农村地区留守儿童社交焦虑及其影响因素分析*

摘 要 目的 分析宁夏农村地区留守儿童社交焦虑状况及其影响因素,为改善农村留守儿童的健康状况提供理论依据。方法 2019年10月,采用整群随机抽样选取宁夏农村地区5所小学3到6年级990名学生进行调查,问卷主要包括社会生活状况、儿童社会交往焦虑测评量表。结果 留守儿童有仅4.18%父母会关注留守儿童的心理问题,有36.70%的留守儿童认为父母外出打工是一段痛苦的经历。留守儿童社交焦虑得分高于非留守儿童(t=3.608,P＜0.05),生活起居方式不同其留守儿童社交焦虑总得分存在差异(F=4.108,P＜0.05);多元线性回归分析显示,性别、年级、有无兄弟姐妹以及父母外出打工是否对学习成绩产生影响是留守儿童社交焦虑水平的主要影响因素(P＜0.05)。结论 农村留守儿童社交焦虑水平要高于非留守儿童,其影响因素复杂;父母应多方面关注留守儿童的社交焦虑状况,改善留守儿童的生活质量。     

甘肃农村留守儿童生活质量现状分析

目的 了解甘肃农村留守儿童的生活质量并探讨其影响因素。方法 采用儿童少年生活质量量表和自编的一般情况调查表对随机抽取的1 484名农村留守儿童与非留守儿童进行调查与分析。结果 农村留守儿童的生活质量总体水平处于中下水平,占到总体留守儿童的84.9%;留守儿童的生活质量显著低于非留守儿童(P＜0.05);留守儿童在性别、是否住宿、学习成绩、家庭收入等变量上差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 农村留守儿童的生活质量普遍较低,加强留守儿童的心理健康教育,是一项长期坚持的工作。     

新疆七县贫困农村婴幼儿贫血患病状况研究

[目的]了解新疆七县婴幼儿贫血状况,探讨其影响因素,为改善当地儿童的健康状况提供依据.[方法]采用分层随机抽样方法,对新疆七县的1 123户有婴幼儿的家庭进行问卷调查.所有资料采用Epidata 3.1建立数据库及检错程序,双录入法录入数据,采用SAS 8.2完成统计分析.[结果]新疆七县婴幼儿贫血患病率为47.2%,各县患病率的差异有显著性(P＜0.001);不同民族患病率的差异有显著性(P＜0.001),少数民族高于汉族;不同月龄患病率的差异有显著性(P＜0.001);与儿童贫血有关的影响因素为:母亲贫血、母亲孕期产检次数、饮用水是否烧开、民族、儿童月龄及生长迟缓.[结论]对新疆七县贫困农村,应宣传孕产妇和儿童保健知识,注重儿童营养状况,降低儿童贫血状况,并制定相关政策.     

甘露糖结合凝集素基因多态性与反复呼吸道感染的相关性研究

[目的]探讨甘露糖结合凝集素(mannose-binding lectin,MBL)基因多态性与反复呼吸道感染的相关性.[方法]采用聚合酶链反应、DNA序列测定法分析78例反复呼吸道感染儿童和106例健康对照儿童MBL基因外显子1第52、第54和57位密码子的多态性.[结果]①尚未发现中国汉族儿童MBL基因第52、57位密码子存在基因多态性;②反复呼吸道感染患儿MBL基因第54位密码子GGC/GTC基因型频率高于健康对照儿童(34.6%vs 22.6%,P＜O.05),而GGC/GGC基因型频率低于健康对照儿童(51.2%VS 76.4%,P＜O.05).反复呼吸道感染患儿GTC等位基因频率高于健康对照儿童(18.6%VS 12.3%,P＜O.05),而GTC等位基因频率低于健康对照儿童(81.4%vs 87.7%,P＜0.05).GTC型等位基因与中国汉族儿童反复呼吸道感染密切相关[OR=1.939,95%CI为1.085～3.464,P＜O.053.[结论]MBL基因54位密码子多态性与反复呼吸道感染相关.     

河北省农村地区5岁以下儿童年龄别及BMI分析

目的分析河北省农村地区5岁以下儿童BMI,评价其体型胖瘦。方法从2013年全国第五次卫生服务调查家庭健康询问调查河北省数据库提取农村地区5岁以下儿童身高、体质量等信息,以WHO Anthro v3. 1. 0软件计算年龄别身体质量指数Z评分(BAZ),评价其体型。结果河北省农村地区5岁以下儿童平均BAZ为0. 36分,留守儿童、留守男童、留守女童BAZ均低于相应非留守儿童(P0. 001)。同一年龄组,留守儿童BAZ低于非留守儿童(P0. 001)。5岁以下儿童消瘦、正常、超重、肥胖率分别为17. 12%、46. 18%、23. 58%、13. 11%。留守儿童、留守男童、留守女童消瘦率均高于相应非留守儿童,超重、肥胖率则相反(P0. 001)。0～、1～岁组儿童体型不正常率高于其他年龄组(P=0. 001);且同一年龄组留守与非留守儿童间的体型构成差异有统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论农村5岁以下儿童体型与营养受留守行为影响明显,年龄越小越易出现异常。     

贫困地区3岁以下农村留守儿童与非留守儿童喂养状况比较研究

目的了解我国贫困地区3岁以下农村留守儿童与非留守儿童母乳喂养与辅食添加状况,为促进农村儿童科学喂养提供依据。方法选取中西部6省6县贫困地区3岁以下农村留守儿童和非留守儿童1 439例为研究对象,其中留守儿童940例,非留守儿童499例,采用面对面问卷调查的方式了解儿童母乳喂养和辅食添加情况。结果留守儿童6月龄内纯母乳喂养率低于非留守儿童,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05)。留守儿童与非留守儿童6个月开始添加辅食的比例比较,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论留守儿童6个月内纯母乳喂养率较低,留守儿童与非留守儿童过早或过晚添加辅食率较高,应加强贫困地区儿童,尤其是留守儿童母乳喂养与辅食添加的科学喂养指导。     

贵州省农村留守儿童负性生活事件发生频率及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨留守儿童与非留守儿童在生活事件方面的差异及留守儿童生活事件的影响因素,为留守儿童的健康成长创造良好的社会环境.方法 应用儿少生活事件量表,对贵州省农村1 416名儿童进行现场调查.结果 留守儿童的负性生活事件总分为(44.97±16.20)分;非留守儿童负性生活事件总分为(40.92±15.1)分,留守儿童负性生活事件总的发生频率明显高于非留守儿童,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);留守儿童与非留守儿童在人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、健康适应及其他这5个因子的得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);留守儿童生活事件的影响因素包括:年龄、家庭经济水平、父亲外出打工情况、是否为独生子女、年级、父亲文化程度.结论 留守儿童由于缺少父母的关爱,在面对各种生活中的负性刺激时,容易表现出适应不良,尤其是那些身为独生子女且家庭经济状况较好的留守儿童,他们对生活有着较高的期望,一旦在生活中受到挫折,就更易出现品行、学业和心理问题.     

白银市平川区农村留守儿童健康相关行为及影响因素分析

了解贫困地区留守儿童健康相关行为的现状及其影响因素,为今后开展健康行为的干预性研究提供基础.方法 分层整群抽取白银市平川区种田村、黄峤乡以及复兴乡7所中小学三~九年级共计880名学生进行问卷调查,比较是否留守儿童健康相关行为的差异并进行影响因素分析.结果 留守儿童与非留守儿童在挑食、打架、体育锻炼以及劳动负担上的差异具有统计学意义,表现为非留守儿童挑食比例(41.7%)高于留守儿童(29.4%)(x2=12.598,P<0.01),留守儿童打架(36.o%)、参加课后体育锻炼的比例(45.4%)高于非留守儿童(22.3%,34.7%)(x2值分别为15.936,5.635,P值均相似文献   

安徽省某农村地区中小学生自杀意念及其影响因素

目的 了解农村中小学生自杀意念及其影响因素,为心理健康的早期干预提供科学依据.方法 采用整群抽样方法抽取安徽省长丰县3所初中、5所小学所有在籍学生作为研究对象.运用中小学生身心健康状况与相关生活经历调查问卷(包括自杀意念评定表、儿童抑郁量表、家庭功能量表、特质性应对问卷、儿童自尊量表、儿童社交焦虑量表、生命质量量表)进行调查.采用x2检验分析不同性别、不同留守状态中小学生自杀意念的差别,使用非条件logistic回归模型方法筛选自杀意念的主要影响因素.结果 调查儿童自杀意念发生率为8.64％(252/2917),其中留守儿童自杀意念发生率为9.80％(166/1694),非留守儿童自杀意念发生率为7.03％(86/1223),不同留守状态儿童自杀意念差异有统计学意义(P=0.009),多因素logistic回归分析显示社交焦虑、消极应对方式是自杀意念的危险因素(P＜0.05),生命质量评分高、家庭功能良好是保护因素(P＜0.05).结论 农村儿童自杀意念发生率较高,家庭、学校、社会应该针对自杀意念的危险因素和保护因素采取综合防控措施,预防儿童自杀行为的发生.     

重庆某区青春期留守儿童生活质量影响因素分析

分析重庆市某区青春期留守儿童生活质量的影响因素,为采取改善青春期留守儿童生活质量的措施提供依据.方法 分层整群抽取重庆某区3 691名青春期留守儿童,采用“青春期儿童生活质量量表”和自编“儿童基本情况调查问卷”进行调查.结果 单因素分析结果显示,男生生活质量总分(141.74± 18.09)高于女生(140.47± 17.99),非住校生生活质量总分(142.24±18.35)高于住校生(138.01±16.91),小学生生活质量总分(143.81±18.65)高于初中生(138.06±16.84);与父母联系频率、教养方式、学习成绩、好朋友数量等4个因素对留守儿童生活质量总分和4个维度得分的影响均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01),留守类型、监护人类型、家庭经济状况等3个因素对留守儿童生活质量总分和部分维度得分的影响均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).多因素逐步回归分析结果表明,影响青春期留守儿童生活质量的主要因素有教养方式、好朋友数量、学段、学习成绩、与父母联系频率、家庭经济状况、性别和留守类型(P值均<0.05).结论 大力发展经济、改善父母教养方式、加强亲子关系是提高和改善青春期留守儿童生活质量的关键.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.