活体肝移植小比重供肝受者并发症及生存率的分析

在GRWR<0.8%的15例患者中,1例出现了典型的小肝综合征.两组在术后并发症发生率(X2=0.000,P=1.000)及生存率(X2=0.058,P=0.811)方面差异均无统计学意义,小供肝组流出道的重建情况与其生存率密切相关(X2=6.821,P=0.009).结论 GRWR<0.8%并不是供肝选择的绝对禁忌指标,在保证移植肝流出道通畅的情况下,小供肝可以被考虑.     

Domino liver transplantation in living donors

Domino liver transplantation (DLT) has been developed as a method to expand the donor pool. In living donors DLT, the prime concern is to avoid any disadvantage to the donor and the first recipient. Seven DLTs were performed among 211 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation. The domino recipients included six with hepatocellular carcinoma and one with citrullinemia. The domino grafts were obtained from patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) including the left liver in three cases and the right liver in four. Among the seven domino recipients, a 64-year-old woman with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma died of lung metastasis. The other six domino recipients are alive without FAP symptoms. In living donor liver transplantation, because the vessels of the graft from the first donor are not long enough for anastomosis, the hepatic vessels must be left as long as possible when removing the liver from the FAP patients in order to ensure sufficient safety for vascular reconstruction. With careful decision making during the procedure, such as where to divide the vessels in the FAP patients, DLT may help address the shortage of liver grafts.     

Minimum graft size for successful living donor liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The extension of living donor liver transplantation to adult recipients is limited by the adequacy of the size of the graft. We evaluate the effect of the graft size on the survival of the recipient in order to establish a clinical guide for the minimum requirement. METHODS: The clinical records of 14 adults and 11 children (body weight 6.1-100 kg) who underwent living donor liver transplantation for chronic or acute liver failure were reviewed. The effect of the graft weight ratio (graft weight divided by standard liver weight of recipient) on graft function and survival was studied. RESULTS: The graft weight ratio ranged from 31 to 203%. The overall graft and patient survival rates were 84% at a median follow-up of 29 months. The survival rate was 95% for recipients with a graft weight ratio >40%, and 40% only for those with a ratio < or =40% (P = 0.016). It was 88% (7/8) when the ratio was >100%, 100% (5/5) when the ratio was 71 to 100%, 100% (7/7) when the ratio was 41 to 70%, and 40% (2/5) only when the ratio was < or =40%. When the graft weight ratio was < or =40%, early graft dysfunction was evident and contributed to the causes of death in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative computed tomographic measurement of liver size of a living donor is essential. A graft that represented 40% or less of the recipient's standard liver weight should be regarded as a marginal graft with a lower success rate.     

Impact of non-congestive graft size in living donor liver transplantation: new indicator for additional vein reconstruction in right liver graft.

Addition of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) or reconstruction of its tributaries to increase noncongestive graft volume is expected to improve graft function in right liver living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). However, the relationship between noncongestive graft volume and graft function after transplantation has not been clarified and definitive criteria for the reconstruction of MHV tributaries have yet to be established. We analyzed 29 right liver LDLT cases. The noncongestive graft weight was calculated as the total weight of the graft regions drained by hepatic veins reconstructed without postoperative occlusion. We calculated the noncongestive graft-to-recipient weight ratio (ncGRWR) by comparing it to the GRWR. Indocyanine green (ICG) clearance results on days 1 and 3 were significantly correlated with ncGRWR, but not with GRWR. Patients were then divided into 2 groups based on ncGRWR: lower than the median (L-ncGRWR group) and above the median (H-ncGRWR group). ICG clearance in the H-ncGRWR group was significantly better on days 1 and 3. For a different analysis, the patients were again divided into 2 groups, those with and without prolonged cholestasis after transplantation. ncGRWR was significantly lower in patients with prolonged cholestasis, and 7 of 9 patients with an ncGRWR value lower than 0.65 suffered from prolonged cholestasis. Our results demonstrated that the noncongestive volume of a right liver graft has a significant association with early graft function. Further, ncGRWR can play a key role in preoperative determination for additional vein reconstruction of MHV tributaries. When the estimated ncGRWR value with reconstruction of only the right hepatic vein (RHV) (+ inferior right hepatic vein [IRHV]) is less than 0.65, additional vein reconstruction of MHV tributaries should be planned.     

Partial liver transplantation from living related donors.

Living related liver transplantation was performed in five cases between June 1989 and July 1991 at Shinshu University Hospital. All of the donors were fathers of the patients and blood type was identical in each case. All of them were discharged from the hospital 2 weeks after hepatectomy without any complications. They started to work 2 months after surgery. Four recipients are surviving but one died. Three are enjoying daily life 17 months after LT in case 1, 5 months after LT in case 4, and 4 months after LT in case 5. Case 2 is still in the hospital 14 months after LT. Advantages of LRLT we noted were (1) cases can be performed totally electively and allow full preparation for the family and the transplant team, (2) primary graft nonfunction has not been observed to date, and (3) 38 patients received the chance of liver transplantation in their own country, which under current legislation would not otherwise have been possible. Disadvantages of LRLT were (1) partial hepatectomy was performed in healthy persons, and (2) retransplantation is difficult.     

Critical graft size and functional recovery in living donor liver transplantation

With a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and a low cadaveric organ donation rate, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) remains the only option for many patients in Hong Kong. In such cases, the liver graft volume is smaller owing to a partial liver graft; therefore, a problem of small-for-size grafts often occurs. Between September 1999 and April 2003, 25 cadaveric, 16 living related, and 1 auto-LTs were performed at our center. The outcomes of LDLT were analyzed to assess the critical graft size and functional recovery. Among the 16 LDLT recipients (mean age, 44.4 +/- 14.4 years; mean weight, 61.9 +/- 11.4 kg), 1 patient received a graft from a donor left lobe (weight, 400 g) in an auxillary partial orthotopic LT (APOLT), 12 received right lobes, and 3 received left lobes. Besides the APOLT case, the overall graft/recipient weight ratio (GRWR) for the 15 LDLTs was 1.11 (0.76 to 1.75). The GRWR in the 25 cadaveric LTs was 1.92 (1.05 to 3.69) (P < .001). Among the 12 successful LDLTs, there were 5 (41.7%) cases of small-for-size graft syndrome: 3 of 3 (100%) in GRWR < or = 0.8%; 5 of 6 (83.3%) in GRWR < 1%; and 0 of 6 with GRWR > 1%. The initial post-LT graft function parameters were significantly higher among the LDLT group: International normalized ratio (INR), 1.42 vs 1.24, P = .03; alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 387 vs 201 IU/L, P = .005, and bilirubin, 170 vs 48 micromol/L, P < .001 as compared to the cadaveric transplant group). Small-for-size graft syndrome can be avoided if GRWR > 1%, but often occurs when GRWR < 0.8%. Graft function in LDLT recovers more slowly than in cadaveric liver transplant.     

活体右半肝供体面临的风险

目的探讨右半肝供体面临的风险及降低风险的措施。方法我们回顾性研究了2002年1月至2005年9月施行的16例活体右半肝移植中供体的资料。运用CT和术中胆道造影等对肝体积、肝血管系统和胆管系统进行术前评估。不阻断人肝血流，在肝中静脉右侧，用超声刀离断肝组织而得到右半肝。通过计算得到标准肝体积及残余左半肝的比例。结果右半供肝切取平均失血491ml，平均输血407ml，切除右半肝体积占39．7％～69．5％，残余左肝体积在30．5％～60．3％。3例供体门静脉分为3支，5例伴粗大（5mm）的右后下静脉，3例伴粗大Ⅴ段静脉，3例伴粗大Ⅷ段静脉，5例右肝管变异，术中特别注意了对它们的处理。术后第1天肝功能均有不同程度损害，但术后1周恢复到接近正常水平。术后并发症包括1例腹腔内出血，1例乳糜漏，1例术后门静脉狭窄伴血栓形成。所有供体恢复好并回到原工作岗位。结论活体右半肝供体面临着一定的风险。但只要保证残余肝体积在30％以上，残余肝的血流与胆汁引流能保持通畅，手术损害不大，风险是极低的。     

活体肝部分移植的进展

活体肝部分移植的进展管文贤李开宗３２年前，Ｓｔａｒｚｌ成功地开展临床首例肝移植以来，目前肝移植术已成为晚期肝病患者有效的治疗手段。近年在北美、欧州上百个移植中心，以每年约５０００例的业绩，使肝移植术得到不断发展和完善，现总例数已突破３００００例〔１～...     

Outflow reconstruction in recipients of right liver graft from living donors

Right-lobe transplantation is now a commonly used procedure in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) to adult recipients. However, the risk for outflow obstruction is still an issue in LDLT. The right hepatic vein (RHV) was anastomosed end to end to the graft hepatic vein without unfavorable tension on the anastomosis. The anterior wall of the recipient hepatic vein was incised longitudinally, and a V-shaped vein graft was patched to form a wide and long orifice. This new hepatic venoplasty was used in 14 adult patients who received right liver grafts and gave good results without stenosis of the hepatic venous anastomosis or other complications. Our new technique may be useful in recipients of a right liver graft when the recipient or graft RHV is not long enough. (Liver Transpl 2002;8:167-168.)     

Simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation from different living donors

Objectives

To present our experience with simultaneous living donor liver and kidney (SLK) transplantation from two different living donors.

Patients and methods

We performed five SLK transplantations from two different living donors from November 2006 to December 2010. Four patients were males and one, female. Their age range was 47 to 66 years (mean, 55 years). The primary liver diseases included hepatitis B virus (n = 2), alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n = 2), cryptogenic liver disease (n = 1), and hepatitis C virus with hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 1). All five patients had chronic renal failure: four were on hemodialysis (H/D) and one on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for 1 to 20 years. Liver implantation was performed first, followed by kidney transplantation. The liver and kidney teams worked closely to shorten the ischemia time.

Results

All surgical procedures were performed uneventfully and all recipients and donors survived the operations. Good liver graft function was noted in all five patients. The patient with both anti-T- and anti-B-cell positive crossmatch tests developed hyperacute rejection of the kidney graft requiring its immediate removal. This patient was maintained on regular H/D afterward. The other four patients displayed good renal function. No evidence of severe acute rejection was noted during the follow-up period (range, 9-55 months) among patients treated with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression.

Conclusion

We suggest that SLK transplantation be performed with organs from two different instead of a single live donor.     

大鼠心脏停搏供体肝移植供肝活性的研究

目的　比较不同类型的大鼠心脏停搏供体 (NHBD)肝移植中供肝的活性 ,探讨肝移植应用NHBD供肝的可行性。方法　应用氧气极谱法测定线粒体呼吸控制率 (RCR ) ;应用荧光法测定线粒体质子ATP酶活性 ;动脉血气分析 ;肝功检查 ;测定血清细胞因子白细胞介素 (IL) 1β ,IL 6和肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF) α作为应激标志物指标 ;肝组织形态学检测。结果　线粒体质子ATP酶活性与热缺血时间 (WIT)呈负相关 ;在KCL3 0组RCR值、ATP酶活性和PaO2 测定值显著高于OC3 0组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;在心脏停搏 3 0min时 ,血清ALT及LDH值两组都显著增高 ,KCL60组ALT和LDH明显增高组间差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　肝移植应用NHBD供肝是可行的 ,心跳缓慢停止的NHBD模型供肝活性明显优于心脏骤停NHBD。     

Impact of human leukocyte antigen mismatching on outcomes of living donor liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis.

Patient selection criteria of deceased donor liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are almost completely established. The aim of this study was to establish selection criteria for both patients and donors of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for PBC. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to examine patient and donor characteristics of our first 50 cases of LDLT for PBC to elucidate factors that significantly impacted patient survival or disease recurrence after LDLT in the univariate and/or multivariate analyses. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of persistent ascites before LDLT, a higher number of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, and -DR mismatches between donor and recipient, and donor age >or=50 years were factors significantly associated with early posttransplant death. Independent risk factors for PBC recurrence after LDLT were a lower number of HLA mismatches between donor and recipient, and a lower average trough level of tacrolimus within 1 year after LDLT. Specifically, the lower the number of HLA-A, -B, and -DR mismatches or the average trough level of tacrolimus within 1 year after LDLT, the higher the possibility of developing a recurrence of PBC. In conclusion, the absence of persistent ascites before LDLT, a lower number of HLA-A, -B, and -DR mismatches between donor and recipient, and a younger donor (<50 years) are preferred for gaining acceptable survival outcomes for the transplant. However, a lower number of HLA-A, -B, and -DR mismatches between donor and recipient may be a risk factor for PBC recurrence.     

婴幼儿患者亲体肝移植术的麻醉管理

目的总结婴幼儿亲体肝移植术的麻醉管理特点。方法 60例接受肝移植术的终末期肝病患儿,男32例,女28例,年龄6~30个月。麻醉诱导均采用静脉注射阿托品0.01mg/kg、甲基强的松龙1mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.05~0.1mg/kg、芬太尼2~5μg/kg、丙泊酚2~3mg/kg和罗库溴铵0.6~1.0mg/kg进行快速诱导;无外周静脉通路的患儿可先肌肉注射氯胺酮5~8mg/kg和阿托品0.02mg/kg后开放外周静脉通路。采用持续吸入2%~3%七氟醚、持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.1~0.2μg·kg-1·min-1和顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵1~2μg·kg-1·min-1维持麻醉。记录患儿肝血管阻断前即刻、阻断后即刻、无肝期30min、再灌注后即刻、新肝期1h和术毕的呼吸功能、血流动力学、凝血功能、体温、尿量、血糖(Glu)、血乳酸(Lac)和血电解质等。结果 60例患儿均未发生麻醉相关并发症并能顺利拔管。患儿预充氧后缺氧安全时限明显降低,易发生气道痉挛,经鼻插管更易出现插管失败和面罩通气困难。与阻断前即刻比较,阻断后即刻患儿HR明显增快、CVP明显降低(P0.01),但MAP差异无统计学意义;再灌注后即刻患儿MAP明显下降、HR明显减慢,伴有CVP的明显增高(P0.05或P0.01);新肝期患儿HR明显减慢(P0.01);无肝期30min至术毕患儿体温均明显降低(P0.01);无肝期至术毕激活凝血时间(SonACT)明显延长,纤维蛋白凝集速率(CR)水平和血小板功能(PF)水平逐渐减低(P0.05或P0.01),Na+水平逐渐升高(P0.01),K+水平明显降低(P0.01),再灌注后即刻至新肝期1h时Glu和Lac水平明显升高(P0.05或P0.01)。结论婴幼儿亲体肝移植术的麻醉管理有其特殊性,其中气道和呼吸系统的评估与管理最为关键,无肝期应积极采取措施预防再灌注后综合征的发生,新肝期应维持适宜的凝血功能以避免肝动脉血栓的发生,还应及时纠正电解质、酸碱和体温的失衡。     

Vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation from the living donors

Early arterial or portal vein thrombosis is a complications that can lead to graft loss and patient death or need of immediate retransplantation. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence, causes, treatment, and outcome of vascular thrombosis after living related donor liver transplantation (LRdLTx). Between 1999 and 2004 71 LRdLTx were performed in children aged from 6 months to 10 years. Vascular thrombosis was found in 12 recipients. Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) occurred in 4 (5.6%), portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in 8 (11.2%) cases. HAT occurred 5 to 8 days, PVT 1 to 22 days after LTx. Diagnosis of vascular thrombosis was confirmed by routine Doppler ultrasound examination. Thrombectomy was successful in one patient with HAT and in three patients with PVT. Venous conduit was performed in one patient with PVT after second thrombosis. Two children developed biliary strictures as a late complication of HAT and required additional surgical interventions. Two children with PVT developed portal hypertension with esophageal bleeding, which required surgical intervention; one another underwent endoscopic variceal ligation for grade III varices. Follow-up ranged from 7 to 60 months. One patient died as a result of HAT after retransplantation due to multiple intrahepatic abscesses 2 months after first transplant. Any risk factors of vascular thrombosis that can be controlled should be avoided after transplantation. Routine posttransplant Doppler examination should be performed at least twice a day within 7 to 14 posttransplant days. Immediate thrombectomy should be always carried out to avoid late complications and even mortality.     

Portal vein reconstruction in pediatric liver transplantation from living donors.

OBJECTIVE: The authors analyze the surgical pattern and the underlying rationale for the use of different types of portal vein reconstruction in 110 pediatric patients who underwent partial liver transplantation from living parental donors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In partial liver transplantation, standard end-to-end portal vein anastomosis is often difficult because of either size mismatch between the graft and the recipient portal vein or impaired vein quality of the recipient. Alternative surgical anastomosis techniques are necessary. METHODS: In 110 patients age 3 months to 17 years, four different types of portal vein reconstruction were performed. The portal vein of the liver graft was anastomosed end to end (type I); to the branch patch of the left and right portal vein of the recipient (type II); to the confluence of the recipient superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein (type III); and to a vein graft interposed between the confluence and the liver graft (type IV). Reconstruction patterns were evaluated by their frequency of use among different age groups of recipients, postoperative portal vein blood flow, and postoperative complication rate. RESULTS: The portal vein of the liver graft was anastomosed by reconstruction type I in 32%, II in 24%, III in 14%, and IV 29% of the cases. In children <1 year of age, type I could be performed in only 17% of the cases, whereas 37% received type IV reconstruction. Postoperative Doppler ultrasound (mL/min/100 g liver) showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower portal blood flow after type II (76.6 +/- 8.4) versus type I (110 +/- 14.3), type III (88 +/- 18), and type IV (105 +/- 19.5). Portal vein thrombosis occurred in two cases after type II and in one case after type IV anastomosis. Portal stenosis was encountered in one case after type I reconstruction. Pathologic changes of the recipient native portal vein were found in 27 of 35 investigated cases. CONCLUSION: In living related partial liver transplantation, portal vein anastomosis to the confluence with or without the use of vein grafts is the optimal alternative to end-to-end reconstruction, especially in small children.     

活体肝移植供体术后早期肝功能恢复的研究

目的 探讨不同移植肝类型的活体肝移植供体术后早期肝功能的变化规律和并发症发生率.方法 对四川大学华西医院2002年1月至2009年5月154例活体肝移植供体的资料进行前瞻性的收集和登记,依据移植肝类型分为右叶肝供体组141例(R组)和左叶肝供体组13例(L组),对其术后肝功能指标和并发症进行比较分析.结果 R组实际切取的供肝重量大于L组(t=11.418,P＜0.05),R组残余肝重量小于L组(t=-5.040,P＜0.05)、残余肝重量/标准肝重量(%)小于L组(t=-10.841,P＜0.05).除R组TB峰值出现在术后第3天外,L组的TB和两组中的ALT、AST、INR的峰值均出现在术后第1天,此后这些指标均向正常参考值方向下降.术后第1、3、7天R组的TB高于L组(分别t1=5.285,t3=3.747,t7=2.729,均P＜0.05).术后第1、3、7天R组的INR高于L组(分别t1=5.260,t3=5.035,t7=2.267,均P＜0.05).本组活体肝移植无供体死亡,供体总的并发症发生为53/154(34.42%),R组52/141(36.88%),L组1/13(7.69%),2组比较差异无统计学意义(x2=3.292,P＞0.05).结论 右叶肝供体组(大体积供肝组)与左叶肝供体组相比,供体术后早期肝功能损害更大;供体总体安全性较好,但仍面临着一定的并发症风险.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the liver function injury and the rate of complications in living liver transplantation donors in different graft type transplantation.Methods Postoperative data of 154 living liver donors satisfying our inclusion criteria were prospectively collected and registered from Jan 2002 to May 2009 in our hospital.We divided the donors into two groups (right-lobe graft, R group and left-lobe graft, L group), and made comparison on the liver function and complications.Results Remnant liver weight in R group were smaller than those in L group (t = 11.418, P ＜ 0.05).the ratio of remnant liver weight to standard liver weight in R group were smaller than those in L group (t = - 5.040, P ＜ 0.05 ) .Peaks of ALT, AST and INR in both groups appeared on the first day after operation, while the peak of TB in R group appeared on the third day after operation.All the index values returned to a normal baseline after reaching its peak.Mean values of TB in R group were higher than those in L group on the 1st, 3rd, 7th day after operation (seperately t1 = 5.285, t3 = 3.747, t7 = 2.729, all P ＜ 0.05).Mean values of INR in R group were higher than those in L group on the 1st, 3rd, 7th day after operation (seperately t1 = 5.260, t3 = 5.035, t7 = 2.267, all P ＜ 0.05).The level of TB in both groups returned to normal range on the 7th postoperative day, while the level of ALT and AST remained twice the upper limits of the normal.There were no deaths; Complications occurred in 53 of 154 donors (34.42% ) , 52/141 (36.88% ) in R group and 1/13 (7.69% ) in L group (x2 = 3.292, P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Ramnant liver function of R group during early postoperative period was poorer than that of the L group.Donors were safe, though suffering from comparatively high complication rate.