经肛门内镜显微手术在直肠肿瘤切除中的应用

目的 评估经肛门内镜显微手术（TEM）治疗直肠肿瘤的近期疗效,并对创面缝合方法进行探讨.方法 对经TEM治疗的19例直肠肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组患者中直肠良性肿瘤13例,直肠类癌2例,T1期直肠癌1例,T2期直肠癌3例.手术时间为40~100（平均58.3） min,其中10例未予以创面缝合,6例采用连续缝合后银夹固定,3例采用强生自动打结线盒缝合.所有肿瘤均获完整切除,切缘阴性.术后1例患者少量出血,2例出现低热 未见切口并发症及肛门功能障碍.随访中除1例腺瘤恶变患者可疑复发外,余未见复发及其他异常.结论 TEM治疗直肠肿瘤的安全有效 为直肠肿瘤局部切除提供了一种新的选择.     

经肛门内镜显微手术在直肠肿瘤治疗中的应用

相对直肠肿瘤的根治性切除术而言．直肠肿瘤局部切除因同时兼有手术创伤小、风险低、康复快、能保肛且术后无性功能和泌尿功能障碍等多项优点而受到患者和医生的欢迎。然而,由于直肠特殊的解剖位置,某些部位的直肠肿瘤采用局部切除术在技术上有一定的困难和风险。     

经肛门内镜显微手术切除直肠肿瘤的近况

经肛门内镜显微手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery, TEM)是一种对直肠中、上段,乙状结肠下段肿瘤有效、安全、可行性强的外科切除技术,由Buess设计发明,并于1983年首次报道.TEM符合肿瘤学原则,对严格选择的病例可取得和传统手术相仿甚至更好的效果,且住院时间短,并发症少.本文对TEM的特殊器械及手术方法、适应证、临床应用结果、并发症等进行综述,并对笔者的初步经验进行概括.     

经肛门内镜显微手术在直肠肿瘤局部切除术中的应用

目的初步评价经肛门内镜显微手术(transanalendoscopicmicrosurgery,TEM)在直肠肿瘤局部切除术中的应用。方法2006年4月至9月对8例直肠肿瘤患者采用TEM行局部切除术。术前根据直肠腔内超声肿瘤分期uT0期6例,uTis期和uT1期各1例。肿瘤距肛缘距离平均7(4~9)cm;肿瘤直径平均1.5(1~2.5)cm;肿瘤占据肠腔周径比例平均20%(10%~30%)。结果8例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除(粘膜下切除3例,全层切除5例),各切缘均阴性。手术时间平均50(40~60)min;术中平均出血量30(10~50)ml。术后住院天数平均5(2~7)d。无一例出现手术并发症。术后病理分期pT0期5例,pTis期、pT1期和pT2期各1例。8例术后随访平均3(1~5)个月,肿瘤无局部复发。结论TEM显露良好、切除精确,手术安全、创伤小,经严格选择病例可用于良性直肠肿瘤和早期直肠癌的彻底切除。     

经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠肿瘤12例

为探讨经肛门内镜显微手术（TEM）治疗直肠肿瘤的手术效果,回顾分析12例行TEM的直肠肿瘤患者资料。结果显示,12例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除,平均手术时间90min（60-200min）。无术后出血、吻合口感染、吻合口漏。2例术后肛门轻度疼痛,2例暂时性不完全性肛门失禁。术后病理示9例腺瘤（管状腺瘤3例,绒毛状腺瘤4例,管状绒毛状腺瘤2例,其中2例伴高级别上皮内瘤变）,1例肌层内有钙化灶,1例直肠黏膜炎性组织,1例低危间质瘤（直径〈1．0cm）。随访1～12个月,1例管状腺瘤患者于术后3个月局部复发。结果表明,TEM治疗良性直肠腺瘤和早期直肠癌安全、有效。     

经肛门内镜下直肠肿瘤显微手术

经肛门内镜下显微手术是一种新的有效的直肠肿瘤的局部治疗方法。本文对该手术的器械组成、一般手术技术、适应证、病人选择、使用评价等诸方面加以综述。     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤

经肛门内镜微创手术（transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM）是一种经肛门切除肿瘤的微创保肛手术方法,集内镜、腹腔镜和显微手术三种技术特点于一身,在手术时间、出血量、术后镇痛、平均住院时间方面均显著优于经腹手术,较传统的局部切除术具有明显的优点。     

经肛门内镜显微手术

局部切除术在直肠肿瘤的现代治疗中起着有限的但又十分重要的作用。由于其具有创伤小，保留肛门括约肌功能，消除永久性肠造口所带来的极大不便等优点，因而越来越受到重视和欢迎。对于某些经严格选择的病例，如直肠腺瘤或早期直肠癌，局部切除术甚至可以代替传统的根治性手术。经肛门内镜显微手术（transanal endoscopic microsurgery，TEM）是一种治疗直肠肿瘤相对较新的，经内镜能完成切除、止血、缝合等系列操作的微创外科技术，不同于传统的经肛门切除术和一般的内镜下肿瘤电切术。其兼备内镜、腹腔镜和显微手术的优点，微创、显露良好，切除精确，能切除较高部位的直肠肿瘤，并能获取高质量的肿瘤标本用于准确的病理分期。     

经肛门内镜显微手术切除直肠肿瘤

目的评价经肛门内镜显微手术(TEM)切除直肠绒毛状腺瘤和早期直肠癌的应用效果。方法分析我院总结1995年11月至2001年12月27例TEM手术的临床资料。结果本组患者肿瘤直径中位值2.5cm,肿瘤下缘与齿状线距离(8.9±3.4)cm,肿瘤侵犯直肠周径范围(35.7±17.5)%。平均手术时间(109±46)min。平均住院日4.5d。无围手术期死亡。手术并发症有尿潴留、暂时性大便失禁和慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)复发。术中2例切穿至腹腔,即刻内镜下修补成功。切缘100%瘤细胞阴性。病理示直肠绒毛状腺瘤14例、直肠腺癌13例,后者包括pTis2例,pT16例和pT25例。直肠癌腔内超声肿瘤T分期符合率为84.6%。5例pT2中2例中转前切除术,1例接受术后放疗,2例无附加任何治疗。平均随访18个月,所有病例无局部复发。死亡2例,但无复发迹象。结论TEM易行且安全,是直肠绒毛状腺瘤和部分T1直肠癌的治愈性手术,也可作为T2直肠癌的姑息性治疗手段。     

经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠神经内分泌肿瘤

目的探讨经肛门内镜显微手术(TEM)直肠全层切除治疗直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院2006年12月至2015年12月间74例采用TEM治疗的直肠神经内分泌肿瘤患者。收集患者的一般资料、肿瘤特点、手术情况、术后病理及随访结果。结果其中50例患者行原发病灶切除,24例患者因结肠镜下切除后标本切缘不清或阳性行二次手术。肿瘤直径平均(1.02±0.43)cm,距离肛缘(7.9±1.7)cm。平均手术时间(58.7±12.1)min,平均术中出血量(13.1±5.0)ml。所有标本基底和侧切缘均阴性。平均随访3.6年,无肿瘤复发。结论 TEM可以作为直径较小的中上段直肠神经内分泌肿瘤手术治疗的首选。     

Local excision of rectal tumours by transanal endoscopic microsurgery

BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) allows locally complete excision of rectal tumours and provides an alternative to conventional surgery for benign tumours. However, its role in the curative treatment of invasive carcinoma is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the morbidity and long-term results for rectal tumours excised by TEM. METHODS: Between February 1993 and January 2005, 200 patients underwent TEM for excision of adenomas (148) or carcinomas (52). The median tumour distance from the anal verge was 8 (range 1-16) cm. RESULTS: Mortality and morbidity rates were 0.5 and 14.0 per cent respectively. At a median follow-up of 33 (range 2-133) months, local recurrence had developed in 11 patients (7.6 per cent) with an adenoma. Histological examination of carcinomas revealed pathological tumour (pT) stage 1 in 31 patients, pT2 in 17 and pT3 in four. Immediate salvage surgery was performed in seven patients (13 per cent). At a median follow-up of 34 (range 1-102) months, eight patients (15 per cent) with carcinomas had developed local recurrence. The overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates for patients with carcinomas were 76 and 65 per cent respectively. CONCLUSION: TEM is an appropriate surgical treatment option for benign rectal tumours. For carcinomas, it is oncologically safe provided that resection margins are clear, but strict patient selection is required.     

Follow-up after transanal endoscopic microsurgery or transanal excision of large benign rectal polyps

Methods: Between January 1986 and December 1995, 238 patients with benign rectal polyps under-went either transanal endoscopic microsurgery (n = 226) or transanal excision (n = 12) at the Clinic of General and Abdominal Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz. Results: Mean polyp size was 4.2 cm; 89.1% of polyps measured more than 2 cm in diameter. In 89.1% of cases, histological analysis revealed polyps containing tubulovillous or villous adenomas. Synchronous colonic polyps were detected in 12.5% of patients. Follow-up data are available on 222 patients (94%). At follow-up examination, 169 of the 193 surviving patients (87.6%) were recurrence free. Seven of 193 patients (3.6%) had developed neoplastic colonic polyps and, in 17 patients (8.8%), metachronous polyps were detected. Conclusions: Transanal endoscopic microsurgical polypectomy was furthermore demonstrated to be a low-risk procedure with a low recurrence rate for the complete resection of large rectal polyps. At a follow-up rate of 61.1%, the incidence of metachronous carcinoma ranged at 3.1%, which is markedly below the rate of 8–18% for tubulovillous or villous adenomas larger than 1 cm in diameter cited in the literature. Received: 24 October 1997 / Accepted: 13 July 1998     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is superior to transanal excision of rectal adenomas

Aim Comparison of transanal excision (TE) and transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) of rectal adenomas (RA) has rarely been performed. Method From 1990 to 2007, the results of TE (43 RA) and TEM (216 RA) were compared. Rectal adenomas were matched for diameter and distance from the anal verge. Results Operation time was 47.5 min for TE and 35 min for TEM (P < 0.001). Morbidity was 10% after TE and 5.3% after TEM (P < 0.001). Negative resection margins were observed in 50% after TE and 88% after TEM (P < 0.001). Fragmentation of the excised specimen was observed in 23.8% after TE and 1.4% after TEM (P < 0.001). In cases of fragmentation, positive resection margins were observed more frequently. Recurrence was 28.7% after TE and 6.1% after TEM (P < 0.001). After TE, RA with a negative resection margin had a local recurrence rate of 0%, compared with 59.6% with a positive margin (P < 0.001), and after TEM these rates were 3.2 and 7.7% (P = 0.3), respectively. Conclusion Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is superior to transanal excision of RA.     

TEM在直肠肿瘤局部切除中的作用

##正##直肠良性肿瘤需要尽早切除,随着腺瘤直径增大,蜕变成浸润性癌的可能性就增大,复发率也增高,而局部整块切除肿瘤是其理想的根治疗法。传统的局部切除手术方式包括经肛门直接切除术、     

Factors predicting early recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery excision for rectal adenoma

INTRODUCTION: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is an accepted way of excising rectal adenomas with low morbidity and mortality, avoiding major resectional surgery. However, there are no agreed criteria for surveillance following TEM. The purpose of this study was to identify criteria to guide surveillance programmes, thus reducing the surveillance burden for those patients at low risk of recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who had undergone TEM for rectal adenomas were identified, and a retrospective review of patient, pathological and histological parameters was performed. RESULTS: Seventy-five (40 male) patients were identified; median age 70 years (39-85). There were seven tubular, 33 tubulo-villous and 35 villous adenomas. All were considered completely excised by the operating surgeon. Forty-seven (62.7%) were reported as being completely excised histologically. There was no significant association between recurrence at 6 months and sex, age, type or position of adenoma, height above the anal verge, or degree of dysplasia. Recurrence rates at six months were 0% for the completely excised adenomas and 21.4% for the incompletely excised ones; this was statistically significant (Pearson chi(2), P < 0.001). In all there were 12 recurrences, 10 in the incompletely excised group at a median follow up of 31 (6-80) months (P < 0.001). In addition, a significant association for large adenomas to recur was noted at median follow up (Armitage Trend test, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Histological assessment of completeness of excision of rectal adenoma and size of adenoma are important predictors of early recurrence and have potential to guide follow-up strategies after TEM.     

Local excision of rectal schwannoma using transanal endoscopic microsurgery: A case report

INTRODUCTION

Schwannoma is a neoplasm originating from the neural crest cells (schwann cells) that form nerve sheaths. These tumors are thought to be benign with little risk of malignant transformation. They rarely affect the gastrointestinal tract, and primary rectal involvement is extremely rare. Until 2013, only 11 cases of anorectal schwannoma have been reported. Optimal surgical treatment of rectal schwannoma has not been established.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We herein describe a 70-year-old woman with a submucosal tumor arising from the posterior wall of the rectum with features mimicking a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. After discussing the operative procedures and obtaining written informed consent, we attempted local excision of the tumor using a transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). The tumor was proved to be S-100 positive schwannoma on immuhistochemical studies. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and there is no evidence of tumor recurrence as of 6 months after surgical excision.

DISCUSSION

An extremely rare rectal schwannoma was successfully treated using a TEM without compromising anorectal function.

CONCLUSION

TEM is a feasible approach for local excision of rectal tumors with low risk of malignancy.     

直肠肿瘤经肛门内窥镜微创手术后肛门功能测压评估

目的：探讨直肠良性肿瘤及早期直肠癌经肛门内窥镜微创手术（TEM）治疗后对肛门功能的影响。方法：随访2008年2月至2010年2月30例经肛门内窥镜微创术治疗的直肠肿瘤患者,于术前1周,术后2周、3个月、6个月和9个月时采用肛门测压法评估肛门功能。统计数据采用t检验和χ2检验进行比较。结果：30例患者中,术前经活检证实绒毛状腺瘤20例,直肠腺癌10例（T1期8例,T2期2例）,肿瘤距肛缘为5～16 cm。与术前相比,术后3个月平均静息压和最大耐受容量均较术前降低,差异有统计学意义（t=17.4、22.8,P〈0.05）,至术后6个月时恢复正常（t=1.75、0.93,P〉0.05）;缩榨压于术后2周时降低,与术前相比差异有统计学意义（t=24.0,P〈0.05）,术后3个月恢复正常（t=1.65,P〉0.05）;直肠容量感觉阈值于术后6个月内降低,与术前相比差异有统计学意义（t=3.38,P〈0.05）,至术后9个月趋于正常（t=1.40,P〉0.05）。术前有3例未引出直肠肛门抑制反射,术后3个月有14例阴性,差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.93,P〈0.05）,术后6个月下降至4例,与术前相近（χ2=0.16,P〉0.05）。结论：对于直肠良性肿瘤及早期直肠癌患者,采用TEM治疗后9个月起肛门测压结果基本正常,证明TEM不但是一种保肛及微创手术,而且对肛门功能影响很小。