肌管聚集性神经肌肉病二例报告

目的 报道２例类似重同无力的肌管聚集性神经肌肉病的神经肌肉接头形态改变。方法 对２例病人进行临床、电生理和肌肉病理检查。结果 例１为５３岁男性，主要表现为进行性肌无力和肌疲劳现象。血清抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体阴性，重复神经刺激出现肌电图波幅低频递减，远端肌电图显示神经源性损害。例２为２０岁男性病人，表现为肌无力和肌疲劳现象，肌电图重频刺激出现明显递减现象。２例病人的肌肉病理检查均发现，在Ⅱ型肌纤维内出现     

貌似运动神经元病的副肿瘤综合征13例误诊分析

副肿瘤综合征(paraneop lastic syndromes, PNS)为肿瘤在神经系统的远隔效应,是一类癌肿在并非转移或浸润的情况下引起的中枢神经系统、周围神经、神经肌肉接头或肌肉的病变.表现形式多样,容易误诊.我院2000-2004年收治的13例副肿瘤综合征,均以运动神经元病临床表现为首发症状而被误诊为运动神经元病,现将误诊情况分析如下.     

运动神经元病的重复电刺激的研究

应用重复电刺激技术检查了４３例运动神经元病患者和２０例脊髓型颈椎病患者。结果发现部分运动神经元病患者有类重症肌无力的肌电图表现，即低频刺激时波幅递减，高频刺激时波幅递增。低频刺激时，波幅的衰减与病程、病型、病情无关，但在有束颤的患者中波幅衰减更明显。提示运动神经元病可能有突触前的损害。     

床旁肌电图检查在危重神经肌肉疾病诊断中的价值

目的 探讨危重症患者床旁肌电图检查的特点及其应用价值.方法 收集肢体无力伴呼吸困难而疑诊神经肌肉病的危重患者,采用便携式肌电图仪进行床旁检查.测定项目包括节段性运动神经传导测定、感觉神经传导测定、F波、同芯针电极肌电图以及重复神经电刺激测定.对床旁肌电图测定结果结合临床进行分析.结果 共对34例危重患者进行了床旁肌电图检查.其中5例肌电图检查正常;低频重复电刺激测定8例,其中4例出现复合肌肉动作电位波幅递减现象.节段性运动神经传导测定73.3％(22/30)的患者仅有复合肌肉动作电位波幅下降,20.0％ (6/30)的患者证实存在脱髓鞘改变.55.0％(11/20)的患者无F波出现;28.6％(6/21)的患者感觉神经动作电位波幅下降;57.7％(15/26)的患者同芯针电极肌电图有异常自发电位.82.4％(28/34)的患者通过床旁肌电图检查能协助明确或排除诊断、指导处理方案的选择.11.8％(4/34)的患者通过床旁肌电图检查确认了周围神经病的存在,但对临床处理无影响.床旁肌电图检查在2例患者中未显示明确价值.结论 床旁肌电图检查对于疑诊神经肌肉病的危重患者具有重要的诊断价值.检测手段中运动神经传导测定和重复神经电刺激最为关键;检查时应根据临床问题制订个体化检测方案,以最少的检查获得最有价值的信息.     

肯尼迪病临床、病理及遗传学特点

目的探讨肯尼迪病(KD)临床、病理及遗传学特点。方法回顾性分析1家系2例KD患者的临床资料。结果 2例患者均为青年发病,进展缓慢。临床表现为双侧对称的下运动神经元瘫痪,以双下肢近端肌力减退最重,尚无延髓受累表现。血清性激素水平正常,无男性乳腺发育,但有不育。血清肌酸激酶升高。肌电图呈神经源性损害,神经传导检查提示双侧腓总神经诱发电位波幅降低。肌肉活检病理显示肌纤维呈重度萎缩,萎缩纤维呈束状分布,间质脂肪增多,未见炎细胞浸润;NADH染色显示Ⅰ型肌纤维成组化现象。雄激素受体(AR)基因CAG重复数为41和43。结论 KD均为男性发病,主要表现为缓慢进展的、双侧对称的脊髓和/或延髓下运动神经元损害。肌肉病理主要为神经源性肌损,表现为肌纤维萎缩、同型肌纤维群组化现象。KD的最终确诊依赖于基因检测。AR基因的CAG重复数达到或超过35次可诊断KD。     

副癌神经综合征15例临床分析

目的 提高对副癌神经综合征临床特点的认识。方法 对15例副癌神经综合征患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组副癌神经综合征患者均亚急性，慢性起病，13例以神经系统症状首发。周围神经病8例，小脑变性3例，Ewaton-Lambert综合征2例，运动神经元病1例，多发性肌炎1例。原发肿瘤常见于肺癌，淋巴瘤，乳腺癌和生殖器肿瘤，常规检查难以早期诊断，治疗原发肿瘤和免疫抑制剂治疗可改善神经症状。结论 副癌神经综合征大多先天肿瘤复发，影响神经系统各中位，临床症状复杂，预后较差。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化下运动神经元损伤临床评估方法进展

肌萎缩侧索硬化(amytrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)是选择性累及上下运动神经元的神经变性疾病,下运动神经元损伤与该病的起病、病程进展和预后有密切联系,因此下运动神经元损伤评估对ALS具有重要意义。临床上除传统肌电图以外,复合肌肉动作电位、束颤电位、神经生理指数、运动单位估数和指数、单纤维肌电图、重复电刺激、阈值跟踪等电生理技术以及神经肌肉超声和磁共振检查均已成为评估下运动神经元损伤新方法,本文对上述方法的研究和应用进展进行综述,期望为临床上ALS确立诊断、评估病情、判断预后,以及科研和药物试验提供帮助。     

神经电生理检查判断眼肌型重症肌无力的敏感度分析

目的：分析眼肌型重症肌无力（OMG）患者的神经电生理特点,为临床诊断提供有价值的依据.方法：对42例临床诊断为OMG患者进行单纤维肌电图、重复神经电刺激和肌电图检测.结果：伸指总肌的单纤维肌电图34例异常,重复电刺激异常23例;肌电图示14例肌源性损害.结论：OMG患者单纤维肌电图是一种敏感度较高的检测方法,其次为重复神经电刺激,其肌肉检测阳性率高低依次为眼轮匝肌、肱二头肌及小指展肌.     

Kennedy病的临床、电生理及病理特征分析(附2例报道)

目的探讨Kennedy病的临床、神经电生理及病理特征。方法报道2例经基因确诊的Kennedy病患者,分析其临床症状、体征、肌电图和神经传导检查和神经病理等特点。结果两例患者均中年发病,进展缓慢。神经系统表现为以肢体近端无力和延髓受累为主的下运动神经元瘫痪。血清性激素水平正常,但有男性乳腺发育等雄激素功能低下表现。血清肌酸激酶轻度升高。肌电图呈广泛神经源性损害,神经传导检查提示感觉神经动作电位波幅减低,H反射异常,神经活检提示大的有髓纤维减少。雄激素受体基因编码区CAG重复数大于40。结论 Kennedy病有相对独特的临床、电生理及病理特征,确诊有赖于雄激素受体基因编码区CAG重复数的检测。     

肌电图广泛神经源性损害和肌萎缩侧索硬化的诊断

目的 探讨肌电图广泛神经源性损害与肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)诊断之间的关系.方法 对2002年1月至2008年12月北京协和医院运动神经元疾病数据库进行回顾性分析,统计肌电图表现为广泛神经源性损害的疾病种类,总结ALS患者首次就诊时肌电图神经源性损害的分布区域和随诊后的结果,并对影响ALS初诊时肌电图表现的因素进行Logistic 回归分析.结果 在首次就诊时,共有298例患者的肌电图表现为广泛神经源性损害,其中ALS 192例(64.4％),进行性肌萎缩36例(12.1％),肯尼迪病13例(4.4％),平山病10例(3.4％),颈椎病或腰椎病9例(3.0％),脊髓性肌萎缩6例(1.3％),多灶性运动神经病5例(1.7％),ALS叠加综合征5例(1.7％),肌病4例(1.3％),遗传性运动神经病3例(1.0％),运动轴索性周围神经病3例(1.0％),脊髓灰质炎后综合征2例(0.7％),未能确定诊断者10例(3.4％).本数据库中,共有213例患者最后确诊为ALS,其中第1次肌电图检查时,8例(3.8％)表现为2个区域神经源性损害,13例(6.1％)表现为1个区域神经源性损害,经随诊3～24个月后,均发展为广泛神经源性损害.Logistic回归分析显示,ALS肌电图广泛神经源性损害的表现与病程、起病部位、发病年龄以及性别无关.结论 广泛神经源性损害的肌电图改变并非仅见于ALS;在疾病发生后一定时期内,ALS也可以仅有1个或2个区域的神经源性损害.     

肯尼迪病的临床分析和分子遗传学诊断

目的 分析3例肯尼迪病的临床表现、电生理及遗传学特征。方法 收集2018年11月-2019年7月本院收治的3例肯尼迪病患者的临床资料包括病史、体格检查、实验室检查、电生理等,检测患者及家族成员雄性激素受体(Androgen Receptor)基因的CAG重复数。结果 3例患者均中年男性,表现为四肢近端和延髓肌无力、肌束震颤萎缩、乳腺发育,缓慢发病,进行性加重。EMG均显示广泛神经源性损害, 感觉神经传导存在异常。基因检测CAG重复数分别为43、51和51。结论 肯尼迪病的临床特点为成年男性,肢体缓慢进行性无力,伴多肌肉萎缩、震颤,同时合并雄激素不敏感综合征, EMG呈运动神经源性损害的表现,CAG重复数显著增多。     

A case of brachial amyotrophic diplegia accompanied with Sj?gren's syndrome presenting good response to immunotherapies in the early course of the disease]

A 74-year-old woman suffered from progressive muscle atrophy and weakness of her arms since she was seventy two years old. Before referral to our department, she was diagnosed as having cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy and received spinal fusion. Though spinal decompression was successful, muscle weakness of her upper limbs were progressive even after the surgery. On admission, neurological examinations revealed marked atrophy and weakness of her bilateral upper limbs with absent deep tendon reflexes showing man-in-the-barrel syndrome. Her lower extremities had normal muscle strength, but fasciculations were seen in her all four limbs. Electrophysiologically, motor nerve conduction velocity was almost normal but the amplitude was remarkably decreased, conduction block was not detected, and electromyography showed neurogenic patterns on her all extremities. Spinal progressive musclar atrophy (SPMA) accompanied with Sj?gren's syndrome was the likely diagnosis. Because 50 kDa anti-neuronal antibodies were found in her serum, we assumed that anterior horn cells were impaired by an autoimmune mechanism. Thus we treated her with corticosteroid pulse therapy, plasma exchange (PE) and intravenous immunoglobulin infusion therapy (IVIG). Although steroid pulse therapy only had a minimal effect, PE and IVIG promoted a remarkable improvement on her weakness, and the effect lasted for about three months. This is the first case of SPMA with Sj?gren's syndrome which showed good response to PE and IVIG in the early course of the disease. We considered that some SPMA-like motor neuron syndrome accompanied with autoimmune features may require immunomodulating therapies.     

Limb motor nerve dysfunction in Miller Fisher syndrome

Typical Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) lacks limb muscle weakness, but some patients may unpredictably progress to severe Guillain‐Barré syndrome. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) scan is a recently developed non‐invasive, painless, and reproducible method for detecting early changes in motor nerve excitability. This technique was used to monitor subclinical limb motor nerve dysfunction during disease course in typical MFS. Three Miller Fisher patients with preserved limb muscle strength and normal routine nerve conduction studies were included. Frequent serial CMAP scanning of the median nerve was performed during acute phase and follow‐up and was related to clinical course and outcome. All patients showed an abnormal increase in the range of stimulus intensities at the day of hospital admission, indicating reduced motor nerve excitability already at the earliest stage of disease. Median nerve dysfunction progressed in parallel or even before clinical deterioration, and improved with clinical recovery. Our study shows that typical MFS is a more general neuropathy, affecting peripheral motor nerves even in patients with preserved limb strength and conduction velocity. CMAP scanning is a sensitive technique for early detection of subclinical motor nerve dysfunction and for monitoring disease activity in immune‐mediated neuropathies.     

Motor Axonal Neuropathy During Treatment With Simvastatin

Simvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug that acts by inhibiting hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Abnormal laboratory findings include transient increases in serum creatine kinase (CK) due to a myopathic syndrome. Rarely, neurological side effects include axonal sensory-motor peripheral neuropathy, characterized in some cases by a prevalent motor involvement accompanied by subclinical sensory damage. We report a case of purely motor axonal neuropathy associated with simvastatin. A 72-year-old woman, after five years of treatment with simvastatin, developed progressive weakness, cramps and fasciculations mainly involving proximal muscles in the lower limbs, though without sensory symptoms or signs. Deep reflexes were lost in the lower limbs. There was no sign of upper motor-neuron involvement. CK was elevated (up to 2000 U/l). EMG showed marked neurogenic damage with fibrillations and fasciculations in the lower limbs. ENG showed motor fiber loss within the lower limb nerves without involvement of sensory fibers. CSF examination was normal. Deltoid muscle biopsy showed neurogenic changes and some ragged-red fibers. One year after simvastatin withdrawal the patient's state of weakness improved and the cramps resolved. The CK level dropped to 700 U/l.     

Limb girdle syndromes. Clinical, morphological and electrophysiological studies

The clinical syndrome of slowly progressive proximal limb and limb girdle muscular weakness and atrophy, or limb girdle syndromes (LGS), has a diverse aetiology. Several of the congenital, mitochondrial and other metabolic myopathies and spinal muscular atrophies are recently recognized causes of LGS. Thus the position of limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) as a discrete entity in the nosology of muscle disease deserves reappraisal. We have therefore reevaluated our experience of 33 patients in this light. Detailed clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological studies including autopsies in 2 cases, were performed. As a result we are confident that LGMD does exist as a sporadic or autosomal dominant (2 families) or recessive condition (2 families). There are therefore probably at least 2 distinct genotypes. Typical LGMD (18 patients in our series) is characterized by slowly progressive symmetrical proximal upper and lower limb girdle weakness and atrophy, elevation of the serum creatine kinase at some stage, dystrophic or less severe myopathic muscle lesions on biopsy, and myopathic EMG findings. Two minor subgroups of LGMD were identified in our series with similar clinical and laboratory features but distinguishable by the development of either facial (4 patients) or by distal limb muscle involvement (3 patients). A further group of patients with sporadic LGS (5 patients) had slowly progressive proximal symmetrical upper and lower limb-girdle weakness and atrophy with myopathic or neurogenic features on either EMG or muscle biopsy so that the precise characterization was difficult. Two of these patients had distal limb muscle involvement and contractures. One patient had upper limb-girdle muscle atrophy with normal lower limbs. A disorder affecting muscle, nerve or both remains a possibility in these cases.     

A case with upper limb dominant Guillain-Barré syndrome and serum IgG anti-GT1a antibodies: sparing oropharyngeal palsy]

We report a 78-year-old man with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) who showed upper limb dominant muscle weakness following an upper respiratory infection. He had no weakness in extraocular, oropharyngeal and neck muscles. Tendon reflexes were absent in his upper limbs. Electrophysiological studies suggested demyelination of motor nerves in his upper and lower extremities. He had serum IgG antibodies to GM1 and GT1a but not to GQ1b. Anti-GT1a antibodies did not cross-react to GM1 by means of the absorption test. Titers of the antibodies decreased after recovering from muscle weakness of upper limbs. Since the presence of serum antibodies to GT1a but not to GQ1b were reported in patients with pharyngeal-cervical-brachial weakness of Guillain-Barré syndrome, it has been suggested that anti-GT1a antibodies play a role in acute oropharyngeal neuropathy. This is the first report of a patient with GBS lacking oropharyngeal palsy who had serum IgG antibodies to GT1a but not to GQ1b. Our case suggests that anti-GT1a antibodies are related not only with acute oropharyngeal neuropathy but also with upper limb dominant motor neuropathy.     

Subacute motor neuronopathy associated with myasthenia gravis and thymoma]

We reported a 63-year-old woman, suffered from myasthenia gravis with thymoma who later developed subacute motor neuronopathy after thymectomy. She noticed distally dominant muscle weakness and atrophy of bilateral upper extremities without sensory loss 4 month after thymomectomy. Her muscle weakness did not improve by intravenous administration of anti-cholinesterase (Tensilon test). Electrophysiological examinations showed no decremental response of examined muscles during repetitive nerve stimulation, nor motor nerve conduction block nor demyelination of affected peripheral nerves. Laboratory study demonstrated positive anti-acetylcholine receptor, anti-nuclear and SS-A antibodies. On immunohistochemistry, the patient's sera positively stained human and rat anterior horn cell cytoplasm as well as axoplasm of spinal white matter and root nerve axon, suggesting the presence of anti-axon antibody, possibly against neurofilament or tubulin components. The biopsied muscle specimen showed neurogenic muscle changes, but with no evidence of vasculitis nor cellular infiltration. Therapeutic trial of plasmapheresis was effective for her muscle weakness. Further recovery of weakness and muscle atrophy of hand muscles was obtained by combined therapy of intravenous and oral corticosteroid administration and plasmapheresis. These clinical, electrophysiological and histological findings suggested that antibodies against neuronal component might be responsible for her motor neuronopathy associated with myasthenia gravis. The findings of our case study may support the idea that some cases of motor neuron disease are caused by auto-immune mechanism.     

连枷臂(腿)综合征的临床、电生理和病理特点

目的探讨连枷臂综合征(flailarm syndrome,FA)和连枷腿综合征(flailleg syndrome,FL)患者的临床、电生理和骨骼肌病理改变特点。方法收集2007-01-2011-10期间就诊于海军总医院神经内科的FA和FL患者。所有患者均进行了详细的病史询问、体格检查以及电生理检查。2例患者行肌肉病理检查。结果 5例患者中FA 4例、FL 1例,男4例、女1例,发病年龄为18～65岁,平均35岁,病程分别为2年、2.5年、3年、14年和31年。FA表现为双上肢近端无力伴萎缩;FL表现为下肢远端无力伴跟腱反射消失。疾病后期FA向肢体远端发展,FL向肢体近端发展,其他节段轻微受累。肌电图显示部分受累肌肉出现失神经支配,运动和感觉神经传导速度正常。肌肉病理呈典型神经源性骨骼肌损害的病理特点。结论 FA和FL是肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)的一种变异型,病情进展呈良性过程。电生理和病理均符合失神经支配骨骼肌损害的特点。     

Lambert-Eaton肌无力综合征与癌

目的　 Lambert-Eaton肌无力综合征 (LEMS)临床少见。此报告旨在增进人们对这一综合征的认识。方法　对 2 3例 LEMS患者的临床资料做回顾性分析。结果　全组 2 3例 ,伴癌者 1 9例 (83 % ) ,其中小细胞肺癌(SCLC) 1 5例。首发症状以双下肢无力最常见 (5 2 % )。随访期间有颅神经受累 (61 % )、上肢无力 (70 % )、下肢无力 (1 0 0 % )、自主神经症状 (3 0 % )、腱反射减低 (87% )。高频 (2 0～ 5 0 Hz)重复神经电刺激波幅递增 1 0 0 %～71 8% ,平均增 2 82 %。有 1 5例 (79% )肌无力症状早于肺部症状平均 4.5个月。抗肿瘤治疗 1 2例 ,有 8例 LEMS症状显著改善或消失。结论　 LEMS与癌有显著相关倾向 ,尤其与 SCLC更明显。对 40岁以上男性 LEMS患者应积极寻找潜在的恶性肿瘤     

Two patients with cervical diastematomyelia

Two patients with cervical diastematomyelia are reported here. A nineteen year-old-man (patient 1) admitted to our hospital because of muscular weakness of right upper limb. He noted muscular atrophy of right upper limb at 16 years old, and then paresthesia was gradually aggravated in the ulnar side of the right hand. Physical examination showed muscular atrophy of right upper limb and hypesthesia in the right eight cervical and first thoracic dermatomes. The deep tendon reflexes were decreased in the right upper limb and were increased in the lower limb without pathological reflexes. In electromyographic examination, neurogenic motor units were observed in the upper right limb, dominantly in 1st interosseous muscle (between the fourth cervical and the first thoracic dermatome). Metrizamide computed tomographic (CT) myelography revealed sagittal splitting of the spinal cord from the third to the sixth cervical vertebra, producing two asymmetrical hemicords. A osseous or fibrous septum were not seen. The right hemicord was smaller than the left one. Patient 2 was a twenty-four-year-old woman. She visited our hospital because of muscular weakness of the right upper limb. In physical examination, there were the muscular atrophy of right hand and hypesthesia in the right eighth and first thoracic dermatomes. The deep tendon reflexes were decreased in the right upper limb and were increased in the right lower limb without pathological reflexes. The EMG studies revealed the neurogenic NMU in the right upper limb (between the fourth cervical and the first thoracic dermatome). Magnetic resonance imaging showed marked narrowing of the dural sac in flexion of the neck.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)