基于BP神经网络的环孢素A用量预测研究

目的依据BP神经网络技术建立环孢素A用景的预测模型.方法收集服用环孢素A的肾移植病人16例.共65组样本.其中51组样本作为训练样本,14组样本作为测试样本,建立两层BP神经网络预测模型.结果 BP神经网络的仿真预测结果正确率为97.1%.结论 BP神经网络模型在环孢素A用量上能够取得良好的预测效果,具有一定的研究性.     

基于人工神经网络的足月胎儿体重预测方法

对胎儿体重的预测在产科临床上具有非常重要的意义,传统上采用回归分析方法预测胎儿体重,存在可靠性差等缺点。本研究采用反向传播(BP)人工神经网络方法预测胎儿体重,实验中采用双顶径、小脑横径、腹围、肝脏长度、股骨长度、股骨皮下脂肪厚度、孕龄等参数作为BP神经网络的输入参数,网络由输入层、隐含层和输出层三部分组成。对109例临床资料进行预测,结果为:训练组预测符合率达89.77%,平均绝对误差104.22g,平均相对误差3.24%;验证组预测符合率达76.19%,平均绝对误差190.84g,平均相对误差5.60%。表明人工神经网络预测胎儿体重方法十分有效,准确性高于回归方程。     

肾移植患者环孢素A血药浓度监测的临床分析

目的：研究肾移植术后患者环孢素A（CsA）浓度与临床疗效之间的关系。方法：采用荧光偏振免疫法。结果：正常组分别与中毒组、排异组之间血药浓度有显著性差异。结论：环孢素A血药浓度监测必须结合临床，综合考虑各方面的因素，实现个体化给药。     

监测肾移植患者口服环孢素A血药浓度的三点法

环孢素(cyclospoRINE A,CsA)是一种有效的免疫抑制剂,广泛用于肾器官移植。由于它对肾有毒性反应和药代动力学参数个体差异大,因此监测和预测血药浓度对维持病人最佳免疫抑制水平很重要。 本文对十七例异体肾移植病人用:三点法“所构成血药浓度随时间变化的数学模型进行验证,为合理地调整给药剂量提供了依据。     

肾移植后环孢素A浓度监测及其影响因素

背景：对使用环孢素A的患者进行长期、定期的血药浓度监测以做到个体化给药具有非常重要的临床意义。 目的：总结肾移植后环孢素A血药浓度监测方法及影响其血药浓度的因素,以期为临床安全有效地使用环孢素A提供参考。 方法：以“环孢素A、肾移植、血药浓度、影响因素”及“Cyclosporin A,Renal Transplantation,blood drug level”为关键词,采用计算机检索2000-01/2012-01相关文章。纳入肾移植后应用环孢素A进行免疫抑制治疗,并对其血药浓度进行检测的文章及有关环孢素A检测方法及影响环孢素A血药浓度因素的文章;排除重复研究或Meta分析类文章。共纳入30篇相关文献进行综述。 结果与结论：由于环孢素A的治疗窗较窄,生物利用度相差较大,一般的给药方案是首次剂量依据体质量给予,此后则参考环孢素A的测定浓度及时进行剂量调整。目前主要采用荧光偏振免疫法及高效液相色谱法对其血药浓度进行检测,同时可应用人工神经网络对其进行预测。当然在调整给药剂量的同时还要考虑一些药物相互作用及患者自身病理生理因素的影响。肾移植后患者必须在其治疗过程中常规性监测环孢素A血药浓度,避免出现环孢素A血药浓度过大或不足,同时综合考虑临床各方面的因素,及时调整患者的用药情况,实施个体化用药方案,使肾移植后患者能获得最佳治疗效果。      

养心氏片对环孢素A药代动力学参数的影响

目的研究养心氏片(YXS)对环孢素A(CsA)血药浓度及其药动学参数的影响。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)对单用CsA及YXS与CsA合用后家兔体内CsA全血浓度进行测定,并对两组药动学参数进行统计学处理。结果YXS可使CsA的Cmax增大、T1/2β减小,差异有显著性(P<0.05),其余药动学参数无显著变化。结论养心氏片可使CsA的峰浓度增高、消除速率加快。     

基于小波分解和神经网络的呼吸运动预测算法

目的放射治疗是胸腹部肿瘤治疗的常用手段,但呼吸等运动大大影响了放射治疗的准确性,因此精确的呼吸运动定位和预测对肿瘤治疗很有必要。相关预测方法缺乏对系统长延迟预测的研究,本文提出一种用小波分解结合Elman神经网络的算法(wavelet Elman network,WEN)预测呼吸运动。方法采用光学定位系统采集数据,对数据进行简单的预处理,再利用小波分解压缩数据,训练Elman神经网络,最后进行神经网络的预测。预测结果和真实值对比,绘制误差曲线,计算均方根误差,并与其他主流算法对比,验证算法的可行性。结果 WEN算法在短延迟预测中表现一般,但当延迟达1000 ms时,WEN算法的均方根误差平均为1.6164 mm,比临床中使用的线性预测低32.9%。结论通过实验验证了基于小波分解和Elman神经网络的呼吸运动预测算法,在长延迟时表现较好,证明了本算法的正确性及可行性。     

曲尼司特对CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠TGF-β/Smad通路的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量曲尼司特(TNL)对环孢素A(CsA)慢性肾毒性大鼠肾脏彻TGF-β/Smad通路的的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠34只,随机分成正常对照组、模型组、TNL低剂量治疗组、TNL中剂量治疗组、TNL高剂量治疗组、安博维治疗组.采用低盐饮食加CsA 20 mg/(kg·d)灌胃的方法建立环孢素A慢性肾毒性大鼠模型.用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学检测不同剂量TNL对大鼠肾脏TGF-β1、Snad3、Smad7的影响.结果 TNL能下调CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠肾组织中TGF-β1、Smad3的mRNA水平及在肾脏的表达,上调Smad7的mRNA水平及在肾脏的表达.结论在CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠模型中,TNL可能通过调节TGF-β/Smad通路而发挥抗纤维化的作用,从而减缓CsA慢性肾毒性的进展.     

基于粒子群和反向传播神经网络的近红外光无创血糖检测方法研究EI北大核心CSCD

现有的近红外无创血糖检测模型研究大多数关注的是近红外吸光度与血糖浓度之间的关系,但没有考虑人体生理状态对血糖浓度的影响。为了提升血糖预测模型性能,本文采用了粒子群优化算法(PSO)对反向传播(BP)神经网络的结构参数进行训练,并引入了收缩压、脉率、体温以及1550 nm吸光度作为血糖浓度预测模型的输入变量,采用BP神经网络作为预测模型。为解决传统BP神经网络容易陷入局部最优的问题,本文提出了一种基于PSO-BP的混合模型。结果表明,训练得到的PSO-BP模型预测效果优于传统的BP神经网络。十折交叉验证预测均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.95 mmol/L和0.74;克拉克误差网格分析结果表明,模型预测结果落入A区域的比例为84.39%,落入B区域的比例为15.61%,均满足临床要求。该模型可以快速地测量血糖浓度,且具相对较高的精度。     

环孢素A转换为雷帕霉素长期作用对移植肾大鼠睾丸功能和形态学的影响

比较环孢素A(CsA)转换为雷帕霉素(Rapa)后与CsA长期作用对移植肾大鼠睾丸功能和组织形态学的影响。方法 采用标准的肾移植模型方法进行原位左肾移植,即将Fisher大鼠的供肾移植给Lewis雄性大鼠,36只大鼠分为CsA转换为Rapa组(R组,n=10)、CsA持续使用组(A组,n=10)、CsA撤离组(B组,n...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.