高分辨率磁共振血管壁成像在脑动脉夹层分离诊断中的价值

目的 探讨高分辨率磁共振(high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HR-MRI)血管 壁成像对脑动脉夹层分离(cerebral artery dissection,CAD)的诊断价值.方法 回顾性纳入确诊为CAD且完成CT血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)、磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)、数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)和HR-MRI检查的患者,比较和分析4种影像学技术对CAD的检出率和诊断价值.结果 共纳入15例患者,其中颈内动脉夹层分离5例,椎动脉夹层分离7例,大脑中动脉夹层分离2例,基底动脉夹层分离1例.HR-MRI可见壁内血肿11例,内膜瓣9例,双腔征3例,假性动脉瘤2例.15例CAD患者共检出CAD18处,HR-MRI、DSA、CTA和MRA分别检出17处(94.44％)、14处(77.78％)、5处(27.78％)和6处(33.33％),检出率存在显著差异(x2=24.939,P＜0.001),HR-MRI(P均＜0.01)和DSA(P均＜0.05)检出率均显著高于CTA和MRA,但HR-MRI与DSA之间无显著差异.结论 HR-MRI是一种敏感性较高的CAD诊断方法.     

Multimodality Imaging of Carotid Stenosis

Four diagnostic modalities are used to image the following internal carotid artery: digital subtraction angiography (DSA), duplex ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The aim of this article is to describe the potentials of these techniques and to discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Invasive DSA is still considered the gold standard and is an indivisible part of the carotid stenting procedure. DUS is an inexpensive but operator-dependent tool with limited visibility of the carotid artery course. Conversely, CTA and MRA allow assessment of the carotid artery from the aortic arch to intracranial parts. The disadvantages of CTA are radiation and iodine contrast medium administration. MRA is without radiation but contrast-enhanced MRA is more accurate than noncontrast MRA. The choice of methods depends on the clinical indications and the availability of methods in individual centers. However, the general approach to patient with suspected carotid artery stenosis is to first perform DUS and then other noninvasive methods such as CTA, MRA, or transcranial Doppler US.     

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??Abstract??Cervicocranial arterial dissection (CAD) is a common cause of stroke??especially in young adults.Along with clinical symptoms and signs??neuroimaging method is crucial to the diagnosis of CAD.Digital subtraction angiography is gradually being supplanted by noninvasive approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)??magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)??computed tomographic angiography (CTA).In this article??we review the imaging diagnosis of CAD.     

Comparison of three-dimensional volume-targeted thin-slab FIESTA magnetic resonance angiography and 64-multidetector computed tomographic angiography for the identification of proximal coronary stenosis

Background

Based on recent clinical data, an imaging strategy of identifying proximal coronary disease allows further management decisions in patients with stable angina pectoris. We aimed to compare diagnostic accuracy of non-contrast fast steady-state (FIESTA) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with 64-multidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA), using conventional coronary angiography (CA) as the reference standard.

Methods

Thirty patients with suspected coronary artery disease consented to participate in an institutional review board-approved protocol. Coronary MRA was performed at 1.5 T using a respiratory navigator and electrocardiogram-gated three-dimensional FIESTA pulse sequence. CTA images were acquired using a 64-multidetector computed tomographic scanner, using beta blockade to reduce the heart rate to less than 70 bpm. Coronary luminal stenosis > 50% was identified. Plaques were classified as non-calcified, mixed, or calcified on CTA, and as high-, intermediate-, or low-signal on FIESTA MRA.

Results

Compared to CA, the sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy for detection of > 50% proximal coronary stenoses were 83.0%, 86.9%, and 86.1% for MRA and 85.1%, 87.2%, and 86.8% for CTA, respectively. For the 24 calcified stenoses, MRA corrected 16 segments that overestimated on CTA and MRA had an accuracy of 75% in evaluating calcified plaques.

Conclusions

High-resolution three-dimensional FIESTA MRA and CTA have a similar accuracy in detecting proximal coronary stenosis. The clinical impact of identification of proximal disease in patients with stable CAD needs to be examined in future studies.     

脑血管成像技术在动脉瘤诊断中的临床价值

目的　探讨不同脑血管成像检查方法CTA、MRA和DSA在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)中诊断动脉瘤的临床价值。方法　 4 0例蛛网膜下腔出血患者行DSA检查的同时行CTA或MRA检查 ,其中CTA检查2 3例 ,MRA检查 17例 ,并对其检查结果进行分析。结果　 4 0例蛛网膜下腔出血患者中DSA检查共检出动脉瘤 2 5个 ,CTA和MRA共漏诊其中的 8个动脉瘤 ;CTA检出DSA漏诊的 2个动脉瘤 ;所有脑血管成像检查中漏诊的 10个动脉瘤中有 8个其直径小于 3mm。结论　DSA是诊断动脉瘤的最佳检查方法 ;非侵入性检查方法CTA和MRA是DSA的重要补充检查手段 ;小动脉瘤 (直径≤ 3mm)容易被漏诊。     

Prognostication of cardiac CT angiography

The rapidly emerging technique of cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) has enabled the anatomical assessment of coronary artery disease. CTA has very good diagnostic accuracy with the ability to detect nonobstructive from obstructive coronary artery disease and provides information on the presence of coronary artery calcification as well as on left ventricular function. Over the last few years, many prognostic studies have reviewed the outcome benefit of different scoring indices in predicting hard cardiac events. The following article will review the most recent literature available on the use of CTA in measuring luminal stenoses, identifying high-risk obstructive CAD, calcium plaque score, and LV function all in different models with their impact on the estimation of clinical risk. More recent data from a large multicenter registry supports the incremental benefit of CAD severity and LVEF as independent predictors of prognosis. Future directions and emerging applications such as the utility of CTA combined with perfusion analysis may lead to a new anatomical-functional diagnostic test that may provide optimal noninvasive assessment of coronary artery anatomy and be superior to invasive coronary angiography.     

Multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography: anatomic vs functional assessment in clinical practice.

Non-invasive imaging plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease (CAD). Several techniques such as stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging have become available to assess cardiac function and myocardial perfusion. With the arrival of multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA), non-invasive imaging of coronary anatomy has also become possible. Studies concerning the diagnostic accuracy have demonstrated a good agreement with conventional coronary angiography resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of approximately 86% and 96%, respectively. The high negative predictive value of 97% renders it particularly useful to rule out the presence of CAD in patients with an intermediate pretest likelihood. Moreover, comparative studies have demonstrated that anatomic imaging with CTA may provide information complementary to the traditionally used techniques for functional assessment. From these studies can be derived that only approximately 50% of significant stenoses on CTA are functionally relevant; a large proportion of significant (>50%) lesions on CTA does not result in perfusion abnormalities. Alternatively, many patients with a normal perfusion CTA show considerable atherosclerosis on CTA. Therefore, the combined use of these techniques may enhance the assessment of the presence and extent of CAD. In the future diagnostic algorithms, combining non-invasive anatomic and functional imaging need to be evaluated in large patient populations to establish their efficacy, safety, and cost effectiveness. Importantly, these investigations should result in the development of comprehensive guidelines on the use of CTA in clinical practice as well.     

Myocardial perfusion by CT versus hybrid imaging

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a reliable diagnostic test for the anatomic diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Although coronary CTA shows high sensitivity and negative predictive value for detecting stenosis greater than or equal to 50% diameter, it is limited in its ability to diagnose myocardial ischemia. Advances in computed tomography (CT) technology alone and technology that hybridizes CT with single-photon emission CT and positron emission tomography allow for the combined anatomic and physiologic diagnosis of CAD. This article summarizes these combined technologies, emphasizing the merits and limitations of each technology and their clinical implications.     

43例表现为脑梗死的自发性脑动脉夹层分离的血管影像学表现

目的分析表现为脑梗死的自发性脑动脉夹层分离（caebralaralarty dissection,CAD）的血管影像学表现,探讨其影像学特征。方法回顾表现为脑梗死的自发性CAD患者的影像学和临床资料,分析不同部位CAD在各项血管影像学检查中的特征性表现,并加以归纳总结。结果43例CAD患者纳入研究,男性28例,女性15...     

CT血管成像与MR血管成像对颅内动脉瘤诊断价值的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析,比较CT血管成像（CTA）与MR血管成像（MRA）对颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值。方法检索维普中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、数字化期刊数据库、PubMed、EMBASE、Web of Science、Cochrane Library,按照纳入标准筛选关于CTA和MRA对颅内动脉瘤诊断的研究,检索时间均由建库至2012年4月。采用Metadisc 1.4软件对数据进行分析,计算诊断的敏感度、特异度、比值比（OR）及95%CI,异质性采用I2检验分析,绘制出汇总受试者工作特征曲线（SROC）,并计算曲线下面积。结果共纳入6篇符合标准的文章（均为前瞻性研究）,合计370例患者。Meta分析结果示,CTA对颅内动脉瘤诊断的敏感度为0.91（95%CI：0.87～0.94）,特异度为0.92（95%CI：0.86～0.96）,OR为78.29（95%CI：28.27～216.77）,SROC曲线下面积为0.9593。MRA诊断的敏感度为0.85（95%CI：0.80～0.89）,特异度为0.92（95%CI：0.86～0.96）,OR为41.94（95%CI：18.50～95.09）,SROC曲线下面积为0.9304。结论 CTA对于颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值高于MRA。但仍需大样本的研究进一步加以证实。     

A Computed Tomography Protocol to Evaluate Coronary Artery Disease Before Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

BackgroundTranscatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) computed tomographic angiography (CTA) images can be used to evaluate coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of consecutive TAVR patients from November 2019 to February 2021 to evaluate TAVR CTA assessment of CAD on the rate of pre-TAVR invasive angiography. Patients had CTA first or invasive angiography first at the discretion of their treating physicians. TAVR CTA scans were categorised as normal/mild CAD, single-vessel disease, high risk (multivessel or left main disease), or nondiagnostic in patients without previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and as low risk or high risk in patients with previous CABG. Invasive angiography was recommended before TAVR for high-risk or nondiagnostic CTA findings.ResultsTAVR was performed on 354 patients; CTA first was performed in 273 and invasive angiography first in 81. Among 231 patients without previous CABG who had CTA first, 22.1% (51/231) had pre-TAVR invasive angiography and 1.3% (3/231) had pre-TAVR revascularisation. Normal/mild CAD or single-vessel disease was found on CTA in 174 patients, of whom 0.5% (1/174) had high-risk disease on invasive angiography. Among 42 patients with previous CABG who had CTA first, 14.3% (6/42) had pre-TAVR invasive angiography and 2.4% (1/42) had pre-TAVR revascularisation.ConclusionTAVR CTA CAD evaluation can avoid pre-TAVR invasive angiography in more than 70% of patients while rarely missing high risk findings. A CTA-first strategy to assess CAD should be considered, especially among patients where conservative management of CAD is preferred.     

Coronary CT Angiography as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool: Perspective from a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial: PROMISE

The PROMISE (Prospective multicenter imaging study for evaluation of chest pain) trial compared the effectiveness of coronary CT angiography and functional testing as initial diagnostic test for patients with suspicion for stable coronary artery disease (CAD). With 10,003 patients randomized at 193 sites, the PROMISE trial provides a snapshot of real-world care for this very common presentation. Over a median follow-up of 25 months, PROMISE did not find significant differences in major clinical events (composite endpoint 164 vs. 151, HR 1.04 (0.83–1.29); p?=?0.75) between the two strategies. Other major findings were the large discrepancy between estimates of pre-test likelihood and observed prevalence for obstructive CAD (≥50 %) and the proportion of noninvasive tests positive for ischemia or obstructive CAD (53 vs. 11 %; respectively) and the better efficiency of coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) to select patients for invasive coronary angiography (ICA) who had obstructive CAD (72 vs. 48 % for coronary CTA and functional testing, respectively). Radiation exposure was higher in the CT arm compared to all functional testing but lower than for nuclear perfusion stress testing. Improvement of patient selection for diagnostic testing and risk stratification will be keys to increase efficacy and efficiency of management of patients with suspicion for stable CAD.     

Prognostic value of coronary CT angiography

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a highly accurate noninvasive test that is increasingly used in symptomatic patients primarily for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Beyond its proven accuracy, data have now clearly demonstrated the incremental prognostic information available from coronary CTA related to the presence, extent, and severity of obstructive and nonobstructive CAD across a variety of clinical settings and patient populations. Current evidence supports the use of coronary CTA not only for the diagnosis of CAD in appropriately selected symptomatic patients but also to further refine their cardiovascular risk assessment following testing.     

64排CT血管成像、磁共振血管成像对头颈部动脉狭窄的诊断价值研究

目的分析64排CT血管成像(CTA)、磁共振血管成像(MRA)对头颈部动脉狭窄的诊断价值。方法收集本院2010年12月—2013年5月收治的经数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查确诊的头颈部动脉狭窄患者59例,并先后行64排CTA、MRA检查。以DSA为金标准,计算64排CTA、MRA及64排CTA与MRA联合诊断头颈部动脉狭窄的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果 64排CTA诊断头颈部动脉狭窄的敏感度为97.32%,特异度为98.22%,阳性预测值为93.97%,阴性预测值为99.23%;MRA诊断头颈部动脉狭窄的敏感度为96.23%,特异度为97.38%,阳性预测值为91.07%,阴性预测值为98.94%;64排CTA与MRA联合诊断头颈部动脉狭窄的敏感度为98.10%,特异度为100.00%,阳性预测值为100.00%,阴性预测值为99.47%。结论 64排CTA、MRA对头颈部动脉狭窄有较高的诊断价值,与DSA相比仅对轻度、中度头颈部动脉狭窄的诊断敏感度较低,64排CTA与MRA联合可提高诊断准确性。     

Imaging the whole body atherosclerosis: high resolution magnetic resonance angiography using blood-pool agent. Initial clinical experience

AIM: Recently whole-body 3D MR angiography (MRA) with blood-pool contrast agent has become available. The purpose of this study was to introduce and evaluate this technique to demonstrate arterial steno-occlusive involvement in systemic atherosclerosis and to compare blood-pool enhanced MRA results with those of CT angiography (CTA) as reference modality. METHODS: Twenty patients with clinically and US documented carotid occlusive disease underwent whole-body MRA on a 1.5 T scanner and CTA on a 64-MDCT unit. Ten milliliters of a blood-pool agent (MS-235 Gadofosveset Trisodium, VASOVIST, Schering, Berlin, Germany) were administered intravenously and four 3-D MRA stations were acquired successively through automatic table moving. Images were reviewed by two observers. Overall image quality of each arterial segment was assessed and rated for both MRA and CTA examinations; MRA sensitivity, MRA specificity interobserver and intermodality agreement were calculated. RESULTS: Whole-body MRA with blood-pool contrast agent was well tolerated by all patients. It yielded a detailed display of the arterial system with a short examination time. In 14 out of 20 patients there was extensive involvement of the arterial bed by steno-occlusive atherosclerotic disease; for the identification and characterization of vessel damage in the various vascular districts MRA sensitivity was 92-100%, MRA specificity was 95-100%; in 2 cases MRA underestimated the degree of peripheral vessel stenosis. Interobserver agreement calculated with K value was 0.63, intermodality agreement with CTA was 93% (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The whole-body MRA technique is a valuable tool for comprehensive evaluation of arterial steno-occlusive involvement in systemic arterial atherosclerosis; there is a good agreement between blood-pool enhanced MRA results and CTA, used as modality of reference.     

Influence of coronary computed tomographic angiography on patient treatment and prognosis in patients with suspected stable angina pectoris

We evaluated the influence of coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) as a first-line diagnostic test on patient treatment and prognosis. A total of 1,055 consecutive patients with suspected stable angina pectoris (mean age 55 ± 10 years, 56% women) and a low to intermediate pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) were included in the present study. The patients were followed for a median of 18 months. The use of downstream diagnostic testing and medical therapy after CTA were recorded. The CTA result was normal in 49%, and nonobstructive and obstructive CAD (≥50% stenosis) was demonstrated in 31% and 15% of the patients, respectively. Coronary CTA was inconclusive in 5% of the patients. The use of antiplatelet therapy decreased with normal findings from CTA, and the use of antiplatelet and lipid-lowering agents increased in patients with CAD. Additional testing was performed in 2% of patients with normal CTA findings and in 7% and 82% of patients with nonobstructive or obstructive CAD, respectively. No patients without CAD, 0.9% of patients with nonobstructive CAD, and 1.9% of patients with obstructive CAD met the primary end point (cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction, p = 0.008). No patients without CAD, 1.5% of patients with nonobstructive CAD, and 30% patients with obstructive CAD met the secondary end point (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization, p <0.0001). In conclusion, in patients suspected of having angina, the findings from CTA influence patient treatment without resulting in excessive additional testing. Coronary CTA provides important prognostic information, with excellent intermediate-term outcomes in patients with normal CTA findings.     

Planning percutaneous coronary interventions using computed tomography angiography and fractional flow reserve‐derived from computed tomography: A state‐of‐the‐art review

Fractional flow reserve derived by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA; FFRCT) is an accurate noninvasive method for identifying coronary artery disease (CAD) and detecting hemodynamically significant stenosis. Although initially proposed as noninvasive tools to “rule out” significant CAD in low‐risk patients, CTA and FFRCT are now utilized in higher‐risk patients. Furthermore, new applications of CTA and FFRCT include a planning tool for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which allows the cardiologist to assess lesion‐specific ischemia, plan stent locations and sizes, and use virtual remodeling of the lumen (virtual stenting) to assess the functional impact of PCI. The purpose of this review is to discuss the principles of CTA and FFRCT acquisition, and their application for PCI planning, even before invasive angiography is performed.     

下肢缺血的影像学评估及新进展

下肢缺血的诊断和治疗依赖于精确的影像学评估。传统影像学评估主要包括双相超声、动脉内数字减影血管造影、计算机断层扫描血管造影和磁共振血管造影。它们都主要针对肢体缺血病变的血管解剖结构进行评估。近年来一些针对缺血区域血流灌注情况评估的影像学方法逐渐被应用在外周动脉疾病的诊断和指导治疗中,包括激光多普勒血流仪、高光谱成像、吲哚氰绿血管造影等。改善的传统成像技术与新兴的灌注影像学方法为下肢缺血的诊断和治疗提供了新的思路,两者结合具有重要的临床价值。     

Costs in follow-up of endovascularly repaired abdominal aortic aneurysms. Magnetic resonance imaging with MR angiography versus EUROSTAR protocols.

AIM: Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) necessitates a long-term follow-up. These patients are often old and renal insufficiency is not unusual. Cost-effectiveness needs to be addressed in evaluating methods of follow-up. The aim of this study was to compare costs of 5 years follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging with contrast enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (MRI/MRA) with follow-up using CT with DSA, or CTA. We also assessed the impact of contrast media induced (CMI) nephropathy on follow-up costs. METHODS: We have implemented Swedish costs of CT with DSA, and CTA on the reported follow-up examinations from the EUROSTAR progress report 2000. The costs of follow-up with CT with DSA, or CTA were compared to a follow-up protocol with MRI/MRA. A cost analysis including a risk analysis of CMI nephropathy was made between MRI/MRA and CT with DSA, or CTA. RESULTS: Excluding the risk of CMI nephropathy, the 5 years follow-up cost in Euro ( ) with MRI/MRA ( 5715) is substantially higher than CT with DSA ( 3 095) or CTA ( 3573). The cost analysis favours MRI/MRA if the risk of CMI nephropathy from CT with DSA, or CTA is more than 5%. CONCLUSION: MRI/MRA can be cost-effective for follow-up of endovascularly repaired AAA depending on the risk of CMI nephropathy for CT with DSA, and CTA. MRI/MRA should be the method of choice for patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency.     

Is coronary magnetic resonance angiography already a clinically useful diagnostic tool?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the evaluation of coronary arteries non-invasively and without the use of ionizing radiation. Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is technically demanding due to the small size, tortuous course, and bulk motion of the coronary arteries as well as signal from surrounding epicardial fat and myocardium. In comparison to invasive x-ray coronary angiography not all coronary artery segments can be assessed by coronary MRA. At present the diagnostic accuracy of coronary MRA for detection of significant stenosis in coronary arteries is suboptimal. The presence of coronary anomalies and the patency of aortocoronary bypass grafts can be assessed by MRA with high diagnostic accuracy. The combination of coronary MRA with other MRI techniques for detection of ischemia has the potential to be of clinical value in the diagnostic work-up of patients with coronary artery disease.