个体化数字化三维钛网在额颞部超低骨瓣颅骨缺损修补术中的应用

额颞部脑挫裂伤引起的颅高压甚至脑疝是引起颅脑创伤患者死亡的重要因素,临床上常采用去骨瓣减压术,有时为了追求充分减压,采用超低位骨瓣[1].但术后常遗留大面积颅骨缺损,给日后颅骨修补带来一定困难.笔者采用个体化数字化三维钛网修补额颞部超低骨瓣颅骨缺损,取得了较好的临床疗效.现报告如下.     

个体化数字化三维钛网在额颞部超低骨瓣颅骨缺损修补术中的应用

额颞部脑挫裂伤引起的颅高压甚至脑疝是引起颅脑创伤患者死亡的重要因素,临床上常采用去骨瓣减压术,有时为了追求充分减压,采用超低位骨瓣[1].但术后常遗留大面积颅骨缺损,给日后颅骨修补带来一定困难.笔者采用个体化数字化三维钛网修补额颞部超低骨瓣颅骨缺损,取得了较好的临床疗效.现报告如下.     

以自体颅骨瓣为模板塑型钛网的应用

因颅脑外伤、脑出血行去骨瓣减压术后，骨瓣体外保存无条件限制，行修补手术前，以其为模板塑型钛网，可还原颅骨外形，兼获美容目的。金属钛作为神经外科的新型修补材料，具有有机玻璃、骨水泥、硅橡胶等修补材料无法比拟的优越性，被越来越多地用于临床。我科已应用17例，取得了很好的效果。现报告如下。     

早期颅骨修补术治疗外伤性大面积颅骨缺损

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅去骨瓣减压术后大面积颅骨缺损对患者的康复有很大的影响.从2001年开始,笔者对54例大骨瓣开颅减压术的患者,在术后6-8周行颅骨修补术,45例同时行脑脊液分流术,取得了较好的疗效.     

颅脑损伤术后早期深低温保存自体颅骨修补颅骨缺损对患者神经功能及并发症的影响

目的分析颅脑损伤开颅去骨瓣减压术后接受深低温保存自体颅骨修补时机对患者神经功能恢复及并发症的影响。方法前瞻性对照研究2015年3月—2017年3月青岛大学附属医院因颅脑损伤接受开颅手术去骨瓣减压并-196℃深低温保存自体颅骨骨瓣患者216例,男性137例,女性79例;年龄18~60岁,平均44.4岁。依据开颅手术后颅骨修补时间间隔分为早期组(67例)和晚期组(149例)。早期组男性45例,女性22例;年龄18~59岁,平均43.3岁。晚期组男性92例,女性57例;年龄19~60岁,平均45.0岁。早期组为去骨瓣术后12周内接受深低温保存自体颅骨修补术;晚期组为去骨瓣术12周后接受深低温保存自体颅骨修补术。比较两组患者颅骨修补术后12个月颅骨修补感染、骨瓣吸收等相关并发症及神经功能恢复的差异。结果早期组和晚期组患者共发生感染8例,感染率为3.7%。手术区域及颅内感染发生分别为早期组2例、晚期组6例,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.525)。晚期组术后皮下积液发生例数多于早期组,但差异无统计意义(17例vs.3例,P=0.008);早期组骨瓣不愈合/吸收发生例数少于晚期组(7例vs.41例,P=0.003)。术后12个月早期组Barthel指数(BI)高于晚期组(79.85±7.43)分vs.(70.18±8.16)分,t=2.623,P=0.004。术后12个月早期组GOS评分高于晚期组(3.98±0.94)分vs.(3.22±0.87)分,t=1.834,P=0.041。结论早期深低温保存自体颅骨修补术可以改善颅脑损伤开颅去骨瓣术后患者神经功能恢复,降低颅骨修补并发症的发生率。     

颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压与术后脑积水的相关性分析

去骨瓣减压术是治疗颅脑损伤后急性颅内高压的重要手段.术后发生脑积水在临床上并不少见.有学者提出去骨瓣减压术的实施与脑积水的发生呈正相关[1],并且认为对于去骨瓣减压术治疗脑出血或缺血卒中后脑积水,早期的颅骨修补有利于这种脑积水的自愈,延迟修补会导致其进展为持续性脑积水,并且在颅骨成形术后需要进行永久性的脑室-腹腔分流手术[2,3].     

盐酸肾上腺素稀释溶液用于颅骨修补术中的临床效果分析

将86例开颅去骨瓣减压术后行颅骨修补的患者根据术中是否采用盐酸肾上腺素(epinephrine hydrochloride)分为2组,进行病例对照研究,发现手术操作时间、出血量、术后积血、积液、发生感染的概率等较对照组有明显优势。     

外伤性颅骨缺损钛网修补38例治疗体会

目的：探讨三维钛网颅骨缺损修补术的意义、时机及临床经验。方法：对38例外伤后颅骨缺损钛网修补术患者进行回顾性分析。结果：所有患者钛网固定可靠、无浮动,外观对称美观。无头皮感染及排斥反应,无咀嚼功能受限。结论：三维钛网是目前较为理想的颅骨缺损修补材料,条件允许下宜尽早进行,术中几点技巧的应用可有效避免术后并发症。     

Ⅲ型颅骨瓣牵开器的临床应用

为了解决重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术存在的脑膨出、脑室穿通畸形、颅骨缺损等并发症，笔者用自行研制的Ⅲ型颅骨瓣牵开器对60例患者进行颅骨瓣牵开减压及一次性颅骨成型效果满意。报告如下。     

数字化塑形钛网修补颅骨缺损

目的：探讨数字化塑形钛网在颅骨缺损修补中的价值。方法：收集2006-10~2009-11入住我科并行颅骨缺损修补术80例,其中使用数字化塑形钛网进行颅骨修补术49例,传统普通钛网修补31例,调查每例患者对术后外观的满意度及统计不同手术材料相应手术时间。结果：数字化塑形钛网颅骨修补术手术时间为50.2 min~72 h,平均为60.4 min,术后外观满意度为98%;传统手工钛网塑形修补术耗时1.5~100 min,平均83.5 min,术后外观满意度为84%。两种材料在手术耗时及病人术后外观满意度方面的差异具有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）,以数字化塑形钛网颅骨修补术耗时短且具有术后病人外观满意度高的特点。结论：采用数字化塑形钛网行颅骨缺损修补,能最大限度恢复患者外形,提高病人对术后外观的满意程度,简化操作程序,减少手术时间,是一种值得推荐应用的颅骨缺损修补材料。     

876例脑外科住院患者医院感染的临床分析

目的总结脑外科住院患者医院感染的发病情况。方法对2003年1月—2005年12月脑外科876例住院患者的病历资料进行回顾分析。结果医院感染率为10.16%(89/876),其中外伤患者占21.96%,恶性肿瘤患者15.08%;感染部位以下呼吸道居首位,其次是手术切口;感染细菌主要为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌等。结论脑外科住院患者医院感染以下呼吸道为主,原发疾病以外伤者易感染,感染细菌以铜绿假单胞菌最多见。     

Single photon emission computed tomography imaging of brain tumors

Five radiotracers may be used for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of brain tumors, namely technetium 99m pertechnetate, iodine-123 amphetamine derivatives, 99mTc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO), thallium 201, and 123I alpha methyl tyrosine. Of these, pertechnetate may be considered as an "historical" procedure in brain tumors. However, there may be some equivocal cases in computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, where this procedure may still be used. In 1981, 123I isopropyl amphetamine was first used in brain tumors. Further studies showed, however, that IMP is not a useful tool for brain imaging in tumorous lesions. In 1986, 99mTc HMPAO appeared on the European market as a new tumor imaging agent. Some useful clinical results were obtained in patients before and after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Thallium-201 was incidentally noted to accumulate in tumors. Using a threshold index, this agent can be used to distinguish low-versus high-grade lesions. The most promising agent for brain tumor SPECT is 123I-alpha methyl tyrosine, which shows potential to evaluate therapeutic procedures in brain tumors and may improve the differentiation between abscess and glioblastoma. The most promising aspect is the differentiation of tumor recurrences and scar tissue after brain surgery.     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌感染的临床分析

目的调查嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌感染的临床状况,探讨其发生原因及预防措施。方法对44例嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌感染病例进行临床分析。结果感染部位以呼吸道为主;重症监护病房、老年病房是高发科室;危重、老年和创伤致皮肤软组织严重毁损患者是嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌感染的易感人群;住院时间长、侵入性诊疗技术应用、细菌多重耐药是感染的主要因素。结论缩短住院日,加强重点部位、重点人群的监测和感染管理是预防嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌感染的有效措施。     

Cerebral blood flow SPECT with Tc-99m exametazine correlates in AIDS dementia complex stages. A preliminary report

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is frequently complicated by a variety of disease processes affecting the central nervous system (CNS). One of them is AIDS dementia complex (ADC), which, in the absence of opportunistic infection, is believed to be caused by HIV itself. ADC is characterized by a constellation of cognitive, motor, and behavioral symptoms that progressively get worse. This study was coined to recruit AIDS patients without any opportunistic CNS infection but with signs of CNS abnormality as evidenced by behavioral and subtle motor changes, then to categorize them into five stages, and finally to perform the cerebral blood flow scan using Ceretec. The aim of this study was to correlate the abnormalities of the brain scan with the different stages of ADC. Five patients were analyzed, with dementias ranging from mild to severe according to Price's classification. After confirming the absence of CNS opportunistic infections and AIDS associated malignancies by CT of the brain, the patients underwent psychiatric evaluation and brain scans. The SPECT scans were very sensitive in showing uptake defects in the brain, even in the early stages of ADC. The blood flow defects were more pronounced in the later stages, while the CT scans remained negative except in patients with the most severe dementia.     

Radionuclide imaging of infection

Although our understanding of microorganisms has advanced significantly and antimicrobial therapy has become increasingly available, infection remains a major cause of patient morbidity and mortality. The role of radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of the patient suspected of harboring an infection varies with the situation. For example, in the postoperative patient, radionuclide imaging is complementary to CT and is used to help differentiate postoperative changes from infection. In the case of the painful joint replacement, in contrast, radionuclide studies are the primary diagnostic imaging modality for differentiating infection from other causes of prosthetic failure. Several tracers are available for imaging infection: (99m)Tc-diphosphonates, (67)Ga-citrate, and (111)In- and (99m)Tc-labeled leukocytes. At the moment, in immunocompetent patients, labeled leukocyte imaging is the radionuclide procedure of choice for detecting most infections. There are, unfortunately, significant limitations to the use of labeled leukocytes. The in vitro labeling process is labor intensive, is not always available, and involves direct handling of blood products. For musculoskeletal infection, the need to frequently perform complementary marrow or bone imaging adds complexity and expense to the procedure and is an inconvenience to patients. Considerable effort has therefore been devoted to the search for alternatives to this procedure, including in vivo methods of labeling leukocytes, (18)F-FDG PET, and radiolabeled antibiotics. This article reviews the current status of nuclear medicine infection imaging and the potential of a murine monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody, fanolesomab, that is currently under investigation. Upon completion of this article, the reader will be familiar with the physical characteristics and uptake mechanisms of tracers currently approved for infection imaging, the indications for the uses of these tracers, and the characteristics and potential indications for a murine monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody under investigation.     

Radionuclide imaging of nonosseous infection.

Nuclear medicine is an important tool in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with a variety of nonosseous infections. In the immunocompetent population labeled leukocyte imaging is the radionuclide procedure of choice, with Gallium imaging reserved for those situations in which the leukocyte study is nondiagnostic or cannot be performed. Fever of unknown origin is caused by infection in less than one-third of cases, and therefore the number of positive leukocyte studies will be relatively low. The negative leukocyte study is also useful, however, as it has been demonstrated that a negative study excludes, with a high degree of certainty, focal infection as the cause of an FUO. In the cardiovascular system, labeled leukocyte scintigraphy is very useful for diagnosing mycotic aneurysms and infected prosthetic vascular grafts, with a sensitivity of about 90%. The specificity of the study is somewhat more variable--false positive results have been described in perigraft hematomas, graft thrombosis, bleeding, and pseudoaneurysms. In the central nervous system, labeled leukocyte imaging can provide important information about the etiology of contrast enhancing brain lesions identified on computed tomography, i.e., distinguishing between neoplasm and infection. In the immunocompromised population, typified by the AIDS patient, Gallium scintigraphy is the radionuclide procedure of choice for diagnosing opportunistic diseases. In the thorax, a normal Gallium scan, in the setting of a negative chest X-ray, virtually excludes pulmonary disease. A negative Gallium scan in a patient with an abnormal chest X-ray and Kaposi's sarcoma study suggests that the patient's respiratory problems are related to Kaposi's sarcoma. Focal pulmonary parenchymal uptake is most often associated with bacterial pneumonia, although Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia can occasionally present in this fashion. Diffuse pulmonary parenchymal uptake of Gallium can be due to numerous causes, but in general, the more intense the uptake, the greater the likelihood that the patient has P. carinii pneumonia. Lymph node uptake is most often due to lymphoma or mycobacterial disease. In the abdomen, Gallium is also useful for detecting nodal disease. but is not reliable for detecting large bowel disease. Labeled leukocyte imaging should be performed when colitis is a concern. Both 18FDG PET and 201Tl SPECT imaging of the brain are useful for distinguishing between central nervous system lymphoma and toxoplasmosis in the HIV (+) patient. On both studies, lymphoma manifests as a focus of increased tracer uptake, whereas toxoplasmosis shows little or no uptake of either tracer.     

视神经脊髓炎脑部异常的MRI表现及相关危险因素分析

目的 分析视神经脊髓炎(NMO)脑部异常的MRI表现及特征,探讨脑内病灶发生的相关危险因素.方法 对符合2006年Wingerchuk诊断标准的54例NMO患者行脑部MR检查,分析脑部MRI异常患者病灶的分布及信号特点.采用Logistic回归分析评估脑内病灶发生的相关危险因素.结果 54例NMO患者脑部MRI正常24例(44.4%),MRI表现异常30例(55.6%),以多发的皮层下和皮髓质交界区白质小病灶最常见(13/30,43.3%).典型的NMO脑内病灶位于胼胝体、脑室室管膜下、下丘脑及脑干等部位,表现为斑点、斑片及线状异常信号.16例脑部增强检查均未见异常强化病灶.Logistic回归分析显示病程以及合并自身免疫病或前驱感染史与脑部MRI异常有关联(OR=3.519,P＜0.05).结论 NMO患者脑部MRI出现异常信号较常见并有较特异的好发部位.合并系统性自身免疫病或有前驱感染史的NMO患者容易出现脑部MRI异常.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the MRI features of the brain in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and to evaluate the correlation between the brain abnormalities and related risk factors.Methods Fifty-four patients with definite NMO according to 2006 Wingerchuk diagnosis criteria were enrolled in this study. MRI scanning of the brain was performed in these patients. Distribution and signalfeatures of all the lesions were analyzed. A Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors of brain abnormalities. Results Twenty-four NMO patients (44. 4%) showed unremarkable findings and thirty (55.6%) showed abnormalities on brain MRI. Multiple and non-specific small lesions in the subcortical white matter and grey-white matter junction were the most frequent abnormalities on brain MRI (13/30, 43. 3%). Typical lesion locations included corpus callosum, subependyma of ventricles,hypothalamus and brain stem. The lesions showed punctate, patchy and linear abnormal signals. Postcontrast MRI showed no abnormal enhancement in 16 cases. Logistic regression analysis showed that coexisting anto-immune disease or infection history had correlations with abnormalities of the brain on MRI (OR=3.519,P ＜0.05). Conclusions There was a high incidence of brain abnormalities in NMO.Subependymal white matter, corpus callosum, hypothalamus and brain stem were often involved in NMO.NMO patients with coexisting anto-immune disease and infection history had higher risk of brain abnormalities.     

Could helical tomotherapy do whole brain radiotherapy and radiosurgery?

Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) remains the standard management of breast cancer patients with brain metastases, allowing for symptomatic improvement and good local control in most patients. However, its results remain suboptimal in terms of both efficacy and toxicity. In highly selected breast cancer patients, stereotaxic radiotherapy demonstrates a very good local control with a low toxicity. With the purpose of improving the efficacy/toxicity ratio, we report the association of integrated boost with WBRT in a breast cancer patient with brain metastases. Two and a half years after completion of helical tomotherapy (HT), the patient experienced clinical and radiological complete remission of her brain disease. No delayed toxicity occurred and the patient kept her hair without need of radiosurgical procedure. The HT provided a high dosimetric homogeneity, delivering integrated radiation boosts, and avoiding critical structures involved in long-term neurological toxicity. Further assessment is required and recruitment of breast cancer patients into clinical trials is encouraged.     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis

INTRODUCTION: Herpes simplex meningoencephalitis is one of the most common viral central nervous system infection in adults. Early diagnosis is essential for treatment. CASE REPORT: We present a case of a 68-year-old female patient with herpes simplex infection. On admission, she was in severe clinical condition. Diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging detected brain involvement better than conventional sequences. After acyclovir therapy, the patient fully recovered. CONCLUSION: DW magnetic resonance imaging is expected to provide a more sensitive imaging in herpes simplex patients than conventional sequences.     

Knee arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail: a retrospective study

A group of 19 patients who underwent knee arthrodesis with use of an intramedullary nail between 1996 and 2005, was studied. In the majority of patients knee arthrodesis was performed as a salvage procedure for the limb following an infected total knee arthroplasty. The outcome of the procedure was evaluated with radiographs, the SF-36 score and the Oxford 12-item knee score. The functional result of a successful arthrodesis was found to be comparable with that of a revised hinged total knee arthroplasty. Knee arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail allows weightbearing within 1 week and is accompanied by a high rate of pain relief. However, recurrence of infection is the most challenging problem.