新生儿重症监护病房医院感染的危险因素分析

目的：通过对新生儿重症监护病房医院感染病例的危险因素进行回顾性分析,为预防和控制新生儿医院感染提供科学依据。方法收集本院新生儿重症监护病房2008年1月至2012年6月收治的1186例患儿资料,对确诊为院内感染患儿的流行病学资料、住院期间的临床资料及实验室相关检测结果进行回顾性分析。结果1186例新生儿患者中有85例患儿存在医院感染,医院感染发生率为7.17%;病原菌以革兰阴性菌最多见（53/85,62.4%）,主要为肺炎克雷伯菌（18/85,21.2%）、鲍曼不动杆菌（12/85,14.1%）、铜绿假单胞菌（7/85,8.2%）和大肠埃希菌（5/85,5.9%）。本组病例院内感染的临床表现以肺炎（35/85,41.2%）最为常见,其中呼吸机相关性肺炎占所有肺炎的68.6%（24/35）;其次为败血症（22/85,25.9%）和腹泻（12/85,14.1%）。多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,机械通气（OR=1.921）、脐静脉置管（OR=1.301）、住院时间（OR=1.076）、胎龄（OR=1.125）和胎膜早破（OR=1.207）等是新生儿发生院内感染的主要危险因素。结论新生儿院内感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主;缩短机械通气和住院时间,尽早拔除静脉置管可降低新生儿院内感染发病率。     

Classification for coding procedures in the intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: There is no commonly accepted coding system for non-operative procedures in general, including intensive care unit (ICU) procedures. In order to create a classification of codes for ICU procedures, a system developed at the University Hospital of Bergen was evaluated in four Nordic countries. METHODS: Classification codes were constructed using seven main groups of related procedures that were given a letter from A to G. Within each group major procedures were given a number from 00 to 99, with the possibility of up to 10 subclassifications within each procedure. A simple questionnaire regarding the use of coding general ICU procedures and some specific procedures was sent to 171 ICUs in Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway. They were also asked to give their comments on the new classification coding system, which was attached. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-four questionnaires were returned (response rate 90%). Some or most of the ICU procedures were registered in the ICUs (82.2%). However 38% did not use any coding system and 24% used a specific internal system. The new classification coding system was well received, and was given a mean value of 7.5 using a VAS scale from 0 to 10 (best). Most ICUs would consider using this system if introduced at a national level. CONCLUSION: Most Nordic ICUs do register some or most of the procedures performed. Such procedures are however, registered in very different ways, using several different systems, and are often home-made. The new classification system of ICU procedures was well rated.     

Low serum albumin level as an independent risk factor for the onset of pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients

Critically ill patients are at high risk of developing pressure ulcers (PUs) and patients who develop PUs remain significantly longer in the intensive care unit (ICU) with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the identification of patients at truly increased risk is important. The aim of this study was to examine the association of low serum albumin present at admission in ICU patients with the onset of PUs. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on 610 patients who were admitted to intensive care unit. Level of serum albumin and other biochemical indices, recorded at the time of admission, were collected. We collected information about PU occurrence after admission and conducted a statistical analysis with biomarkers at ICU admission and during hospital stay. The incidence of PU in the ICUs was 31% and about 70% of patients with PUs had hypoalbuminemia at admission. The lowest values of serum albumin in patients with PUs were directly proportional to the severity of ulcers. In this study, we found a close association between serum albumin and PUs. In fact serum albumin was negatively correlated with PU and may be considered one of the independent determinants of PU occurrence in patients admitted to ICUs.     

Readmission to the intensive care unit: An indicator that reflects the potential risks of morbidity and mortality of surgical patients in the intensive care unit

Purpose  To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of surgical patients who were readmitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods  The data were collected for all readmissions to the surgical ICUs in a tertiary hospital in the year 2003. Results  Of all the 945 ICU discharges, 110 patients (11.6%) were readmitted. They had a longer initial ICU stay (8.05 ± 7.17 vs 5.22 ± 4.95, P < 0.001) and were older and in a more severe condition than those not readmitted, but with a longer hospital stay and higher mortality rate (40% vs 3.6%, P < 0.001). A total of 26.4% of the readmission patients had an early readmission (<48 h), with a lower mortality rate than those with a late readmission (24.1% vs 45.7%, P = 0.049). A total of 46.4% of the patients were readmitted with the same diagnosis while the rest were readmitted with a new complication. Respiratory disease was the most common diagnosis for patients readmitted with a new complication (66.1%). The nonsurvivors had a significantly higher second Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score (22.1 ± 8.8 vs.14.6 ± 7.4, P < 0.001) and second Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) score (30.1 ± 8.7 vs 24.7 ± 7.6, P = 0.001) and a longer stay in the first ICU admission (10.4 ± 9 days vs 6.4 ± 5 days, P = 0.010). A multivariate analysis showed that the first ICU length of stay and the APACHE II score at the time of readmission were the two risk factors for mortality. Conclusion  The mortality of surgical patients with ICU readmission was high with respiratory complications being the most important issue.     

Albumin administration prevents the onset of pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a common problem in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs) and they account for more than 70% of patients with low serum albumin at admission. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of intravenous administration of albumin in patients with low serum albumin < 3·3 g/dl. In a 1‐year period, a total of 73 patients were admitted to the ICU (males 45, 61·64% and females 28, 38·36%); of these, 21 patients were admitted with hypoalbuminaemia (serum albumin < 3·3 g/dl) and randomised into two groups: 11 patients were treated with 25 g intravenous albumin for the first 3 days within the first week of ICU stay (group A) and 10 patients did not receive albumin (group B). Three patients (27·27%) showed the onset of PUs in group A, whereas seven patients (70%) showed the onset of PUs within the first 7 days of stay in group B. Moreover, ulcers of group B were more severe than those of group A. This study shows that intravenous administration of albumin reduces the onset of PUs in patients admitted to the ICU and in some cases it also reduces the risk of progression to advanced stages of PUs.     

术后重症患者在重症监护病房发生医院感染的危险因素分析

WHO的有关调查和其他研究均表明,医院感染发生率最高的是重症监护病房（ICU）,而在ICU中,术后患者往往因其手术过程中创伤大、时间长、侵入性操作多、病情危重等特点,成为医院感染的高危人群。为了解ICU术后患者医院感染的相关因素,为医院感染目标性监测及对医院感染防控提供可靠依据,     

Factors related to COVID-19 mortality among three Swedish intensive care units—A retrospective study

Background

Mortality due to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) differs across units, regions, and countries. These variations may be attributed to several factors, including comorbidities, acute physiological derangement, disease severity, treatment, ethnicity, healthcare system strain, and socioeconomic status. This study aimed to explore the features of patient characteristics, clinical management, and staffing that may be related to mortality among three intensive care units (ICUs) within the same hospital system in South Sweden.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed ICU patients with COVID-19 and AHRF in Region Jönköping County, Sweden. The primary outcome was the 90-day mortality rate. We used univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses to investigate the relationship of predictors with outcomes.

Results

Between March 15, 2020, and May 31, 2021, 331 patients with AHRF and COVID-19 were admitted to the three ICUs. There were differences in disease severity, treatments, process-related factors, and socioeconomic factors between the units. These factors were related to 90-day mortality. After multivariable adjustment, age, severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the number of nurses per ICU-bed independently predicted 90-day mortality.

Conclusion

Age, disease severity, and nurse staffing, but not treatment or socioeconomic status, were independently associated with 90-day mortality among critically ill patients with AHRF due to COVID-19. We also identified variations in care related processes, which may be a modifiable risk factor and warrants future investigation.     

Saudi Arabian adult intensive care unit pressure ulcer incidence and risk factors: a prospective cohort study

The purpose of this study was to identify pressure ulcer (PU) incidence and risk factors that are associated with PU development in patients in two adult intensive care units (ICU) in Saudi Arabia. A prospective cohort study design was used. A total of 84 participants were screened second daily basis until discharge or death, over a consecutive 30‐day period, out of which 33 participants with new PUs were identified giving a cumulative hospital‐acquired PU incidence of 39·3% (33/84 participants). The incidence of medical devices‐related PUs was 8·3% (7/84). Age, length of stay in the ICU, history of cardiovascular disease and kidney disease, infrequent repositioning, time of operation, emergency admission, mechanical ventilation and lower Braden Scale scores independently predicted the development of a PU. According to binary logistic regression analyses, age, longer stay in ICU and infrequent repositioning were significant predictors of all stages of PUs, while the length of stay in the ICU and infrequent repositioning were associated with the development of stages II–IV PUs. In conclusion, PU incidence rate was higher than that reported in other international studies. This indicates that urgent attention is required for PU prevention strategies in this setting.     

Incidence and risk factors of pressure ulcers in seven neonatal intensive care units in Japan: a multisite prospective cohort study

This study aims to clarify (i) the incidence of pressure ulcers in neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and (ii) risk factors of pressure ulcer development. All infants admitted to the NICU and kept in incubators from seven hospitals during the study period were recruited to the study. Each infant was given skin examination every day by nurses, and risk factors were collected three times a week by one researcher. The incidence of the pressure ulcers was calculated, and the risk factors for pressure ulcers were determined by using univariate and multivariate analysis. Eighty‐one infants were involved in the study. A total of 14 pressure ulcers occurred in 13 infants during the 11‐month study period, the incidence was 0·01 persons per day and cumulative incidence rate was 16·0%. Seven (50·0%) of 14 pressure ulcers were located on the nose. Multivariate analysis identified the following risk factors: skin texture (Dubowitz neonatal maturation assessment scale: skin texture score of 1 point or lower) [odds ratio 7·6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·58 –36·71, P = 0·012] and endotracheal intubation usage (odds ratio 4·0; 95% CI 1·04–15·42, P = 0·042).     

Delayed admission to intensive care unit for critically surgical patients is associated with increased mortality

Background

Shortage of beds in intensive care units (ICUs) is an increasing common phenomenon worldwide. Consequently, many critically ill patients have to be cared for in other hospital areas without specialized staff, such as general wards, emergency department, post anesthesia care unit (PACU). However, boarding critically ill patients in general wards or emergency department has been associated with higher mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a delay in ICU admission, waiting in PACU and managed by anesthesiologists, affects their ICU outcomes for critically surgical patients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of adult critically surgical patients admitted to our ICU between January 2010 and June 2012 were analyzed. ICU admission was classified as either immediate or delayed (waiting in PACU). A general estimation equation was used to examine the relationship of PACU waiting hours before ICU admission with ICU outcomes by adjusting for age, patient sex, comorbidities, surgical categories, end time of operation, operation hours, and clinical conditions.

Results

A total of 2,279 critically surgical patients were evaluated. Two thousand ninety-four (91.9%) patients were immediately admitted and 185 (8.1%) patients had delayed ICU admission. There was a significant increase in ICU mortality rates with a delay in ICU admission (P < .001). Prolonged waiting hours in PACU (≥6 hours) was associated with higher ICU mortality (adjusted odds ratio 5.32; 95% confidence interval 1.25 to 22.60, P = .024). However, longer PACU waiting times was not associated with mechanical ventilation days, ICU length of stay, and ICU cost.

Conclusion

Prolonged waiting hours in PACU because of ICU bed shortage was associated with higher ICU mortality for critically surgical patients.     

丙泊酚和咪唑安定用于ICU呼吸机治疗病人的镇静

目的 观察丙泊酚和咪唑安定对ICU呼吸机治疗病人的镇静效果，为危重病人镇静用药提供依据。方法 选拔在ICU呼吸机治疗的病人40例，随机分为两组，丙泊酚组21例，先静注丙泊酚1.5mg/kg镇静诱导，然后改用微量注射泵持续注射丙泊酚，根据Ramsay氏分级标准调整用量；咪唑安定组19例，先静注咪唑安定0.05mg/kg镇诱导，然后改用微量注射泵持续注射咪唑安定，根据不同镇静分级调整用量，分别记录Ramsay氏分级Ⅲ-Ⅵ级时的用药量及用药前后、苏醒时的心率、血压、脉搏血氧饱和度和停药后苏醒时间，停药后再入睡和恶心发生情况，结果 两组病人随镇静程度的加深而用药量增加，但呼吸、循环无明显抑制。丙泊酚组较咪唑安定组苏醒时间快，且苏醒后再入睡及出现恶心病人明显减少。结论 丙泊酚和咪唑安定都能达到ICU病人所需的镇静要求，丙泊酚苏醒快，且苏醒后再入睡和恶心的发生明显少于咪唑安定。     

Techniques of tracheostomy for intensive care unit patients

The author and his colleagues believe that the surgical technique used constructing a tracheostomy can have a profound effect on the safety and care of patients in the intensive care unit particularly in the first few days after the operation. The Bj?rk procedure is commended to the surgeons.     

Computed tomography severity index and C-reactive protein values predicting mortality in emergency and intensive care units for patients with severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis is a multisystem disease in which various local and systemic complications lead to high mortality. We retrospectively examined the clinical and biochemical factors that may influence the risk of mortality on admission to emergency and intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: Sixty-eight patients were admitted into our hospital for acute pancreatitis and treated in our ICU for computed tomography-proven severe acute pancreatitis during the years 1997 to 2004. The clinical, biochemical, and radiologic data were reviewed from the computerized database, radiologic films, and patient records. RESULTS: The mortality rate during the ICU stay was 18% (12/68) and that during the whole period of hospitalization 26% (18/68). A C-reactive protein (CRP) value over 150 was the only independent predictor of mortality on admission into the emergency unit, whereas the computed tomography severity index and the elevated CRP value over 150 predicted significantly and independently mortality on admission into the ICU. Linear backward regression analysis showed that high CRP values and respiratory failure on ICU admission correlate with longer ICU stay. Men's ICU stays were longer than those of women. CONCLUSIONS: A high computed tomography severity index and CRP values over 150 on admission into the ICU are valuable predictors of the mortality risk. High CRP, renal and respiratory failure, and male gender are associated with longer ICU stay.     

超声心动图对重症监护室患者管理重要性的研究

目的 超声心动图对重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)患者的管理有着重要的作用,研究分析由具备基本心脏超声检查能力的ICU医师完成的超声检查对ICU患者管理的意义.方法 采用回顾性临床观察研究的方法,纳入并记录2009年8月～2010年5月本院ICU中行经胸超声心动图(trans-thoraci...     

Classification of adverse events occurring in a surgical intensive care unit

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to describe the preventability and provider specificity of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) deaths and complications compared with those in a cohort of trauma patients. METHODS: Data were collected on all trauma and SICU admissions from July 1, 2001, to June 30, 2004, from administrative (Trauma Base and Project Impact) and morbidity databases. Services were protocol driven and staffed by in-house attendings. Performance improvement assessments were made by consensus. Deaths and complications were classified as preventable, potentially preventable, or nonpreventable, and provider-specific or not. Statistical significance was established at the P < .05 level. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-eight deaths (5.6% rate), 464 procedure-related, and 694 non-procedure-related complications were noted in 2969 SICU patients compared with 166 deaths (3.6% rate), 178 procedure-related, and 261 non-procedure-related complications in 4,655 trauma patients. Thirty-one percent of SICU deaths were preventable/potentially preventable compared with 14% of trauma deaths, but only 1.9% was attributable to the SICU provider. SICU complications were less frequently preventable/potentially preventable than in trauma patients (52% versus 61%) and less often provider-specific (5% versus 19%). CONCLUSIONS: SICU complications are deemed preventable less often than in trauma patients and, if so, infrequently incriminate the SICU provider. Preventable and potentially preventable SICU deaths are rarely attributed to SICU care. These data suggest that SICU performance improvement should focus on systems solutions and pre-SICU care.     

Risk factors in the development of pressure ulcers in an intensive care unit in Pontianak, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the presence of pressure ulcer development in adult patients at an intensive care unit hospital in Indonesia. The prospective cohort design was conducted in this study. A total of 105 patients participated and a pressure ulcer developed in 35 patients. The initial analysis identified several variables as significant risk factors for pressure ulcer development (interface pressure, fecal incontinence, skin moisture, diastolic blood pressure, smoking and body temperature). However, when entered into a final multivariate analysis, four factors, interface pressure [odds ratio (OR) 17.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.1, 74.3], skin moisture (OR 8.2, 95% CI 2.2, 30.9), smoking (12.7, 95% CI 2.8, 56.7) and body temperature (OR 102.0, 95% CI 7.7, 98.8) were found to be significant. The results suggest that interface pressure measured using a multipad pressure evaluator, skin moisture measured by a moisture checker, thermometer for body temperature and smoking status are adequate instruments for the prediction of pressure ulcer development.     

Diabetes patients and non-diabetic patients intensive care unit and hospital mortality risks associated with sepsis

AIM:To compare mortality risks associated with known diabetic patients to hyperglycemic non-diabetic patients.METHODS:PubMed data base was searched for patients with sepsis,bacteremia,mortality and diabetes.Articles that also identified new onset hyperglycemia (NOH) (fasting blood glucose125 mg/dL or random blood glucose199 mg/dL) were identified and reviewed.Nine studies were evaluated with regards to hyperglycemia and hospital mortality and five of the nine were summarized with regards to intensive care unit (ICU) mortality.RESULTS:Historically hyperglycemia has been believed to be equally harmful in known diabetic patients and non-diabetics patients admitted to the hospital.Unexpectedly,having a history of diabetes when admitted to the hospital was associated with a reduced risk of hospital mortality.Approximately 17% of patients admitted to hospital have NOH and 24% have diabetes mellitus.Hospital mortality was significantly increased in all nine studies of patients with NOH as compared to known diabetic patients (26.7%±3.4% vs 12.5% ±3.4%,P0.05;analysis of variance).Unadjusted ICU mortality was evaluated in five studies and was more than doubled for those patients with NOH as compared to known diabetic patients (25.3%±3.3% vs 12.8%±2.6%,P0.05) despite having similar blood glucose concentrations.Most importantly,having NOH was associated with an increased ICU and a 2.7-fold increase in hospital mortality when compared to hyperglycemic diabetic patients.The mortality benefit of being diabetic is unclear but may have to do with adaptation to hyperglycemia over time.Having a history of diabetes mellitus and prior episodes of hyperglycemia may provide time for the immune system to adapt to hyperglycemia and result in a reduced mortality risk.Understanding why diabetic patients have a lower than expected hospital mortality rate even with bacteremia or acute respiratory distress syndrome needs further study.CONCLUSION:Having hyperglycemia without a history of previous diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for ICU and hospital mortality.     

ICU患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的探讨重症监护病房(ICU)患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药情况,为其治疗提供依据。方法对2012年1月至5月于本院ICU住院的患者所送检的痰标本进行细菌培养、鉴定和药敏试验。结果 239例合格痰标本中79例为菌群正常,其余160例共检出177株病原菌,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占76.8%(136/177),革兰阳性球菌占15.3%(27/177),真菌占7.9%(14/177)。在细菌中鲍曼不动杆菌居第一位(32.5%,53/163),其次为铜绿假单胞菌(23.3%,38/163)、金黄色葡萄球菌(16.6%,27/163)和肺炎克雷伯菌(9.2%,15/163),以上细菌占所分离菌株的81.6%(133/163)。11.0%(16/146)患者出现多重感染,并以金黄色葡萄球菌和革兰阴性杆菌的混合感染为主,占56.2%(9/16)。药敏试验结果显示,鲍曼不动杆菌对17种抗菌药物中16种的耐药率均>68%,而铜绿假单胞菌对17种抗菌药物中14种的耐药率均>55%;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对16种抗菌药物的耐药率>60%者分别达14种和13种;金黄色葡萄球菌对12种抗菌药物中10种的耐药率均>74%。结论 ICU患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且鲍曼不动杆菌为首位感染病原菌;病原菌显示多重耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌仅对米诺环素敏感性较好,铜绿假单胞菌和肠杆菌科细菌仅对亚胺培南敏感性较好,而金黄色葡萄球菌仅对万古霉素敏感。需加强ICU病原菌及耐药性监测,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。