive characteristics of the Er:YAG laser which indicate its potential as a new treatment modality in periodontics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recent findings are summarized briefly to evaluate the potential of the Er:YAG laser for clinical application in periodontics. RESULTS: The Er:YAG laser possesses suitable characteristics for oral soft and hard tissue ablation. Recently, it has been applied for effective elimination of granulation tissue, gingival melanin pigmentation and gingival discoloration. Contouring and cutting of bone with minimal damage and even or faster healing can also be performed with this laser. In addition, irradiation with the Er:YAG laser has a bactericidal effect with reduction of lipopolysaccharide, high ability of plaque and calculus removal, with the effect limited to a very thin layer of the surface and is effective for implant maintenance. CONCLUSION: The Er:YAG laser seems to be an effective tool for periodontal therapy, however, further clinical and basic investigations are required to confirm its clinical application.     

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??Laser application is increasingly widespread in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. It can be divided into high-level laser application and low-level laser application on the basis of its effect on the target tissues. High-level laser application includes excision of soft tissue??operation of hard tissue??treatment of hemangioma and venous malformation??photodynamic therapy of oral cancer??and the low-level laser application includes inflammation control??analgesia??wound healing promotion??and muscle fatigue alleviation.     

Periodontal and peri‐implant wound healing following laser therapy

Laser irradiation has numerous favorable characteristics, such as ablation or vaporization, hemostasis, biostimulation (photobiomodulation) and microbial inhibition and destruction, which induce various beneficial therapeutic effects and biological responses. Therefore, the use of lasers is considered effective and suitable for treating a variety of inflammatory and infectious oral conditions. The CO₂, neodymium‐doped yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Nd:YAG) and diode lasers have mainly been used for periodontal soft‐tissue management. With development of the erbium‐doped yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Er:YAG) and erbium, chromium‐doped yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers, which can be applied not only on soft tissues but also on dental hard tissues, the application of lasers dramatically expanded from periodontal soft‐tissue management to hard‐tissue treatment. Currently, various periodontal tissues (such as gingiva, tooth roots and bone tissue), as well as titanium implant surfaces, can be treated with lasers, and a variety of dental laser systems are being employed for the management of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases. In periodontics, mechanical therapy has conventionally been the mainstream of treatment; however, complete bacterial eradication and/or optimal wound healing may not be necessarily achieved with conventional mechanical therapy alone. Consequently, in addition to chemotherapy consisting of antibiotics and anti‐inflammatory agents, phototherapy using lasers and light‐emitting diodes has been gradually integrated with mechanical therapy to enhance subsequent wound healing by achieving thorough debridement, decontamination and tissue stimulation. With increasing evidence of benefits, therapies with low‐ and high‐level lasers play an important role in wound healing/tissue regeneration in the treatment of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases. This article discusses the outcomes of laser therapy in soft‐tissue management, periodontal nonsurgical and surgical treatment, osseous surgery and peri‐implant treatment, focusing on postoperative wound healing of periodontal and peri‐implant tissues, based on scientific evidence from currently available basic and clinical studies, as well as on case reports.     

激光在牙周领域的应用及前景

随着科技的发展,激光作为一种辅助手段被广泛应用于口腔疾病的治疗中,激光或激光辅助治疗可以说开创了牙周疾病“非手术治疗”新领域。与传统牙周基础洁刮治相比,激光治疗操作简便、无污染、出血少、创伤小,极少出现术后疼痛且术后护理简单,患者更容易接受。本文对近年来应用于口腔临床的几种主要类型激光对口腔内软硬组织产生的作用,及其在牙周领域的应用研究进行综述,以期为激光在牙周领域的应用提供参考。     

铒激光在根尖周病治疗中的应用

铒激光是一种硬组织激光,在应用过程中,大量的能量被照射区组织吸收,入射的能量几乎无残留,避免了能量的过度聚集,不会对照射区周围组织产生高温损害。根管清理和成形是根管治疗的重要步骤,用铒激光预备根管,根管壁上无涂层,牙本质小管开放。铒激光以及铒激光照射联合乙二胺四乙酸或次氯酸钠冲洗能更有效地去除根管壁的涂层,清洁根管,开放牙本质小管。细菌感染是根尖周病最主要的致病因素,铒激光以及铒激光与传统方法的联合,有很好的杀菌效果。当根管治疗失败时,根尖切除术是根尖周病治疗中常见的手术方法,铒激光根尖切除术后,切口断面光滑整洁、无碳化,组织创伤少,术后愈合好,根尖密闭性好。适宜的铒激光照射能量参数可避免对根尖周组织产生损伤,而且低能量的铒激光照射可为纤维干细胞的黏附提供很好的条件。     

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??Now days??there has been a continuous upsurge in the development of laser-based dental devices used in dentistry. Laser therapy or laser-assistant therapy may be promising new approaches in periodontal disease as “non-surgery” treatment. Laser treatments have been shown to be superior to conventional mechanical approaches with regards to easy ablation??decontamination and hemostasis??as well as less surgical and postoperative pain in soft or/and hard tissue management. This review focuses on laser devices used in periodontics and the effect on oral soft and hard tissue??sharing some new information about laser application in this area.      

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??Nowadays??erbium??yttrium-aluminum-garnet??Er??YAG??laser has been used widely in dental hard tissue treatment??including caries prevention??caries removal??canal preparation and decontamination??periapical surgery and so on. In vitro studies have shown that Er??YAG laser irradiation can cause chemical and morphological changes in dentin. In order to identify the adaptability of Er??YAG laser to dental hard tissue??some researchers have utilized analysis methods of modern biological material investigations. They analyzed the dentin before and after Er??YAG laser irradiation??contrasted the change of dentin morphology??structure and chemical composition. The aim of this paper is to review the previous research methods and results, in order to provide reference for the future study design and clinical practice.     

Treatment of amalgam tattoo with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser

Amalgam tattoos are common, asymptomatic, pigmented oral lesions that clinically exist as isolated, blue, gray, or black macules on the gingival, buccal, and alveolar mucosae, the palate, and/or the tongue. In this case report, the successful use of an erbium, chromium‐doped:yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet laser for the removal of an amalgam tattoo is explained. A 46‐year‐old man is presented with a half decade history of an amalgam tattoo on his left maxillary premolar–molar gingiva. Depigmentation procedure was performed under topical anesthesia with the use of an erbium, chromium‐doped:yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet laser at 2 W in the soft tissue pulsed mode for 10 min. The pigmented tissue was completely removed. The de‐epithelialization area healed completely on the 10th day after treatment. The period of healing was uneventful. The amalgam tattoo was completely removed with erbium, chromium‐doped:yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet laser, and the treated area healed without any adverse effect.