散发性低磷性骨软化症5例误诊临床分析

目的 通过对少见疾病散发性低磷性骨软化症(sporadic hypophosphatemic rickets)误诊原因分析,旨在提高临床对其诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析本院收治的5例散发性低磷性骨软化症的临床资料,包括临床表现、误诊情况、实验室检查以及诊治转归等情况.结果 5例患者中男4例、女1例,初诊分别误诊为原发性骨质疏松症、腰椎间盘突出症、强直性脊柱炎、无菌性股骨头坏死和肿瘤骨转移.临床表现主要为骨痛、骨折、行动困难等.5例患者显示低磷血症和高碱性磷酸酶水平.确诊散发性低磷性骨软化症前,治疗效果不佳,确诊后,经药物治疗病情显著改善.结论 临床上对散发性低磷性骨软化症容易误诊为原发性骨质疏松症等以骨痛、骨折为临床表现的疾病,结合其实验室生化检查及影像学特点,可与常见病相鉴别.     

肿瘤相关性成人低血磷骨软化症1例报道

目的报道一例肿瘤相关性低磷骨软化症(tumor-induced hypophosphorus osteomalacia,TIO),提高临床医师对本病的认识。方法对该TIO患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学、病理检查和治疗随访结果进行分析和总结。结果该病例支持成人低血磷骨软化症诊断,手术切除右下腹包块,病理符合良性磷酸盐尿性间叶肿瘤(PMT),进一步行FGF-23组化染色,显示FGF-23(+)。术后患者血磷快速恢复正常,尿磷降低;给予适当钙剂和维生素D制剂治疗,随访12周,患者全身疼痛完全缓解,步态恢复正常;随访至24周,患者的骨转换指标、血钙磷基本维持正常;随访36周时骨密度恢复正常,获得临床治愈。结论对于无家族史成人发病的低血磷骨软化症应考虑肿瘤相关性骨软化症的可能,手术切除肿瘤是治疗的关键,FGF-23染色阳性证实了对TIO的诊断。     

阿德福韦酯致低血磷性骨软化症2例分析

目的探讨长期服用小剂量阿德福韦酯导致低血磷性骨软化症的临床特点。方法对大连大学附属中山医院2015年2月至6月收治的2例长期口服阿德福韦酯(10 mg/d)导致低血磷性骨软化症患者的临床资料进行回顾性病例分析。结果2例患者分别为75岁男性和79岁女性,均因全身骨痛、肌肉无力和行走困难2年就诊,既往均有慢性乙型肝炎病史,分别口服阿德福韦酯(10 mg/d)8年和4年;化验提示低磷血症(男患为0.44 mmol/L,女患为0.47 mmol/L),低钾血症(男患为3.0mmol/L,女患为3.1 mmol/L),血碱性磷酸酶升高(男患为227 IU/L,女患为566 IU/L),25(OH)D降低(男患为18.16 ng/ml,女患为3 ng/ml),尿常规检测提示尿蛋白及尿糖为阳性,骨密度均提示骨质疏松,影像学显示多发性骨折。停服阿德福韦酯,补充钙剂、骨化三醇、氯化钾和中性磷溶液等治疗,患者生化指标逐渐恢复正常,骨痛及肌肉无力减轻,行走较正常。结论长期服用小剂量阿德福韦酯可以导致低血磷性骨软化症,应定期监测血电解质、肾脏功能、尿常规及骨密度,一旦出现阿德福韦酯相关的肾损伤,应停用阿德福韦酯,并纠正电解质紊乱,以避免引起低血磷性骨软化症。     

小剂量阿德福韦酯导致低血磷性骨软化症两例并文献总结

目的 分析小剂量阿德福韦酯（ADV）导致低血磷性骨软化症的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法 结合我院诊断的两例服用阿德福韦酯后发生低血磷性骨软化症患者资料和国内外文献,对该症的临床特点、治疗、预后和早期诊断进行总结。结果 服用小剂量阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎导致低血磷性骨软化症患者共12例,男9例,女3例,均来自亚洲人群,年龄在（22~74）岁,服用阿德福韦酯（18~64)个月发现低血磷,血磷波动在（0.37~0.79）mmol/L,血钙正常或偏低,血钾偏低,且均有不同程度的骨质疏松,予补充钙剂、骨化三醇、欧思美等治疗预后良好。结论 小剂量阿德福韦酯所致低血磷性骨软化症临床相对少见,容易漏诊,凡服用阿德福韦酯的患者,无论剂量大小,均应定期检查血肌酐、血钙、血磷及骨密度,以监测是否发生肾损害及低血磷性骨软化症,以期早期诊断,一旦各项指标异常应立即停药,同时可换用其他抗病毒药,如干扰素、恩替卡韦等。     

阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎致低磷性骨软化症8例

目的：进一步探讨阿德福韦酯（ADV）所致低磷性骨软化症的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2010至2012年共收治的8例慢性乙型肝炎患者经ADV治疗所致低磷性骨软化症的临床表现、治疗和转归。结果8例患者均在服用ADV后出现低磷血症及骨质疏松，其主要临床表现为乏力、多发骨痛，进行加重至行走障碍；低血磷、低尿酸和高碱性磷酸酶血症、骨密度检查提示骨质疏松。经停用ADV、对症补钙、补磷治疗后患者的血磷恢复正常，疼痛缓解，骨质疏松改善。结论 ADV可引起低磷性骨软化症；补充磷、维生素D3及钙剂治疗可恢复。     

家族性低血磷性骨软化症一例

低血磷性骨软化症有X性连锁显性遗传性低血磷性骨软化症(X-link,hypophosphatemia,XLH)、常染色体显性遗传低血磷性骨软化症(autosomal dominant hypophosphatemia osteomalacia,ADHO)、肿瘤相关性低血磷性骨软化症(tumor induced osteomalacia,TIO)3种病因[1].笔者在重庆医科大学附属第一医院进修期间收治1例XLH,报道如下.     

海绵状血管瘤诱发低磷性骨软化症1例并文献复习

<正>低磷性骨软化症是以低磷血症和活性维生素D合成不足造成的以骨骼矿化不良为特征的一种疾病,主要包括X连锁低磷性佝偻病、常染色体显性低磷性佝偻病、肿瘤相关性低磷性骨软化症(tumor induced osteomalacia,TIO)3型。肿瘤源性低磷骨软化症临床少见,2014年6月5日本院收治1例海绵状血管瘤所致TIO,经手术治疗症状明显好转,经文献检索,在     

肿瘤源性骨软化症1例报道

目的熟悉肿瘤源性骨软化症(tumor induced osteomalacia,TIO)的特征。方法介绍1例低磷性骨软化症的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学和病理检查。结果患者,男,41岁,全身多关节疼痛伴跛行2年余。脊椎后突,肋外翻。血磷0.31mmol/L,血碱性磷酸酶255U/L;全身PET/CT:双侧多根肋骨、骶骨、双侧髋骨骨折;左侧股骨头低密度病灶,放射性摄取增高,肿瘤性病变可能。髋关节MRI:左侧股骨颈局限性骨质缺损,大小约1.0×1.5cm,为良性骨病,肿瘤样病变不除外。区域组织麻醉下行左股骨颈肿瘤切除术,病理报告:间叶源性肿瘤,联系临床考虑考虑为尿磷性间叶肿瘤(Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor)。术后第7天复查血磷升至0.76mmol/L,碱性磷酸酶降至215U/L,24h尿磷降至8.4mmol/24h。术后一月随访骨痛症状及近端肌肉无力症状均有好转。本例最后诊断肿瘤源性骨软化(TIO)。结论成年发生的无家族史低磷性骨软化症应排除TIO,全身PET/CT功能显像和局部MRI解剖显像可确定肿瘤部位,手术切除肿瘤是治疗的关键。     

腰椎管内间叶性肿瘤致低血磷骨软化症1例报道

<正>肿瘤相关性低血磷性骨软化症(tumor induced osteomalacia,TIO)是一种由肿瘤引起肾脏排磷增加造成的获得性低血磷性骨软化症,临床表现为肌无力、骨痛,严重者出现骨骼畸形、骨折、活动障碍,显著影响生活质量,切除肿瘤后,病情可以获得明显缓解[1]。TIO肿瘤大多为来源于间叶组织的良性肿瘤,最好发于四肢、头颈颌面部[2],椎管内肿瘤导致的低血磷骨软化症尚未见报道。现将北京协     

肿瘤相关性低磷抗D骨软化症的外科干预治疗

目的观察分析采用外科手术方法治疗肿瘤相关性低磷抗D骨软化症的早期疗效及此类肿瘤的外科学特点.方法从2004年2月至2005年3月,对7例诊断为肿瘤相关性低磷抗D骨软化症的患者进行手术治疗,完整切除软组织肿瘤5例,骨肿瘤2例.术后平均随访4个月（2周～12月）.结果6例患者术后临床症状明显改善,血磷恢复正常,1例未见明显改善.结论肿瘤低磷抗D骨软化症是一种罕见病例,5例软组织肿瘤临床症状少,常规体检不易发现;2例骨肿瘤在X线片上仅表现为骨密度增高区,无明显溶骨及破坏,易被误诊.一经确诊,手术治疗效果良好.     

Diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging skeletal survey in a patient with oncogenic osteomalacia.

Oncogenic osteomalacia is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by hypophosphatemic osteomalacia due to renal phosphate wasting. The same biochemical features are found in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia and sporadic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia with unknown etiology. Oncogenic osteomalacia is cured by resection of the responsible tumor. In contrast, patients with other types of hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia need long-term treatment with large doses of active vitamin D3. Therefore, detection of the responsible tumor for oncogenic osteomalacia has great clinical importance. However, there is no standard method for detecting the tumor for oncogenic osteomalacia, and the responsible tumor is often very difficult to be found. We describe a patient with adult-onset osteomalacia due to renal phosphate wasting. Although oncogenic osteomalacia was suspected, cranial, chest, and abdominal computed tomography scanning, urological and otolaryngological examinations, and detailed palpation for soft tissue mass failed to detect the responsible tumor. However, magnetic resonance imaging skeletal survey revealed a tumor in the right femoral bone. Resection of the tumor resulted in normalization of serum phosphate and renal phosphate handling. Because the most frequent causes for oncogenic osteomalacia are tumors in bone or soft tissue, magnetic resonance imaging skeletal survey is a very powerful method for detecting the responsible tumor. Vigorous search for tumors with this method in patients with hypophosphatemic osteomalacia would be helpful not only for proper management of patients, but also for clarifying the identity of sporadic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia.     

A patient with hypophosphatemic rickets and ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament caused by a novel homozygous mutation in ENPP1 gene

X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (XLH), autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (ADHR) and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (ARHR1 or ARHR2) are hereditary fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-related hypophosphatemic rickets showing similar clinical features. We here show a patient with hypophosphatemic rickets and widespread ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). The proband is a 62-year-old female. Her parents are first cousins and showed no signs of rickets or osteomalacia. She showed hypophosphatemic rickets with elevated FGF23 level and had been clinically considered to be suffering from XLH. However, direct sequencing of all coding exons and exon–intron junctions of phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX), FGF23 and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) genes, responsible genes for XLH, ADHR and ARHR1, respectively, showed no mutation. A novel homozygous splice donor site mutation was found at the exon–intron junction of exon 21 of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene responsible for ARHR2 (IVS21 + 1_3(GTA > CACC)). Subsequent analysis of mRNA revealed that this mutation caused skipping of exon 21 which created a premature stop codon in exon 22. These results indicate that genetic analysis is mandatory for the correct diagnosis of hereditary FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets. Because Enpp1 knockout mouse is a model of OPLL, this case also suggests that OPLL is associated with ARHR2.     

Oncogenic osteomalacia: two case reports with surprisingly different outcomes

Oncogenic osteomalacia is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome of acquired hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, resulting from a deficit in renal tubular phosphate reabsorption, in which fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) seems to be implicated. This condition is usually associated with a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor of mixed connective tissue located in the bone or soft tissue. The clinical and the radiologic findings are the same as those seen in osteomalacia, and the biochemical features include renal phosphate loss, low serum phosphate and 1,25-(OH)₂ vitD₃ levels, increased alkaline phosphatase, and normal calcium, PTH, calcitonin, 25-OH-vitD₃ and 25,25-(OH)₂ vitD₃. We present two cases of oncogenic osteomalacia associated with phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors, which were histologically similar, but presented a completely different evolution. In the first patient, the tumor developed on the sole of the foot. Following removal of the mass, the symptoms resolved and biochemical and radiological parameters returned to normal. However, in the second patient, a liver tumor developed and resection did not resolve the disease. Multiple lesions appeared in several locations during follow-up. This disease usually remits with complete tumor resection. Nevertheless, if this is not possible, oral treatment with phosphate, calcium and calcitriol can improve the symptoms. If scintigraphy of the tumor shows octreotide receptors, patients may respond partially to therapy with somatostatin analogs, with stabilization of the lesion.     

Resolution of severe, adolescent-onset hypophosphatemic rickets following resection of an FGF-23-producing tumour of the distal ulna

Oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (OHO) is an uncommon hypophosphatemic syndrome characterized by bone pain, proximal muscle weakness and rickets. It has been postulated that OHO results from overproduction of a humoral phosphaturic factor by an occult tumour. Recently, some OHO tumours have been shown to elaborate fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), which causes renal phosphate wasting when administered to mice. The purpose of this study was to undertake detailed investigations to confirm the diagnosis of OHO in a pediatric patient and to document the biochemical, radiographic and bone histological phenotype before and after tumour removal. We describe an 11-year-old, previously healthy girl with significant pain and functional disability associated with hypophosphatemic rickets. Circulating 1,25-(OH)(2) vitamin D was very low (14 pM; N: 40-140) while the FGF-23 serum level was markedly elevated [359.5 reference units (RU)/ml, N: 33-105]. An iliac bone biopsy revealed severe osteomalacia, but periosteocytic lesions, as are typical for X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, were not seen. Sequence analyses of the PHEX and FGF23 genes were normal. A radiographic skeletal survey revealed a small exostosis of the left, distal ulnar metaphysis. A tumour was subsequently removed from this site and the pathology was consistent with benign, fibro-osseous tissue. Serum FGF-23 was normal when measured at 7 h post-operatively, while serum phosphate reached the low-normal range at 16 days following surgery. An iliac bone biopsy taken 5 months after the operation showed improvement, but not yet resolution, of the osteomalacia. Biochemical parameters of bone and mineral metabolism suggested that complete resolution of the osteomalacia was not achieved until 12 months following surgery. One year after tumour removal, the patient was pain-free and had resumed a normal level of activity. The rapid normalization of FGF-23 levels following removal of a benign tumour and the subsequent improvement in the biochemical and histological parameters of bone and mineral metabolism suggest that FGF-23 played a key role in this girl's disease.     

A new kindred with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria: implications for correct diagnosis and treatment.

Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH) is a new autosomal form of hypophosphatemic rickets, recently described. This disease is characterized, and differs from other forms of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets and/or osteomalacia by increased serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, hypercalciuria and complete remission of the disease on phosphate therapy alone. However, only another probable Israeli kindred, and seemingly a few sporadic cases from Europe, North America and Japan have been reported in the literature. We describe here a new kindred of Jewish Yemenite origin (unrelated to other Israeli families) with typical HHRH. Two additional members of this family suffer from a milder asymptomatic form of the disease, which presents as absorptive hypercalciuria without signs or symptoms of bone disease. It seems to us that HHRH is underdiagnosed, due to its similarity to other hypophosphatemic syndromes in clinical, radiological and most biochemical parameters. Therefore, it is recommended that urinary calcium excretion and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations be measured in every patient with hypophosphatemic rickets/and or osteomalacia before the initiation of any therapy. The correct diagnosis of HHRN is of immense therapeutic implications. Phosphate therapy alone could cause a complete remission in HHRH, while the addition of active vitamin D metabolites, as is recommended in hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets, could cause deterioration in the patient's condition.     

Anti‐FGF‐23 neutralizing antibodies ameliorate muscle weakness and decreased spontaneous movement of Hyp mice

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF‐23) plays causative roles in the development of several hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia such as X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (XLH) and tumor‐induced rickets/osteomalacia. Patients with hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia often complain of muscle weakness and bone pain that severely affect daily activities of these patients. The purpose of this study was to examine whether anti‐FGF‐23 antibodies, which have been shown to improve hypophosphatemia and rachitic changes of juvenile Hyp mice in a murine model of XLH, also ameliorate hypophosphatemic osteomalacia and affect muscle force and spontaneous motor activity in adult Hyp mice. Repeated injections of anti‐FGF‐23 antibodies increased serum phosphate and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitmain D levels and enhanced mineralization of osteoid in adult Hyp mice, whereas bone length did not change. We found that grip strength was weaker and that spontaneous movement was less in adult Hyp mice than in wild‐type mice. In addition, FGF‐23 antibodies increased grip strength and spontaneous movement. These results suggest that the inhibition of excess FGF‐23 action not only ameliorates hypophosphatemia and impaired mineralization of bone but also improves muscle weakness and daily activities of patients with FGF‐23‐related hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

X-linked rickets and tumor-acquired osteomalacia:PHEX and the missing link

Dietary rickets has been recognized as a major cause of skeletal abnormalities in the industrialized world for more than 350 years. In recent times, familial and tumor forms of rickets were found to be resistant to vitamin D₃ supplementation and light. The main nondietary types of rickets and osteomalacia include: a) X-linked vitamin D-resistant, hypophosphatemic rickets; b) hereditary hypercalciuria with hypophosphatemic rickets; c) Dent's disease including certain types of renal Fanconi syndrome; d) renal 1α-hydroxylase deficiency; e) defects in the 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D₃ receptor (end-organ resistance); f) autosomal dominant forms of rickets; and g) oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia. This review will describe the recent advances in our knowledge of the molecular defects in hypophosphatemic rickets and tumor-acquired osteomalacia. This paper was presented at the 2nd International Forum “The Frontiers of Nephrology,” Tokyo, May 10, 1998.