高效液相色谱法测定复方氯霉素酊中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量

本文采用高效液相色谱法同时测定复方氯霉素酊中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量，方法简单、快速、准确。用对乙酰氨基酚为内标物，氯霉素的方法回收率为９９．９％，ＲＳＤ＝０．８９％（ｎ＝５）；水杨酸的方法回收率为１００．０％，ＲＳＤ＝０．５４％（ｎ＝５）。     

头孢美唑与四种注射液的配伍实验

采用紫外分光光度法测定了头孢美唑与四种注射液（即维生素Ｃ、维生素Ｂ６、氨甲苯酸、酚磺乙胺）配伍后的含量并进行了外观观察、ｐＨ值测量，考察有无配伍变化。结果表明：头孢美唑与维生素Ｃ、氨甲苯酸注射液配伍，在低于３７℃时４ｈ内稳定，头孢美唑与维生素Ｄ６、酚磺乙胺注射液配伍，在低于３７℃时６ｈ内稳定。     

用高效液相色谱法测定复方己酸孕酮注射液中两组分的含量

本文建立了复方己酸孕酮注射液的高效液相色谱法。在硅胶柱上，以丙酸睾丸素为内标，同时测定复方己酸孕酮注射液中己酸孕酮和戊酸雌二醇的含量。固定相为ＷａｔｅｒｓＰＯＲＡＳＩＬ。柱（１０μｍ），流动相为正己烷－异丙醇（９１：９），己酸孕酮的回收率为１００．０％（ｎ＝６），ＲＳＤ＝０．３６％；戊酸雌二醇回收率为１０２．１８％（ｎ＝６），ＲＳＤ＝０．９５％。     

用高效液相色谱测定复方己酸孕酮注射液中两组分的含量

本文建立了复方己酸孕酮注射液的高效液相色谱法。在硅胶柱上，以丙酸睾丸素为内标，同时测定复方己酸孕酮注射液中己酸孕酮和戊酸雌二醇的含量，固定相为Ｗａｔｅｒｓ ＰＯＲＡＳＩＬ柱（１０μｍ），流动相为正己烷－异丙醇（９１：９），己酸孕酮的回收率为１００．０％（ｎ＝６），ＲＳＤ＝０．３６％；戊酸雌二醇回收率为１０２．１８％（ｎ＝６），ＲＳＤ＝０．９５％。     

离子对色谱法测定颠茄及莨菪制剂中的3种有效成分

本文以安宫黄体酮为内标，采用离子对色谱法测定莨菪烷类的３种有效成分（东莨菪碱、山莨菪碱、阿托品）的含量。仪器：ＬＣ－４Ａ，层析柱：ＯＤＳ４．６ｍｍ×１５ｃｍ；柱温：３５℃；流动相：乙腈─甲醇─冰乙酸─二乙胺─水（水含０．００５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ十二烷基磺酸钠，５０：２５：０．０７５：０．１２５：２５）。在２０７ｎｍ波长处检测，样品回收率：东莨菪碱，１００．３％，ｎ＝５，ＲＳＤ＝１．３％；山莨菪碱，９８．８％，ｎ＝５，ＲＳＤ＝１．２％；阿托品，９９．１％，ｎ＝５，ＲＳＤ＝０．９３％。     

旋光法测定维生素C注射液的含量

目的：探讨旋光法测定维生素Ｃ注射液含量的可行性。方法：采用旋光法。结果：此衍线性范围（９．８６２￣４０．５２２）ｍｇ／ｍｌ,ｒ＝０．９９９９,平均回收率１００．７５％,ＲＳＤ＝０．４０％。结论：本方法可用于维生素Ｃ注射液的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定金薏尿石颗粒剂及大黄药材中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚和芦荟大黄素的含量

用高效液相色谱法测定金薏尿石颗粒剂及大黄药材中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚和芦荟大黄素的含量．选用ＡｌｔｉｍａＣ１８分析柱（２５０ｍｍ×４．６ｍｍ，５μｍ），流动相：甲醇—０．１％磷酸溶液（９０１０），检测波长：４４０ｎｍ，流速：１．０ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，柱温：３０℃．颗粒剂中各成分的平均回收率分别为大黄酸９８．１％（ＲＳＤ＝１．９％）、大黄素９７．８％（ＲＳＤ＝２．９％）、大黄酚９７．９％（ＲＳＤ＝２．４％）、大黄素甲醚９７．０％（ＲＳＤ＝１．０％）和芦荟大黄素１００．９％（ＲＳＤ＝２．３％）．方法快速、灵敏、准确，样品处理简便易行．     

旋光法测定维生素C注射液的含量

目的：探讨旋光法测定维生素Ｃ注射液含量的可行性。方法：采用旋光法。结果：此法线性范围（９８６２～４０５２２）ｍｇ／ｍｌ,ｒ＝０９９９９,平均回收率１００７５％,ＲＳＤ＝０４０％。结论：本方法可用于维生素Ｃ注射液的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方马来酸依那普利片中两组分的含量

本文建立了复方马来酸依那普利片的高效液相色谱法。在苯基柱上，以阿替洛尔为内标，同时测定复方马来酸依那普利片中氢氯噻嗪、马来酸依那普利的含量。固定相为Ｃ６Ｈ５柱（５μｍ），流动相为甲醇—０．０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸二氢钾液（３０∶７０，ｐＨ４．０）。氢氯噻嗪的回收率为９９．６％（ｎ＝７），ＲＳＤ＝０．５％；马来酸依那普利的回收率为１０１．２％（ｎ＝７），ＲＳＤ＝０．９％。     

GC 法测定榄香烯注射液中有效成分

采用气相色谱法，以水杨酸甲酯为内标物，测定榄香烯注射液中的有效成分β－，γ－，δ－榄香烯含量．榄香烯浓度在０．５～１．５ｍｇ／ｍＬ范围内峰面积比与浓度呈良好的线性关系，ｙ＝１．３２ｘ－０．０３，ｒ＝０．９９９９（ｎ＝５）．平均回收率１００．９％，ＲＳＤ０．５％．     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.