下颌前移矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对口颌系统的影响

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructivesleepapneaandhypopneasyndrome,OSAHS）因多发、严重影响患者生活质量并有潜在致命危险,越来越受到呼吸科、耳鼻喉科、口腔科等多学科的重视^[1]。目前下颌前移矫治器主要应用于治疗轻、中度OSAHS患者,通过前移下颌位置,     

下颌前移矫治器治疗成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的研究进展

下颌前移矫治器是临床中常用于治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的一类口腔矫治器,具有便捷、舒适及廉价等优势,其结构特点也多种多样。在临床的使用过程中应对患者进行全面的疗效评价并尽可能减少不良反应,使下颌前移矫治器得到更广泛的应用。本文对近年来下颌前移矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的研究进展进行综述。     

下颌前伸矫治器对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征作用的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)临床表现为夜间频发的上气道阻塞和呼吸障碍,伴发日间嗜睡、疲倦等。病因主要包括肥胖、神经肌肉、上气道结构的变化等因素。对于患者上气道阻塞程度和位点的研究方法有多种,如X线头影测量、多层螺旋CT成像等。通过多平面重建技术建立上气道的三维结构,可以精确显示上气道的细微变化。下颌前伸矫治器是治疗轻、中度OSAHS的有效方法,通过前移下颌而使上气道特别是口咽部间隙增宽。本文对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)患者使用下颌前伸矫治器时上气道形状变化特点及其研究方法作一综述。     

可调式下颌前移矫治器治疗OSAHS的临床疗效评价

目的探讨下颌前移矫治器治疗中重度OSAHS的疗效。方法选取20例中重度OSAHS患者,男19例,女1例,平均年龄54±12岁,采用下颌前移矫治器治疗,观察时间半年,分别做治疗前后上气道测量、多导睡眠监测及Epworth评估。对治疗前后结果进行统计学处理。结果戴用下颌前移矫治器后头颅侧位片显示H-MP由19.2±5.17mm降为15.25±6.20mm,P<0.05,H-C3由39.40±4.18mm增加为41.80±4.30mm,P<0.05;UPW-PNS、SPP-SPPW、Mc1-Mc2、U-MPW及PAS均增加,P<0.05;多导睡眠监测显示呼吸暂停指数(AI)、低通气、呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)、呼吸性醒觉指数(RAI)、呼吸暂停平均时间MAT及呼吸暂停最长时间LAT;都降低,P<0.05;血氧饱和度及睡眠效率显著增加,P<0.05;Epworth测量表示治疗前平均16±5分。治疗后7±4分,P<0.05。结论下颌前移矫治器能够有效治疗中重度OSAHS患者。     

下颌前移式矫治器治疗鼾症和阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的人群患病率约2%～4%,其特征是睡眠状态中反复发生上气道完全或不完全阻塞而使口鼻无气流通过,有效呼吸障碍,出现间断的低氧血症或合并高碳酸血症、睡眠结构紊乱等,被认为是高血压、心绞痛、脑血管栓塞和夜间猝死的危险因素之一.有效的治疗方法不外乎持续正压通气治疗、外科手术、戴口腔矫治器等手段.而下颌前移式口腔矫治器具有易制作、戴用后易适应及效果较好等优点受到患者和医生的普遍青睐.本文主要介绍了OSAHS的病因机制、临床特点、诊断及下颌前移式矫治器在治疗OSAHS中的临床应用.     

口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床研究

目的评价改良口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的临床疗效。方法采用下颌前移式口腔矫治器治疗24例OSAS患者,治疗前后分别经夜间多导睡眠监测(PSG),比较睡眠呼吸暂停指数(AI)、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)等呼吸紊乱指标的变化。结果治疗前、后患者呼吸暂停指数、呼吸暂停低通气指数、血氧饱和度指标变化差异有显著性(P<0.001),21例呼吸暂停低通气指数下降了50%以上,客观有效率为87.5%。结论改良口腔矫治器是治疗轻、中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的有效方法。     

口腔矫治器治疗OSAHS的临床应用进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）是在睡眠期间反复发生上气道阻塞并引起呼吸暂停及低通气的疾病,发病率较高,存在潜在致死危险。口腔矫治器目前已普遍应用于此病的治疗。本文就口腔矫治器的种类及其治疗OSAHS的机制、疗效、副作用、对机体的影响等进行综述。     

下颌前伸式矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征研究现状及进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）的临床表现为夜间频发的上气道阻塞和呼吸障碍,伴发日间嗜睡、疲倦等。其病因主要是上气道形态的变化和神经肌肉等因素。下颌前伸式矫治器（mandibular advacecment devices,MADs）是治疗轻、中度OSAHS的有效方法,其主要机制改变上气道形态,进而引起上气道流体力学的改变。笔者对下颌前伸式矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低道气综合征的疗效、适应证、副作用、上气道形态变化、矫治器的下颌定位、上气道液体力学改变的研究进行综述。     

口腔功能矫治器对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的上呼吸道影响

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征,是一种常见的呼吸道疾病。而口腔功能性矫治器是其治疗的方法之一,通过口腔矫治器治疗,使患者的上气道解剖发生改变,改善患者的呼吸,从而治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者计算机辅助下颌定位系统的研制与矫治器疗效预测

目的研制适用于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者的计算机辅助下颌前伸定位系统（CAMRS），利用该系统初步判定OSAHS患者的下颌最适前伸距离，预测其口腔矫治器的疗效。方法CAMRS通过计算机控制微型步进电机，借助螺母与螺栓问的相对移动控制下颌前伸，结合多导睡眠图（PSG）监测，对14例OSAHS患者夜间睡眠进行下颌前伸定位和口腔矫治器疗效预测。结果CAMRS运行稳定，能有效前伸下颌，对睡眠干扰小。14例患者随着下颌的逐步前伸，睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）逐步改善，但每例患者的下颌最适前伸距离不同，与其病情的严重程度呈正相关关系（r=0．72747）。结论新研制的CAMRS系统运行稳定有效，对睡眠干扰小。通过该系统可以预先确定OSAHS患者的下颌最适前伸距离，并预测口腔矫治器的疗效。     

A mandibular advancement device reduces sleep disordered breathing in patients with congestive heart failure

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) including obstructive and central sleep apnoea/hypopnoea as well as periodic breathing (PB) is common and is believed to increase risk for mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Mandibular advancement device (MAD) has widely been recommended for treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea but the method has never been investigated for treatment of SDB in the patients with CHF. The aim with the present study was to examine the effect of MAD intervention on SDB in patients with CHF. The study included 17 male patients, aged 68.4+/-5.7 (mean+/-SD) with stable, mild to moderate CHF due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and with SDB, expressed as apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) > or = 10. The SDB was examined during a single night using an unattended, portable polysomnographic device in the patients home, prior to and following intervention with a individually adjusted MAD. The SDB was evaluated by calculating AHI, PB expressed as the percentage of the total registration time, oxygen desaturation index (ODI) and snoring time. The AHI was reduced by MAD intervention from 25.1+/-9.4 to 14.7+/-9.7 (p=0.003). ODI reduced from 21.1+/-9.0 to 10.5+/-7.8 (p=0.007) and snoring time decreased from 53+/-111 to 18+/-47 seconds (p=0.02). PB was reduced from 55.7+/-25.6 to 40.4+/-26.4 per cent without statistical significance. In conclusion, the MAD intervention may be a feasible method for reducing SDB in patients with stable, mild to moderate CHF and left ventricular systolic dysfunction.     

Volumetric three-dimensional computed tomographic evaluation of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome treated by maxillomandibular advancement

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is the periodic reduction or cessation of airflow during sleep together with daytime sleepiness. Its diagnosis requires polysomnographic evidence of 5 or more episodes of apnoea or hypopnoea/hour of sleep (apnoea/hypopnoea index, AHI). Volumetric 3-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstruction enables the accurate measurement of the volume of the airway. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the conventional non-surgical treatment for patients with severe disease. Operations on the soft tissues that are currently available give success rates of only 40%-60%. Maxillomandibular advancement is currently the most effective craniofacial surgical technique for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. However, the appropriate distance for advancement has not been established. Expansion of the air-flow column volume did not result in an additional reduction in AHI, which raises the important issue of how much the maxillomandibular complex should be advanced to obtain an adequate reduction in AHI while avoiding the risks of overexpansion or underexpansion. We have shown that there is a significant linear relation between increased absolute upper airway volume after advancement and improvement in the AHI (p=0.013). However, increases in upper airway volume of 70% or more achieved no further reduction in the AHI, which suggests that the clinical improvement in AHI reaches a plateau, and renders further expansion unnecessary. This gives a new perspective to treatment based on the prediction of changes in volume, so the amount of sagittal advancement can be tailored in each case, which replaces the current standard of 1 cm.     

双颌前徙术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征及长期稳定性的研究

目的采用双颌前徙术治疗中度到重度的中国阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructivesleepapnea-hypopneasyndrome,OSAHS）患者,评估术后效果、治病机理及长期稳定性。方法应用双颌前徙术治疗的中度到重度OSAHS患者共9人。患者分别于T1（术前3个月内）、T2（术后3～6个月）及T3（术后最长随访期,至少1年以上）分别进行多导睡眠图仪检查、拍摄头颅定位侧位x线片进行x线头影测量及三维螺旋CT上气道重建。结果9名患者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（apneaandhypopneaindex,AHI）在T1为49．5次／／l,时,T2为7．8次／小时,T3为8．5次／11,时;睡眠时最低血氧饱和度（10westoxygensaturation,I。SAT）在T1为70．2％,T2为91．8％,T3为90．3％。通过术后长期随访,患者颌骨的位置及上气道各层面的测量值相对稳定,主观症状的改善也表现出很好的稳定性。结论双颌前徙术非常适用于治疗上下颌骨发育不足的OSAHS患者,术后长期随访显示双颔前徘术治疗OSAHS具有较好的长期稳宁件．     

Sleep bruxism in patients with sleep-disordered breathing

The aim was to test the hypothesis of a direct association between sleep-disordered breathing and sleep bruxism. The frequency of masseter contraction (MC) episodes and rhythmic jaw movements (RJM) was measured in patients with mild and moderate obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The diagnosis of sleep bruxism was made from a combination of questionnaire, clinical observation and all-night polysomnographic recording which included masseter electromyography. A total of 21 patients (19 males/two females, mean age 40.0 years+/-9.2 SD) were randomly selected from a provisional diagnosis of snoring and OSA by a sleep physician. In the patients with mild OSA [n=11, mean apnoea hypopnoea index (AHI)=8.0+/-4.1 SD, body mass index (BMI)=29.1+/-5.0], the diagnosis of sleep bruxism was made in six out of 11 patients (54%); similarly, four out of 10 patients (40%) with moderate OSA (n=10, mean AHI=34.7+/-19.1, BMI=30.6+/-5.0) were identified as bruxists. Although the combination of clinical, subjective estimation and nocturnal electromyographic recording of masseter muscle might provide a more solid base for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, the result is biased by the variation in the bruxing activity. MC episodes were associated with the termination of apnoea or hypopnoea episodes in only 3.5% of the mild group and 14.4% of the moderate group (p<0.05). It appears that sleep bruxism is rarely directly associated with apnoeic events, but is rather related to the disturbed sleep of OSA patients.     

A thermoplastic mandibular advancement device for the management of non-apnoeic snoring: a randomized controlled trial

This randomized, controlled, crossover trial assessed the effectiveness of an adjustable, thermoplastic, mandibular advancement device (MAD), the TheraSnore, in the management of non-apnoeic snoring. Twenty-three adults who had been referred for a MAD wore the appliance in both a non-advanced and advanced position for 4-6 weeks: the starting position of the MAD was randomized. The outcomes were assessed at baseline and after each phase of MAD wear using questionnaires [(Epworth Sleepiness Scale, snoring history, sleep disturbance, side-effects of the appliance) and a visual analogue scale (daytime sleepiness)]. Eleven subjects had overnight sleep studies at baseline and with the appliance in each position to assess snoring frequency (snores/hour), oxygen saturation, and apnoea hypopnoea index. Supine radiographs were used to examine the oropharyngeal airway at baseline and in response to both appliance positions. In comparison with the non-advanced appliance, the advanced MAD reduced the snores per hour from a median of 398 to 17 (P = 0.002). Sleeping partners reported a marked improvement in their own daytime tiredness (P = 0.002) and sleep disturbance (P = 0.001) when the subject wore the active appliance. The most common side-effect was a dry mouth and 64 per cent of subjects considered the appliance bulky. Radiographic analysis revealed significant vertical opening associated with the appliance and small but significant post-lingual changes with protrusion. The results suggest that the advanced TheraSnore MAD is effective in the treatment of snoring in two out of three non-apnoeic snorers, their sleeping partners derive benefits from this form of treatment, and that complaints of bulkiness and dry mouth may to be related to the inherent vertical opening of the TheraSnore.     

Changes in facial appearance after maxillomandibular advancement for severe obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome in Chinese patients: a subjective and objective evaluation

This study evaluates the outcome and change in facial appearance after maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) in Chinese adults with severe obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS). Twelve patients underwent MMA with adjunctive procedures for severe OSAHS. All underwent physical examination, Epworth Sleepiness Scale evaluation, cephalometry, polysomnography, and facial photographic assessment before and 6 months after MMA. The aesthetic plane (relationship of nose, lips, and chin) was used to judge soft tissue facial profile change after MMA. Postoperative cephalometric data were compared with normal occlusive standards and aesthetic norms. Pre- and postoperative aesthetic appearance was evaluated by 100 lay people using a 10-point visual analogue scale. The maxillomandibular complex (MMC) was advanced 5-10mm (mean 7.4mm). The success rate was 83%. All patients were satisfied with the functional and aesthetic results. Postoperative SNA, SNB, and posterior airway space increased and mandibular plane-to-hyoid distance decreased significantly in all patients. The lower lip was closer to EP than the preoperative and normal occlusive standard. In 11 of 12 patients, the lay aesthetic scores were significantly higher postoperatively. MMA is effective for Chinese adults with severe OSAHS. In most patients, facial appearance was more attractive after MMC advancement of 5-10mm.     

Increased phosphatidylcholine concentration in saliva reduces surface tension and improves airway patency in obstructive sleep apnoea

Surface tension may have important role for maintaining upper airway patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. It has been demonstrated that elevated surface tension increases the pharyngeal pressures required to reopen the upper airway following collapse. The aim of the study was to evaluate the associations between the concentrations of endogenous surfactants in saliva with indices of upper airway patency in obstructive sleep apnoea. We studied 20 male patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (age: 60·3 ± 10·3 years; BMI: 25·9 ± 4·6 kg m^?2; AHI: 41·5 ± 18·6 events h^?1). We obtained 100‐μL samples of saliva prior to overnight polysomnographic sleep study. The surface tension was determined using the pull‐off force technique. The concentration of phosphatidylcholine (PC) was evaluated by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Regression analysis between apnoea, hypopnoea and apnoea/hypopnoea indices and the ratio of hypopnoea time/total disordered breathing time (HT/DBT) with surface tension and PC were performed. P < 0·05 was considered significant. The mean saliva surface tension was 48·8 ± 8·0 mN m^?1 and PC concentration was 15·7 ± 11·1 nM. The surface tension was negatively correlated with the PC concentration (r = ?0·48, P = 0·03). There was a significant positive correlation between surface tension with hypopnoea index (r = 0·50, P = 0·03) and HT/DBT (r = 0·6, P = 0·006), but not apnoea or apnoea/hypopnoea index (P > 0·11). Similarly, PC concentration negatively correlated with hypopnoea index (r = ?0·45, P = 0·04) and HT/DBT (r = ?0·6, P = 0·004), but not with apnoea index or AHI (P > 0·08). An increase in salivary PC concentration may increase upper airway patency in obstructive sleep apnoea through a reduction in surface tension.     

Patient-reported outcome measures following maxillomandibular advancement surgery in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome

Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) is an effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) that is refractory to conventional treatment. However, it is a highly invasive procedure with several recognised side effects, and we know of few data on its effect on important patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS). Here we describe a case series of patients selected for MMA through our joint respiratory/maxillofacial surgery clinic, detailing the effect of MMA on objective physiological measurements and important PROMS. Patients with confirmed moderate/severe symptomatic OSAS who could not tolerate continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mandibular advancement devices (MAD) were assessed in the clinic for consideration of MMA. Preoperative and postoperative airway measurements, apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score, and quality of life (10-point Likert scale), were recorded. A customised questionnaire was administered postoperatively to assess selected psychosocial and functional domains (sleep quality, energy levels, appearance, ability to perform daily activities, and mood) and patient satisfaction using five-point Likert scales. Over an 18 month period, 39 patients were referred for consideration of MMA. Ten patients (7 men and 3 women, mean age 49.9, mean BMI 27.5) underwent surgery, which resulted in significant improvements in ESS, quality of life, AHI, and airway diameters. All patients reported improvements in all psychosocial/functional domains except appearance, in which five reported no change or worsened appearance. All subjects felt that MMA provided better symptom control than CPAP. The most commonly reported side effects were facial/lip numbness (9/10) and affected bite (6/10). MMA resulted in significant improvements in ESS, quality of life, and a range of PROMS, with a high level of patient satisfaction.     

The effect of mandibular advancement device on pharyngeal airway dimension in patients with congestive heart failure treated for sleep apnoea

Continues positive airway pressure (CPAP) is recommended for treatment of sleep apnoea (SA) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) but is not easily tolerated resulting in poor patient compliance. Mandibular advancement device (MAD) is designed to inhibit pharyngeal airway (PAW) obstruction and may be a valuable alternative. It has been proposed that MAD exerts its effect by increasing PAW dimensions. This has not, however, been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of MAD on PAW dimensions and SA in patients with CHF. Seventeen CHF-patients with mild to moderate heart failure, aged 68 +/- 6 years, (mean +/- SD), range 54-75 years, with sleep apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) > or = 10 were evaluated. PAW dimensions were studied with and without the MAD, using lateral radiographs in supine position. Nocturnal breathing patterns were studied using a portable polysomnographic device during a single night with and without MAD. A reduction of AHI > or = 30% (arbitrary level) for each individual was regarded as a successful treatment. Mean AHI was reduced from 25.1 +/- 9.4 to 14.7 +/- 9.7 (p = 0.003). The PAW increased in its inferior section in 13 patients (p = 0.0001). AHI decreased > or = 30% in 9 patients (p = 0.003) of whom 8 showed increased PAW dimensions. Reduction of AHI was not significantly related to increased PAW dimensions. In conclusion MAD increased PAW dimensions and reduced SA in patients with CHF. The results may indicate that MAD reduces SA by other mechanism than increasing PAW dimensions.