64层螺旋CT在DIPS术模拟穿刺途径测量中的应用

目的　通过64层螺旋CT对非肝病患者及肝硬化Child-Pugh A、B分级组患者肝门静脉左支、右支1、2 cm处与肝后下腔静脉间模拟穿刺途径进行测量,以期为临床DIPS术提供资料。 方法　选取上腹部64-MSCT扫描非肝病组共39例,肝硬化组16例。用智能追踪技术启动扫描,并将所得数据在GE ADW4.2工作站进行处理。 结果　非肝病组与肝硬化Child-Pugh A、B分级组肝门静脉左支、右支1、2 cm处直径没有差异性,且呈减小趋势。肝门静脉左支1 cm处与肝后下腔静脉下等分线间距离最短;上、下等分线与肝门静脉左支1、2 cm间模拟穿刺途径距离均有显著性差异(P<0.01);下等分线与肝门静脉右支1、2 cm间有差异(P<0.05)。 结论　64-MSCT能为DIPS术提供活体状态下的相关穿刺信息。　DIPS术模拟穿刺途径的研究有助于DIPS术确定穿刺途径和选择支架长度和类型。     

数字化虚拟解剖学技术在经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术和直接性门腔分流术中的应用

目的:利用影像数字化虚拟解剖学技术,经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPSS)、直接性门腔静脉分流术(DIPS)模拟穿刺途径与水平垂线间角度进行测量,以期为临床TIPSS、DIPS术提供解剖学资料.方法:选取上腹部64-MSCT扫描正常组共40例,肝硬化组16例.用智能追踪技术启动扫描,并将所得数据在GE ADW4.2工作站进行处理.结果:正常组与肝硬化Child-Pugh A、B分级组TIPSS模拟穿刺途径与垂线间角度,除肝中静脉3cm与肝右静脉1cm间增大外,其余均呈减小趋势;DIPS术中下等分线模拟穿刺途径与垂线角度大于上等分线相应穿刺途径角度.门静脉左支1cm至上等分线的模拟穿刺途径与垂线角度在正常组与肝硬化Child-Pugh A、B分级组间差异有统计学意义.结论:影像数字化虚拟解剖学技术有助于提供活体功能状态下TIPSS、DIPS相关解剖学资料.可根据模拟途径与水平垂线间角度在体外调整穿刺套针的曲度.     

肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及其在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中的应用

目的：探讨肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）中的应用。方法：在PUBMED、CNKI及维普等数据库中,查阅近年来国内外有关肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其在TIPS中应用的文献,进行分析总结。结果：肝静脉系统主要由肝右静脉、肝中静脉、肝左静脉3支组成,肝左静脉发生变异最多,肝中、右静脉变异相对少见。门静脉在肝门处进入肝脏,以分为左支和右支两主干这一类型居多,其解剖形态因地区、种族等因素而有差异。肝静脉和门静脉呈向后向上与向前向下的空间关系,经典TIPS是从肝右静脉距下腔静脉入口约2cm处向门静脉分叉部或右支内穿刺建立分流道。结论：肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其空间关系对顺利完成TIPS的操作至关重要。熟悉肝静脉、门静脉正常解剖和变异可提高TIPS的成功率,减少和避免并发症的发生。     

肝内门一腔静脉内支架吻合分流术（TIPSS）的应用解剖学

在４３例肝脏标上从肝脏面解剖出肝静脉，门静脉，肝管和肝协脉，观察了肝静脉的汇合类型，肝静脉与门静脉相交部位口径，两静脉间距和至第二肝门的距离，结合ＴＩＰＳＳ术进行了讨论，作者认为由肝静脉穿刺门静脉行吻合分流的首选部位是在肝右静脉与门静脉右支及其分支之间，其次在肝中静脉与门静脉左支之间，而肝左静脉与门静脉左支之间吻合较难达到分流目的。     

不同途径移植骨髓间充质干细胞改善大鼠肝硬化

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞移植可减轻肝硬化程度,改善肝功能。 目的：观察不同途径移植骨髓间充质干细胞对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝硬化的作用。 方法：将60只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、对照组、门静脉移植组、肝动脉移植组、尾静脉移植组,后4组采用四氯化碳联合乙醇制作肝硬化模型,对照组不进行移植,其余3组分别经门静脉、肝动脉、尾静脉移植大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞1×10⁶。 结果与结论：移植4周后,与对照组比较,移植3组大鼠肝功能均得到明显改善,血清白蛋白、胆碱酯酶显著升高(P < 0.05),转氨酶、胆红素、凝血时间、Ⅳ型胶原显著降低(P < 0.05),肝纤维化程度显著减轻(P < 0.05)。门静脉移植组及肝动脉移植组优于尾静脉移植组,前两者之间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。说明经门静脉、肝动脉、尾静脉移植骨髓间充质干细胞均可减轻肝纤维化程度,改善肝功能,但肝动脉及门静脉移植途径优于外周血静脉途径。     

妊娠后期胎儿肝静脉发育的多普勒超声研究

目的:利用彩色多普勒超声观察妊娠后期胎儿肝静脉的发育状况,从而为肝发育异常性疾病的诊断及治疗提供依据.方法:选择临床及常规超声检查排除各种病变的正常单胎妊娠胎儿118例,孕龄26～40周;采用多功能彩色多普勒超声显像仪进行扫查,观察胎儿肝左、中、右静脉汇入下腔静脉的类型,肝静脉的内径与属支、相互夹角以及血流动力学的状态.记录相关数值并进行分析.结果:肝中静脉与肝左静脉合干后汇入下腔静脉(Ⅰ型)者57例(48.3%),肝左、中、右静脉分别汇入下腔静脉(Ⅱ型)者53例(44.9%),肝中、右静脉合干或出现肝右后静脉等(Ⅲ型)者8例(6.8%).随孕周增加,肝静脉内径增加,肝左、中、右静脉内径分别为(0.34±0.04)cm、(0.35±0.04)cm、(0.36±0.05)cm,与孕周有较高的相关性.可观察到的肝静脉属支1～4支不等.肝右静脉与肝中静脉之间的夹角为(56.8±14.2)°,肝中静脉与肝左静脉之间的夹角为(50.7±19.4)°,肝左静脉与肝右静脉之间的夹角为(98.4±20.3)°.肝静脉和下腔静脉血流频谱为三相,随孕周增加a/s值逐渐减小.以上各数值未见明显性别差异.结论:胎儿肝静脉发育状况与成人不同,胎儿肝静脉属支变异较大.本研究可以丰富与完善肝静脉发育影像学知识,提高肝静脉发育异常胎儿临床诊断水平.     

肝血流的病理生理改变与肝脏疾病的联系

目的 探讨肝脏门静脉、肝静脉管径及血流频谱的病理生理改变及其与肝脏疾病的联系.方法 在超声下观测并记录健康组30例,慢性乙型肝炎肝病组34例,慢性酒精肝及脂肪肝组32例,肝硬化门静脉高压组28例的肝静脉门静脉管径、血流频谱,及门静脉血流速度.结果 各种慢性疾病之间以及与正常人群之间在肝静脉、门静脉管径、血流频谱及血流速度几方面有统计学差异(P<0.05). 结论了解各种慢性肝病导致的肝血流理生理改变,并为临床早期诊断与治疗提供依据.     

门静脉的解剖与变异

目的：利用经动脉性门静脉造影CT重建门静脉、肝静脉三维结构，观察生理状态下的门静脉的解剖与变异。方法：150例病人，导管置入于肠系膜上动脉内，注入造影剂后门静脉期和肝静脉期连续扫描肝脏。三维重建门静脉及肝静脉，分析门静脉的解剖与变异。结果：150次成像中门静脉变异25例，12例（8．0％）显示门静脉呈三分叉状，10例（6，7％）门静脉先分出右后支，然后上行分为左支和右前支，1例（0．7％）门静脉左支水平段缺如，门静脉右支缺如2例（1．3％），余下125例（83．3％）显示正常左右门静脉分支。结论：门静脉的三维图像重建及类型分析对术前手术方式的确定有一定的临床意义。     

肝硬化B超诊断的临床应用

目的在二维超声条件下测定计算患者的脾静脉内径与门静脉内径的比值,结合临床,以探讨其对肝硬化诊断的临床应用价值。方法将病例分为5组,健康对照组30例;乙肝(丙肝)病毒携带20例;失代偿性肝硬化组25例;代偿性肝硬化组16例;非肝病性腹水组10例。观察测定肝实质回声、门静脉及脾静脉内径、脾厚、有无腹水及胆囊壁有无增厚等。并计算出脾静脉内径与门静脉内径的比值。结果失代偿性肝硬化组及代偿性肝硬化组脾静脉与门静脉内径的比值显著大于健康对照组(P〈0.05),而非肝病性腹水组其门静脉与脾静脉内径的比值与健康对照组无区别。乙肝(丙肝)病毒携带组的各项指标与健康对照组无区别。结论脾静脉内径与门静脉内径的比值是诊断肝硬化较敏感的指标,结合病史,其对肝硬化的诊断有较高的临床应用价值。     

脐静脉连于门静脉右支伴门静脉分支变异一例

在45例7-10个月胎儿肝的ABS铸型标本中,发现脐静脉连于门静脉右支伴门静脉分支变异一例,现报道如下:脐静脉连于门静脉右支,脐切迹亦偏右,致使肝左外叶约占整个肝的2/3大小,左内叶极小。门静脉主干在脐静脉的左侧。门静脉左支较短,只有横部,其末端直接发出左外叶上、下段支。门静脉右支为出现横部、角部、矢状部和囊部,与正常的左支相同,由各部的分支多而细,在角部发出右前叶支和右后叶上段支;右后叶下段支约8小支,发自矢状部和囊部;囊部亦发出4小支至左外叶。左内叶门静脉支纤     

右叶部分肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的：为右叶部分肝移植提供肝静脉的解剖学基础。方法：观测52个铸型标本中肝静脉的走行、分布、分型，肝中静脉肝左静脉合干比率，肝短静脉的数量，大小，及其在肝静脉的各类型中的出现率。结果：肝静脉的分型中A型、B型、C型分别为65．4％、26．9％、7．7％。肝中静脉肝左静脉合干机率67．3％。肝短静脉出现率为32．6％，肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处与肝中静脉汇入肝左静脉或下腔静脉处的距离2．Ocm以内者占80．7％。结论：本文结果为右叶部分肝移植提供了肝静脉的解剖学基础，提示中国人肝静脉的结构似乎较适合右叶部分肝移植。     

肝尾状叶切除术中寻找肝静脉的探讨

目的　为肝尾状叶切除术提供解剖学依据。方法　选择 6 0例肝脏标本 ,对紧贴尾状叶的肝中、肝左、肝右静脉段进行解剖和形态观测。结果　紧贴尾状叶的肝中、肝左、肝右静脉从下至上距尾状叶脏面的距离越来越小 ,从下至上彼此的间距亦越来越小 ;肝中、肝左、肝右静脉不在同一平面 5 2例 (8 6 7% )。结论　在尾状叶切除术中 ,先找到肝中静脉末端之后 ,才能更容易寻找肝中、肝左、肝右静脉     

Anatomical variations in the pattern of the right hepatic veins: possibilities for type classification

A morphological study of the right hepatic veins (RHVv) was conducted based on the shape and the confluence pattern of the superior right hepatic vein (SRHV) and the presence of accessory right hepatic veins. The study was performed in 110 undamaged, randomly selected, cadaveric human livers prepared using the corrosion cast methodology. The principles for classifying the RHVv into types were as follows: the length of the vein trunk, the confluence of 2 or 3 main tributaries that form a trunk, and the accessory right hepatic veins that modify the venous drainage of the right side of the liver. Four types of SRHV were identified. Type 1 (20%), type 2 (40%) and type 3 (25%) were the most common, while type 4 (15%) was linked to the accessory right hepatic veins in cases where they drain a surgically important part of the liver. Accessory right hepatic veins were found in a total of 31 casts (28%). The hepatocaval confluence was studied and the tributary-free part of the SRHV trunk before it entered the inferior vena cava was measured. The tributary-free part of the SRHV was longer than 1 cm in 77% of the casts. Anastomoses between the terminal tributaries of the veins involved in the drainage of the right side of the liver were also investigated.     

基于肝内肝门静脉解剖的肝脏右前叶分段新概念

目的根据肝内肝门静脉的走形分布,提出肝脏分段的新概念,为影像学和肝脏外科提供资料。方法采用60例正常的活体肝移植供肝影像资料,研究右前叶肝内肝门静脉的走形和分布以及肝静脉及其属支的回流范围,10例Mevis三维软件重建图像,探讨两者之间的关系。结果 Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段门脉支可大致分为腹侧支和背侧支,最多可达4支;约90%的背侧支越过肝右静脉分布到Couinaud分段中的VII段。V段的门脉分支大多来自右前叶或Ⅷ段门脉的腹侧支。因此,可将右前叶分为腹侧段:Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段的腹侧段(S8v)和V段(S5)背侧段:Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段的背侧段(S8d)两个部分。结论新的划分方法不仅有利于肝内病变的精确定位,而且便于肝脏外科实施新的、更安全的术式。     

A study of the accessory hepatic vein to segments VI and VII with a morphological reconsideration of the human liver

Introduction The liver is supplied by the common hepatic artery from the celiac trunk and by the portal vein from the gastrointestine. This double blood supply to the liver by the hepatic artery and the portal vein produced a complicated structure in the liver. For the blood outflow, we can see right, intermediate and left hepatic veins, and irregular veins: the accessory hepatic veins. These veins drain the blood in the liver into the inferior vena cava. In this study, we studied the layout of the accessory hepatic vein draining segments 6 and 7 in the human livers and attempted to reconsider the structure of the liver by the layout of the accessory hepatic vein. Methods Sixty livers were subjected in this study. They were prepared by using forceps to trace the layout of the blood vessels inside the livers. We carefully examined the relation between the layouts of the accessory vein to the segments 6 and 7 and of the portal vein. The confluence patterns of the accessory hepatic vein into the inferior vena cava were also examined to find the character of the vein. The relation between the accessory hepatic vein and standard hepatic veins was also studied. Results We found 2.2 accessory hepatic veins in one liver on average in our study. The vein was always within the area of segments 6 and 7, and did not surpass the boundary. We found at most five accessory hepatic veins in a liver in two cases. The accessory hepatic vein to the segments 6 and 7 always had its stem on the dorsal side to the portal vein. Different from the stem, the periphery of the accessory hepatic vein freely distributed with the peripheral branches of the portal vein. The area distributed by the accessory vein was also always dorsal part within the segments 6 and 7. The vein was small usually, but was big in few cases. When the vein was big, the area became solely drained by the accessory vein, because the standard hepatic veins (right and intermediate hepatic veins) did not reach the area, and we did not find any communication between the accessory vein and the standard veins. As the remaining region in the segments 6 and 7 became smaller, the draining right standard hepatic vein became shorter and smaller. Discussion The region drained by the accessory hepatic vein excluded the standard hepatic veins. Therefore, there are two different draining venous networks in the area of segments 6 and 7 classified by Couinaud. Conclusion The accessory hepatic vein draining segments 6 and 7 distributed somewhere dorsal side in the segments 6 and 7. The area where the accessory vein distributed was the region where standard hepatic veins did not reach. This would suggest that the region drained by the accessory hepatic vein makes an isolated segment in the liver in the segments 6 and 7 by the Couinaud’s Classification. The area might have a unique blood circulation system.     

Quantitative anatomy of the large variant right hepatic vein: A systematic three-dimensional analysis

Anatomical variations of the right hepatic vein, especially large variant right hepatic veins (≥5 mm), have important clinical implications in liver transplantation and resection. This study aimed to evaluate anatomical variations of the right hepatic vein using quantitative three-dimensional visualization analysis. Computed tomography images of 650 patients were retrospectively analyzed, and three-dimensional visualization was applied using the derived data to analyze large variant right hepatic veins. The proportion of the large variant right hepatic vein was 16.92% (110/650). According to the location and number of the variant right hepatic veins, the configuration of the right hepatic venous system was divided into seven subtypes. The length of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava had a positive correlation with the diameter of the right hepatic vein (rs = 0.266, p = 0.001) and the variant right hepatic veins (rs = 0.211, p = 0.027). The diameter of the right hepatic vein was positively correlated with that of the middle hepatic vein (rs = 0.361, p < 0.001), while it was inversely correlated with that of the variant right hepatic veins (rs = −0.267, p = 0.005). The right hepatic vein diameter was positively correlated with the drainage volume (rs = 0.489, p < 0.001), while the correlation with the variant right hepatic veins drainage volume was negative (rs = −0.460, p < 0.001). The number of the variant right hepatic veins and their relative diameters were positively correlated (p < 0.001). The volume and percentage of the drainage area of the right hepatic vein decreased significantly as the number of the variant right hepatic vein increased (p < 0.001). The findings of this study concerning the variations of the hepatic venous system may be useful for the surgical planning of liver resection or transplantation.     

Anatomy of the portal branches and the hepatic veins in the caudate lobe of the liver

The objective of this study was to analyze the caudate portal branches and their relationships with the hepatic caudate veins and propose a new nomenclature for the caudate branches based on their territory of distribution. We realized the fine dissection of the veins of the caudate lobe in 40 human livers fixed and preserved in formalin. In 15/40 (37.5%) cases there was a single branch to the caudate lobe. In 25/40 (62.5%) cases there was more than one branch, with a posterior caudate branch in 20/40 (50%) cases, an anterior caudate branch in 15/40 (37.5%) cases, a left caudate branch in 14/40 (35%) cases, and a right caudate branch in 8/40 (20%) cases. The most frequent combination detected (11/40, 27.5% of cases) was that of the posterior and anterior branches. The venous drainage of the caudate lobe and its papillary process was provided by the superior caudate hepatic vein in 23/40 (57.5%) cases, by the middle caudate vein in 35/40 (87.5%) cases (which was the only vein in 12/35 cases), and by the inferior caudate vein in 16/40 (40%) cases. In 11/40 (12.5%) cases there were accessory caudate veins, which emptied into the left and intermediate hepatic veins. The portal branches and the hepatic veins related to the caudate process were studied. In conclusion, the new nomenclature analyzes more precisely the distribution of the caudate portal branches.     

国人肝段的再认识

目的:对肝内门静脉和肝静脉重新认识,提出一种新的国人肝段划分方法,为影像学和肝外科提供断层解剖学资料。方法:使用50例上腹部连续断层标本和20例多层螺旋CT图像及三维重建图像,研究了肝内门静脉的走行和分布以及肝静脉及其属支的回流范围及其两者之间的相互关系。结果:国人肝段新的划分方法:门静脉右支主干存在时,依肝中静脉所在的正中裂将肝分为左、右半肝。右半肝被一弯曲的右叶间裂分成右前上叶和右后下叶。右前上叶依垂直段间裂分为腹侧和背侧段。右前上叶的腹侧段被水平亚段间裂分为上、下两个亚段。右后下叶依水平段间裂分为上、下两段。肝左静脉主干存在时,依肝左静脉主干所在的左叶间裂将左半肝分成左后上叶和左前下叶。左前下叶依左段间裂分为内侧和外侧段。水平亚段间裂将左前下叶的内侧段分为上、下两个亚段。依弧形背裂分尾状叶和右前上叶及左前下叶内侧段。结论:国人肝段新的划分法不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,而且便于肝外科探索新的和更加安全的术式来施行各种肝切除和肝移植。