中间型葡萄膜炎并发复杂性视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术治疗

目的:探讨中间型葡萄膜炎并发复杂性视网膜脱离的临床特征及玻璃体切除联合眼内填充术的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析我院2000-01/2005-06收治的11例(共11眼)中间型葡萄膜炎并发复杂性视网膜脱离病例术前及术后详细的临床资料。所有患者均接受巩膜外环扎,玻璃体切除联合眼内填充术治疗,术中9眼行硅油充填,2眼填充长效惰性气体。术后随访12～66mo。结果:术后11眼均获视网膜良好复位及视力增进。随访期中有7眼于6～12mo取出硅油,硅油取出后2眼因周边部PVR或葡萄膜炎复发导致视网膜脱离复发,未取硅油的4眼(包括2只再手术眼)视网膜平伏。结论:中间型葡萄膜炎并发的复杂性视网膜脱离,尤其存在周边部纤维及血管膜的牵引时,玻璃体切除联合眼内填充术效果确切,周边部PVR和葡萄膜炎复发是术后限制视网膜复位的主要原因。     

外伤性视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术治疗

目的:评价外伤性视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术治疗方法及疗效。方法:对24例(24眼)外伤性视网膜脱离患者行常规经平坦部玻璃体切除、膜剥离、松解性视网膜切开、眼内激光、硅油或长效气体眼内填充等治疗,部分病例联合巩膜扣带术;随访3～24mo,观察疗效。结果:24眼术后视网膜均复位,视力均有不同程度的提高,随访期间,19例视网膜保持平复,5例复发视网膜脱离,其中3例经再手术视网膜复位,另2例因眼球萎缩未再手术。结论:外伤性视网膜脱离多伴有浓密的玻璃体积血、视网膜嵌塞及严重的增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(prolifera-tivevitreoretinopathy,PVR),通过适时的玻璃体手术能获得比较满意的治疗效果。     

Missed retinal breaks in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

AIM: To evaluate the causes and associations of missed retinal breaks (MRBs) and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS: Case sheets of patients undergoing vitreo retinal surgery for RRD at a tertiary eye care centre were evaluated retrospectively. Out of the 378 records screened, 253 were included for analysis of MRBs and 191 patients were included for analysis of PVD, depending on the inclusion criteria. Features of RRD and retinal breaks noted on examination were compared to the status of MRBs and PVD detected during surgery for possible associations. RESULTS: Overall, 27% patients had MRBs. Retinal holes were commonly missed in patients with lattice degeneration while missed retinal tears were associated with presence of complete PVD. Patients operated for cataract surgery were significantly associated with MRBs (P=0.033) with the odds of missing a retinal break being 1.91 as compared to patients with natural lens. Advanced proliferative vitreo retinopathy (PVR) and retinal bullae were the most common reasons for missing a retinal break during examination. PVD was present in 52% of the cases and was wrongly assessed in 16%. Retinal bullae, pseudophakia/aphakia, myopia, and horse shoe retinal tears were strongly associated with presence of PVD. Traumatic RRDs were rarely associated with PVD. CONCLUSION: Pseudophakic patients, and patients with retinal bullae or advanced PVR should be carefully screened for MRBs. Though Weiss ring is a good indicator of PVD, it may still be over diagnosed in some cases. PVD is associated with retinal bullae and pseudophakia, and inversely with traumatic RRD.     

Retinal detachment caused by retinal dialysis

Purpose : To determine the characteristics of patients developing retinal detachment secondary to retinal dialysis in Western Australia and to confirm the clinical impression that these patients had a low rate of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Methods : A retrospective analysis of the records of 1601 consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment identified 71 patients in whom the retinal detachment was caused by a retinal dialysis. Results : The majority of these patients were young adults (mean age of 30 years) and the male to female ratio was 1.3: 1. Seventy percent of patients provided a history of significant trauma to the affected eye. Sporting injuries, assault, and motor vehicle injuries together accounted for 72% of identifiable trauma. Examination revealed a dialysis of the inferotemporal quadrant in 75% of cases and despite obvious signs of chronicity of the associated retinal detachment (such as intraretinal macrocysts and demarcation lines) in approximately one-third of the eyes, only 5.6% developed grade C1 PVR either pre- or postoperatively. Conclusion : The present study supports the view that it is the low rate of PVR that explains the good prognosis and high surgical success rate for retinal detachments caused by retinal dialysis. It is postulated that a major reason for the low rate of PVR is that the vitreous base attachment to the posterior margin of a retinal dialysis acts as a significant barrier to the migration of potentially proliferative retinal pigment epithelial cells. This may lead to containment of the responsible proliferative cells within the loculated subretinal space.     

Discriminate characteristics of photopsia in posterior vitreous detachment, retinal tears and retinal detachment

Aims:  To characterize photopsia in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), retinal tears (RT) and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).
Methods:  Seventy seven patients presenting to an eye emergency department and vitreoretinal clinic with photopsia had documentation of their symptoms.
Results:  A total of 27 patients had PVD alone, 7 had RTs and 25 RRD. In patients with isolated PVD, photopsia were temporal (94%), lasting seconds (81%) and vertically orientated (59%) flashes. Patients with photopsia located in quadrants other than temporal were more likely to have RRD ( p  = 0.0003). Patients with an oblique or horizontal orientation of their photopsia were likely to have RRD or RT ( p  = 0.001, specificity 96%, sensitivity 40%).
Conclusions:  Most patients with PVD have a typical presentation of photopsia, with temporal, vertically orientated, momentary flashes. Patients with RTs or RRD may describe subtle differences in their photopsia which may raise the index of suspicion for the presence of a complication from PVD.     

后部葡萄膜炎细胞间粘附分子—1的表达

目的 研究细胞间粘附分子－１（ＩＣＡＭ－１）在葡萄膜炎免疫反应中的作用。方法 应用免疫组织化学染色检查２０只正常眼和４３例葡萄膜炎眼球摘除眼的脉络膜和视网膜组织中的ＩＣＡＭ－１的表达。结果 正常眼的脉络膜和视网膜组织没有ＩＣＡＭ－１的阳性染色,葡萄膜炎眼中有增高表达（Ｐ〈０．０１）,外源性和内源性葡萄膜炎眼组间ＩＣＡＭ－１表达统计学上无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论 葡萄膜炎发病过程中,ＩＣＡＭ－     

玻璃体积血合并视网膜裂孔或脱离的玻璃体切割手术疗效观察

目的:探讨玻璃体积血合并视网膜裂孔或脱离采用玻璃体切割手术治疗的疗效及必要性。 方法:对28例28眼玻璃体积血合并视网膜裂孔或脱离患者采用玻璃体切割手术治疗,观察治疗前后视力改变,并分析玻璃体积血与视网膜裂孔或脱离的关系。 结果:不同原因所导致的玻璃体积血28例中,7例术前B超未发现视网膜脱离,而在术中发现3例裂孔,4例伴裂孔周围浅脱;28例患者术后视力（包括术后随访最佳视力）均有不同程度的提高,数指/眼前以上者27例(96%),≥0.05者20例(71%),≥0.3者5例(18%),手术前后视力比较,具有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。 结论:玻璃体积血合并视网膜裂孔或脱离采用玻璃体切割手术治疗,安全有效,且能尽早发现视网膜裂孔及浅脱离,阻止视网膜脱离进一步扩大。     

内皮素-1在裂孔性视网膜脱离玻璃体液中的含量测定

目的　检测内皮素 1(ET 1)在裂孔性视网膜脱离 (RRD)不同病期玻璃体液中的水平。方法　 2 0例RRD患者采取血液和玻璃体液 ,玻璃体液分为视网膜下液 (PVRA/B级 ) ,玻璃体液 (PVRC/D级 )各 10例 ;10例尸眼取玻璃体液 ,10例正常人取血液 ,10例玻璃体积血 (VH)患者取血液和玻璃体液 ;用放射免疫测定的方法检测其质量浓度。用单因素方差分析统计其意义。结果　玻璃体标本中除正常对照 10例、VH的 3例和PVR C/D级的 3例外均检测出ET 1质量浓度。血浆各组间除正常对照组与PVRC/D组、PVRA/B和PVR C/D组外均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。玻璃体各组间除正常对照组与VH组、VH与PVRC/D组外均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　ET 1在视网膜脱离早期玻璃体内质量浓度较高 ,而在眼内增殖的晚期则下降 ,可能反映了PVR中细胞增殖状态     

Vitreous levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as a risk indicator of proliferative vitreoretinopathy

AIM: To investigate whether high vitreous levels of the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) may be related to clinical risk factors of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and whether their measurement may serve as an additional risk indicator of this complication in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS: Levels of sICAM-1 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in vitreous from 36 eyes with RRD clinically considered to be at high risk of developing PVR (large retinal breaks, vitreous haemorrhage, long standing RRD, and previous vitreoretinal surgery). Levels of sICAM-1 in this group were compared with those in vitreous from 31 eyes with RRD without clinical risk factors for PVR, 32 eyes with established PVR and 10 eyes with macular holes. RESULTS: Vitreous from eyes with RRD at high risk of developing PVR contained significantly higher levels of sICAM-1 (range 6.1-97.7 ng/ml; Mann-Whitney test, p=0.0002) than those from eyes with RRD at low risk of developing this complication (range 4.8-17.7 ng/ml). Vitreous sICAM-1 levels in eyes with RRD at high risk of developing PVR were significantly lower than in eyes with established PVR (p=0.037), but higher than in eyes with macular holes (p <0.0001). Levels of sICAM-1 >/=15 ng/ml (3 x median of the levels present in control eyes) provide a useful cut off point for a highly specific test (96.7%) with high positive (91.6%) and negative (96.7%) predictive values, despite a relatively low sensitivity (30. 5%). CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that laboratory measurement of sICAM-1 levels in vitreous from eyes with RRD may constitute an additional factor for identifying patients at high risk of PVR. Hence, determination of sICAM-1 levels may aid in the monitoring of patients likely to develop this complication and in the identification of patients who may benefit from adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapy.     

Healon as intravitreal substitute in retinal detachment surgery in 40 patients

Forty patients with hypotony during retinal detachment surgery were treated with intravitreal Healon.Healon was very well tolerated, except for a transient rise in the intra-ocular pressure in 19 out of 40 patients.A relationship between the rise in intra-ocular pressure and the mount of Healon used was not found.Temporal corneal decompensation occurred in two patients. Early cases of proliferative vitreo-retinopathy with retinal detachment were treated successfully with external retinal-detachment surgery and intravitreal Healon.     

影响复杂性外伤性视网膜脱离预后的相关因素

目的探讨复杂性外伤性视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术方法及影响预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析复杂性外伤性视网膜脱离65例（65眼）,均作玻璃体切除术联合晶状体切除、眼内异物摘出、视网膜切开切除及巩膜环扎等附加术式。通过非参数检验（多个独立样本Kruskal-Wallis H检验）,按初诊视力、视网膜脱离范围、眼内出血程度、眼内容脱失程度、有无视网膜下出血、黄斑损伤以及外伤类型等不同情况分组,分析各相关因素与预后的关系。结果视网膜总复位率为89．23％（58／65）,其中解剖复位30眼（46．15％）,功能复位28眼（43．08％）,未复位7眼（10．77％）。初诊视力、视网膜脱离范围、眼内出血程度、眼内容脱失程度、有无视网膜下出血或黄斑脱离以及外伤类型等因素对手术结果预后的影响均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论多数复杂性外伤性视网膜脱离经玻璃体手术治疗后视网膜仍能解剖复位,部分患眼可功能复位。术前应详细分析病情,多种因素均与伤眼治疗结果密切相关。     

Vitreous surgery in highly myopic retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of vitreous surgery in conjunction with photocoagulation for highly myopic retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole. Methods: Sixty‐two consecutive highly myopic patients (65 eyes) with retinal detachment from macular holes underwent vitreous surgery. Gas tamponade in conjunction with laser photocoagulation was performed in 46 eyes (44 cases, group 1); gas tamponade only was performed in 12 eyes (11 cases, group 2); and silicone oil tamponade only was performed in seven eyes (seven cases, group 3). Additional laser photocoagulation was given in group 1 if necessary. The anatomical and functional success rates were compared between the groups. Results: Primary retinal reattachment was achieved in 43 eyes (93.5%) in group 1, seven eyes (58.3%) in group 2 and four eyes (57.1%) in group 3. Final visual acuity was 6/60 or more in 24 eyes (52.2%) in group 1, in six eyes (50.0%) in group 2 and in three eyes (42.9%) in group 3. The initial retinal reattachment rate was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.0075) and group 3 (P = 0.0248). The macular hole was completely closed in 18 eyes in group 1 and one eye in group 2 after 2 months or longer. A thin fibrous membrane and scar could be easily noticed beneath the macula in 15 eyes. Conclusion: Vitreous surgery in conjunction with laser photo­coagulation can improve the surgical success rate for highly myopic retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole.     

A case of traction retinal detachment in a patient with Gaucher disease

Background: This is the first report of vitreous surgery for traction retinal detachment in a patient with type III Gaucher disease with multiple vitreous opacities.

Materials and methods: A 16-year-old boy who was diagnosed with Gaucher disease at age two and was undergoing enzyme replacement therapy presented with numerous white opacities of varying sizes in the vitreous bodies of both eyes. Visual acuity was 20/40 in the right eye and 20/2000 in the left eye. The retina of the left eye was completely detached, and vitreous surgery was performed.

Results: Liquefaction of the vitreous body was advanced, and the central part of the vitreous cavity contained almost no vitreous humor. The macular region was successfully aspirated with a vitreous cutter to form a posterior vitreous detachment. From the optic disk to the nasal side, however, posterior vitreous detachment formation was prevented by strong adhesions between the retina and the vitreous body. The traction retinal detachment of the posterior fundus improved after vitreous body resection alone.

Conclusions: Traction retinal detachment may occur as a result of severe vitreous liquefaction in cases of Gaucher disease with numerous vitreous opacities.     

外伤性复发性视网膜脱离玻璃体手术的效果

目的评价玻璃体手术治疗外伤性复发性视网膜脱离的效果，分析其复发的原因。方法对56例（56眼）外伤性复发性视网膜脱离再次玻璃体手术的效果进行回顾性分析。对性别、年龄、眼外伤类型、术前有无眼内异物、有无硅油、手术距受伤的时间、两次手术的间隔时间、二次填充物的种类、术后眼压等进行Logistic回归分析。并总结外伤性视网膜脱离再修复的原因。结果再次手术原因：≥18岁组主要为增生性玻璃体视网膜病变（PVR）；〈18岁组主要为玻璃体残留和不完全玻璃体后脱离。56例视网膜复位率89．29％，以上各因素对复位率的影响差异无统计学意义（P〉0．1）。56例中视力提高者50例（89．29％），影响术后视力的主要因素是两次手术的间隔时间（P=0．05）。结论外伤性复发性视网膜脱离的主要原因在成人主要为PVR，在青少年主要为玻璃体残留和不完全玻璃体后脱离，把握再修复手术时机可获得较好的效果。     

超声血管造影在屈光间质混浊时对玻璃体积血和视网膜脱离的鉴别价值

目的　探讨超声血管造影在屈光间质混浊的情况下,对鉴别玻璃体积血和视网膜脱离的应用价值。方法　对纳入研究的对象术前均行超声血管造影检查,择期行玻璃体切割手术,将术中诊断结果与超声血管造影诊断结果进行对比,评估超声血管造影鉴别玻璃体积血和视网膜脱离的准确性。结果　术前超声血管造影诊断玻璃体积血１７眼,诊断视网膜脱离１４眼;术中诊断玻璃体积血１９眼,诊断视网膜脱离１２眼。超声血管造影对视网膜脱离的诊断敏感度为１００．００％,特异度为８９．４７％,诊断准确率为９３．５５％。对于玻璃体积血,其诊断敏感度为８９．４７％,特异度为１００．００％,诊断准确率为９３．５５％。结论　在屈光间质混浊的情况下,超声血管造影有助于鉴别玻璃体积血与视网膜脱离,可为临床的诊断与治疗提供可靠依据,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

孔源性视网膜脱离并发脉络膜脱离患者的角膜内皮形态学参数

目的：探讨孔源性视网膜脱离并发脉络膜脱离(RRD-CHD)患者的角膜内皮细胞形态学参数变化。

方法：连续收集RRD-CHD患者70例70眼,分为无高度近视组(A组)38眼38眼、高度近视组(B组)32例32眼,另收集正常组(C组)36例36眼。使用角膜内皮镜检测各组角膜内皮细胞最小面积(S_min)、最大面积(S_max)、平均面积、平均密度(CD)、细胞面积标准差(SD)、变异系数(CV)及六角形细胞比例(HG)。

结果：RRD-CHD患者和正常组的角膜内皮细胞CD、HG均有差异(P<0.001)。A组的CD与B组、C组均有差异(P<0.05),B组与C组有差异(P<0.001)。在A组中,SD、CV与眼轴(r_s=-0.426、0.494, 均P<0.01),CD与眼压、眼轴(r_s=-0.025、0.368, 均P<0.05),HG与病程(r_s=0.552, P<0.05)均相关。在RRD-CHD患者中,SD、CV与眼轴(r_s=0.236、0.159, 均P<0.05),HG与病程(r_s=0.142, P<0.05),S_max与眼压(r_s=-0.314, P<0.01)均相关。

结论：RRD-CHD患者持续低眼压状态下角膜内皮细胞的HG和CD均明显降低,眼轴、病程和眼压可影响角膜内皮的形态学参数。     

孔源性视网膜脱离中玻璃体后脱离的诊断评价

Objective To investigate the prevalence of complete posterior vitreous detachment in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment （RRD） patients and to evaluate the following diagnostic tests： fundus examination, B-scan ultrasound and optical coherence tomography （OCT）. Methods Thirty patients （30 eyes） with RRD who underwent vitrectomy in Shanghai First People′s Hospital were included in this prospective case-series study. Patients received comprehensive ocular examinations that included fundus examination, B-scan ultrasound and OCT. TA stain （triamcinolone acetonide） was used to assist during the vitrectomy surgery as well as being the gold standard for PVD diagnosis. Data were analyzed using a Kappa test. Results The rate of detection for the prevalence of complete PVD was as follows： 10.0% by TA stain, 76.7% by B-scan, 36.7% by fundus examination and 13.3% by OCT. Different rates of PVD detection were found by the above examinations and, of these, the difference was most significant between B-scan and observation during surgery. Conclusion Observation during surgery with the help of TA is comparatively the most persuasive diagnostic method for PVD. Different examination methods can be selected for individual cases.