亲属供肾活体肾移植22例报告

目的总结22例亲属活体肾移植的经验。方法22例亲属活体肾移植除1例为夫妻间供肾外，其余均为血缘亲属供肾。19例取左肾，3例取右肾，均为开放手术取肾，术后采用环孢素A（CsA）、硫唑嘌呤（Aza）或酶酚酸酯（MMF）及泼尼松（Pred）预防排斥反应。结果所有供者于术后10～14d出院，随访8～29个月，血肌酐正常，22例受者全部存活，术后发生肾功能延迟恢复1例；急性排斥反应1例，经甲基强的松龙冲击治疗后逆转；2例分别于术后2个月和4个月发生白细胞减少症，经治疗后白细胞正常；无外科并发症；现所有受者肾功能均正常。结论亲属活体肾移植优点明显，是解决肾源紧缺困境的现实途径。     

102例亲属活体肾移植围手术期护理

目的总结我院102例亲属活体肾移植供、受者围手术期的护理经验。方法通过对102例亲属活体肾移植供、受者围手术期护理,观察供、受者的心理特点和治疗特征。因地制宜地制定护理方案、提高供、受者治疗效果和生活质量。结果本组102例供者肾功能均在术后一周内恢复正常,未出现严重并发症;受者2例出现急性排斥反应;全部供、受者至今存活,肾功能恢复良好。结论亲属活体肾移植围手术期护理要从供、受者心理、生理、疾病的治疗和伦理学上全方位进行,才有利于其康复;临床护理经验仍需不断总结。     

13例活体供肾肾移植临床分析

目的探讨活体供肾肾移植手术的临床效果及可行性、安全性。方法回顾分析13例活体供肾肾移植临床资料。结果13对供受者全部存活。所有移植肾肾功能均在术后2~4 d恢复正常,无肾功能延迟恢复,1例受体术后10 d发生急性排斥,抗排斥治疗逆转。人/肾1年存活率100%;13例供体术后无严重并发症,10 d内出院。结论活体供肾肾移植安全可行,效果优于同期尸体供肾移植,且能缓解肾源短缺的状况。     

亲属活体肾移植的临床分析

目的 总结亲属活体肾移植后移植肾组织活检资料,并结合临床进行回顾性分析。方法 亲属活体肾移植65例,其中有血缘的亲属供肾移植63例,夫妻间供肾移植2例。供、受者间HLA配型,1条单倍型相同者55例,2条单倍型相同者7例,5个抗原错配者2例,完全错配者1例。均采取开放手术取肾。供肾热缺血时间1~7m in,冷缺血时间1.5~2 h。术后应用环孢素A、硫唑嘌呤及泼尼松预防排斥反应。结果65例中,有15例接受16次移植肾活检,结果4例次为急性排斥反应(Banff分级均为Ⅰ级),3例次经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗逆转,1例合并慢性移植肾肾病,治疗无效,恢复透析;3例次为移植肾退行性病变(其中2例合并急性环孢素A肾毒性损伤),2例减少环孢素A用量,并加用西罗莫司,效果良好,1例将环孢素A转换为西罗莫司,效果不佳,恢复透析;4例次为急性肾小管坏死,采用他克莫司和霉酚酸酯联合用药,并辅以透析治疗,肾功能恢复正常。结论 虽然亲属活体肾移植术后急性排斥反应和移植肾功能恢复延迟的发生率低,但仍应重视术后移植肾组织活检,将被动活检转为主动的计划性活检,以提高亚临床排斥反应的检出率。     

Flow-CDC技术在肾移植中的应用研究

目的为了更好地识别造成移植肾排斥的特异性抗供者HLA的IgG类型同种抗体,将Flow-CDC方法应用于肾移植及其临床相关性研究。方法对96例等候肾移植受者同时进行PRA、NIH-CDC和Flow-CDC实验,并观察了其中34例接受NIH-CDC阴性肾移植术的受者近期移植效果。结果Flow-CDC和NIH-CDC两种实验方法的阳性率[27·8%(42/151)和17·2%(26/151)]之间呈显著性差异(2=14·06,p<0·001)。另外,PRA阴性受者其NIH-CDC和Flow-CDC均为阴性,阴性吻合率100%;在接受同种异体肾移植术的34例受者,其中20例PRA阴性受者接受了NIH-CDC和Flow-CDC均阴性供肾,移植后未发生排斥,移植肾功能迅速恢复;13例接受NIH-CDC和Flow-CDC均阴性供肾的致敏受者中,1例发生急性排斥经治疗后逆转,12例无排斥移植肾功能良好;1例PRA阳性再次移植受者接受了NIH-CDC阴性而Flow-CDC阳性的供肾,移植后第2d出现少尿,第10d切除移植肾。结论Flow-CDC方法是一种能够识别具有补体结合能力的抗供者特异性HLA抗体的交叉配型技术,比经典的NIH-CDC方法具有更敏感,可标准化,快速等优点,对预示肾移植术后的排斥反应方面更具有前瞻性。     

亲属活体肾移植受者肾功能延迟恢复的护理

目的探讨亲属活体肾移植受者肾功能延迟恢复的观察和护理。方法对3例亲属活体肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复患者的进行病情观察和护理总结。结果 3例患者肾功能恢复正常。结论精心的治疗和护理可有效预防各种并发症的发生,有利于肾功能的恢复。     

亲属活体肾移植供者围手术期的护理

目的研究亲属活体供肾移植供者围手术期的护理问题,提高亲属活体供肾移植术成功率。方法对活体供肾移植中102名供者进行术前的心理护理,术前、术后的准备,加强对并发症的精心护理。观察手术疗效、供者心理和身体的恢复情况。结果全部102例亲属活体供者左肾摘取术均成功,术后1周内血Cr、BUN均下降至正常值范围,全部顺利度过困手术期。术后9～13天出院,正常生活。3例发生切口愈合不良,经对症处理及行二期清创缝合后,切口完全愈合。1例术后出现短暂的血Cr升高,最高达428μmol／l,一周后下降至108μmol／l。其余98例供者无任何相关并发症。供者术前、术后心理健康,尤其在术后无明显心理问题出现。结论亲属活体供肾摘取术成功率高,通过围手术期的精心护理更能使供肾者减少相关的并发症。使身心早日康复。     

亲属活体肾移植供者围手术期的护理

目的研究亲属活体供肾移植供者围手术期的护理问题,提高亲属活体供肾移植术成功率。方法对活体供肾移植中102名供者进行术前的心理护理,术前、术后的准备,加强对并发症的精心护理。观察手术疗效、供者心理和身体的恢复情况。结果全部102例亲属活体供者左肾摘取术均成功,术后1周内血Cr、BUN均下降至正常值范围,全部顺利度过围手术期,术后9～13天出院,正常生活。3例发生切口愈合不良,经对症处理及行二期清创缝合后,切口完全愈合。1例术后出现短暂的血Cr升高,最高达428μmol/l,一周后下降至108μmol/l。其余98例供者无任何相关并发症。供者术前、术后心理健康,尤其在术后无明显心理问题出现。结论亲属活体供肾摘取术成功率高,通过围手术期的精心护理更能使供肾者减少相关的并发症,使身心早日康复。     

心脏死亡器官捐献肾移植术后受者泌尿道感染影响因素及病原学分析

目的探讨心脏死亡后器官捐献(donation after cardiac death, DCD)供者供肾移植术后受者泌尿道感染率、影响因素及病原学特点,旨在为DCD供者供肾移植术后受者泌尿道感染制定相应预防和控制措施提供理论依据。方法对山东第一医科大学第一附属医院2016年1月-2018年12月DCD供者供肾移植术后受者进行回顾性调查,收集患者的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析DCD供者供肾移植术后受者泌尿道感染影响因素及病原学的分布特点。结果共监测375例DCD供者供肾移植受者,监测发生泌尿道感染60例,感染率16.00%。单因素分析结果显示:性别、年龄、糖尿病、留置导尿管天数、急性排斥反应、肾功能延迟恢复(delayed graft function,DGF)、尿白细胞计数是DCD供者供肾移植术后受者泌尿道感染的影响因素;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:留置导尿管天数、DGF是DCD供者供肾移植术后受者泌尿道感染的独立影响因素; 60例DCD供者供肾移植术后受者泌尿道感染尿标本共分离病原菌88株,其中革兰阴性菌78株占88.64%。结论 DCD供者供肾移植术后受者泌尿道感染率较高,影响因素多,临床应明确风险,早期采取综合干预措施,积极防治泌尿道感染。     

经腰开放性亲属活体供肾切取术102例临床分析

目的探讨经腰开放性手术在切取亲属活体供肾移植中的应用及对供肾者术后早期健康状况的影响。方法2006年1月至2011年1月行经腰开放性亲属活体供肾切取术102例，总结亲属活体供肾切取的经验和体会。结果 102例供肾均成功切取，其中左肾79例，右肾23例，手术时间120～150( 130.0±4.5) min，热缺血时间30～60(45.0±3.5)s，术中及术后无一例出现严重并发症，供者于8～ 10d恢复出院。经2～48个月随访，其中2例供者术后6个月内尿常规检查发现红细胞3～5个/HP，2例出现微量白蛋白尿，经治疗痊愈；2例出现尿路结石，处理后结石排出；1例血肌酐轻度升高，2例出现焦虑情绪，3例出现切口疼痛，18例感觉手术侧不适，经处理后逐步缓解，均未影响日常生活及工作。结论经腰开放性手术切取活体供肾方法安全可靠，供肾质量好，移植效果良好。     

Incentivizing Organ Donor Registrations with Organ Allocation Priority

How donor organs are allocated for transplant can affect their scarcity. In 2008, Israel's Parliament passed an Organ Transplantation Law granting priority on organ donor waiting lists to individuals who had previously registered as organ donors. Beginning in November 2010, public awareness campaigns advertised the priority policy to the public. Since April 2012, priority has been added to the routine medical criteria in organ allocation decisions. We evaluate the introduction of priority for registered organ donors using Israeli data on organ donor registration from 1992 to 2013. We find that registrations increased when information about the priority law was made widely available. We find an even larger increase in registration rates in the 2 months leading up to a program deadline, after which priority would only be granted with a 3‐year delay. We also find that the registration rate responds positively to public awareness campaigns, to the ease of registration (i.e. allowing for registering online and by phone) and to an election drive that included placing registration opportunities in central voting locations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Factors that Influence Organ Donor Registration Among Asian American Physicians in Queens,New York

Organ donation rates in the United States are lowest among Asians. Physicians are highly respected in Asian communities and may be influential in promoting donor registration, but little is known about their organ donor registration attitudes. We assessed associations between knowledge, attitudes, personal/professional experience, cultural/religious beliefs surrounding organ donation and donor registration status using multivariable logistic regression. We surveyed 121 Asian physicians in Queens, New York; 22% were registered donors. Registered donors were more likely to discuss donation wishes with their family (OR 9.47, 95% CI 2.60–34.51), know that donor human leukocyte antigen does not need to match organ recipients (OR 6.47, 95% CI 1.66–25.28), and have experience advising patients about organ donation (OR 5.35, 95% CI 1.50–19.02). Culturally tailored educational materials providing updated information to promote family discussion about organ donation could potentially increase Asian physicians’ level of comfort and expertise in discussing organ donor registration with patients.

     

Criteria and terms for certified suitability of organ donors: assumptions and operational strategies in Italy

Limited access to scarce resources, such as organs for transplantation, has increasingly prompted the use of elderly donors, with a consequent growth of possible risk factors linked to their particular features. Acceptable organ quality must therefore be guaranteed, without exposing recipients to unacceptable risks. For this reason, a set of guidelines for assessing donor suitability has been drawn up. This document standardizes the operative steps in the donor evaluation process and provides precise instructions for center staff. A pool of experts is available round the clock to offer advice on doubtful clinical cases. Such measures have allowed more effective use of available donors for transplantation.     

Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection. A case-control study of blood donors in the Trent Region (UK).

The introduction of screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by the National Blood Transfusion Service identified donors who had acquired HCV infection. We undertook a case-control study amongst blood donors in the Trent Region to determine risks for HCV infection. A total of 74 blood donors confirmed positive for hepatitis C infection and 150 age, sex and donor venue matched controls were included in the study. Fifty-three percent of hepatitis C infected blood donors reported previous use of injected drugs compared to no controls; relative risk (RR) not estimatable (lower limit 95% CI = 20). Other risk factors were a history of: receipt of a blood transfusion or blood products RR = 3.6 (95% CI 1.5-8.3), having been a ''health care worker'' RR = 2.8 (95% CI 1.1-7.6), tattooing RR = 3.3 (95% CI 1.2-8.7), and an association with having been born abroad RR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.1-9.5). No risk was shown for a history of multiple sexual partners, ear piercing or acupuncture. Injecting drug use explains more than 50% of hepatitis C infections in blood donors, a group who are less likely to have injected drugs than the general population.     

Patterns of volunteerism, testing, and exclusion among potential living kidney donors

We found that in kidney transplantation, more females donate. We analyzed transplant recipients for patterns of potential donor exclusion and found that equal proportions of male and female potential donors existed among first-degree biological relatives. More male recipients were married and therefore had more spousal potential donors. Among friends and non-first-degree relatives, significantly fewer males offered to donate to females. Equal proportions of female and male potential donors were excluded from donating for medical comorbidities, blood type incompatibility, recipient refusal, and potential donor reluctance. We concluded that female transplant candidates had fewer potential donors among spouses and opposite sex volunteers from friends and non-first-degree relatives.     

Spreading of hereditary diseases through donor sperm: no reason for reducing the number of offspring per donor in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, a limit of 25 offspring per sperm donor has been applied for many years. This figure was based on the assumption that children from sperm donors are not at greater risk of having consanguineous relationships than a random individual of the Dutch population. After the report in 2002 that a donor, whose sperm was used to father 18 children by artificial insemination, had developed a serious hereditary brain disease, the question of whether the limit of 25 should be reduced was raised. From a population genetics point of view, reducing the number of children per donor will only result in greater genetic diversity being transmitted to the offspring of sperm donors. Moreover, the number of children from sperm donors is a negligibly small proportion of the general population (0.5% of the total number of newly-borns). Since no knowledge of other offspring from one particular donor is available to individuals making use of donor insemination, only optimally guaranteed safety (both genetic and microbial) is important to these people and their offspring, given that the risk of inbreeding is acceptably low. Finally, the interests of the donor can be properly safeguarded through individual agreements. Therefore, to conclude, there are no reasons to reduce the limit of 25 offspring per sperm donor.     

Lung transplantation with the aid of living donors

In certain centres, following the practice in liver and kidney transplantation, lung transplantation programmes have been set up in which two healthy living donors undergo removal of the right lower lobe and the left lower lobe, respectively, which are then implanted bilaterally in the recipient in place of the usual whole right and left post-mortem lungs: 'living donor lobar lung transplantation'. The relatively high morbidity in the donors and the complicated procedure constitute obstacles to worldwide application. Besides medical problems, the procedure also raises ethical questions. Whether living donor lobar lung transplantation should also be applied in the Netherlands can only be answered following a broad public, ethical and medical discussion. In the meantime, the lung transplant centres may analyse the prerequisites and make the necessary preparations.     

Patterns of Volunteerism,Testing, and Exclusion Among Potential Living Kidney Donors

We found that in kidney transplantation, more females donate. We analyzed transplant recipients for patterns of potential donor exclusion and found that equal proportions of male and female po tential donors existed among first-degree biological relatives. More male recipients were married and therefore had more spousal potential donors. Among friends and non-first-degree relatives, significantly fewer males offered to donate to females. Equal proportions of female and male potential donors were excluded from donating for medical comorbidities, blood type incompatibility, recipient refusal, and potential donor reluctance. We concluded that female transplant candidates had fewer potential donors among spouses and opposite sex volunteers from friends and non-first-degree relatives.     

世界卫生组织《献血者咨询实施指南》释义及启示

有效的献血者咨询可提高献血者依从性，改善献血者体验。世界卫生组织《献血者咨询实施指南》系统介绍了献血者咨询的定义、范围以及建立国家咨询体系，为献血者提供咨询服务等内容，具有较强的可操作性。与之相比，我国献血者咨询服务在制度规范、服务模式、专业培训、监测评估等方面均有待完善，需要从建立符合我国国情的实施指南、健全协同合作机制、加快培养咨询人才队伍、构建科学评价体系等方面持续改进。     

Hepatitis A Virus Incidence Rates and Biomarker Dynamics for Plasma Donors,United States

The United States is currently affected by widespread hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks. We investigated HAV incidence rates among source plasma donors in the United States since 2016. Serial donations from HAV-positive frequent donors were analyzed for common biologic markers to obtain a detailed picture of the course of infection. We found a considerable increase in incidence rates with shifting outbreak hotspots over time. Although individual biomarker profiles were highly variable, HAV RNA typically had a high peak and a biphasic decrease and often remained detectable for several months. One donor had a biomarker pattern indicative of previous exposure. Our findings show that current HAV outbreaks have been spilling over into the plasma donor population. The detailed results presented improve our comprehension of HAV infection and related public health aspects. In addition, the capture of full RNA curves enables estimation of HAV doubling time.