桉叶油对两种蠕形螨的体外杀虫作用

目的 观察桉叶油的体外杀螨效果。方法 采用透明胶带粘贴过夜法获取两种人体蠕形螨，随机分为5组，观察不同浓度下的桉叶油对两种人体蠕形螨的杀灭作用，并在Motic DM B5图像采集软件系统下记录加药后虫体的死亡过程。结果 桉叶油对两种人体蠕形螨均有明显的体外杀灭作用，对皮脂蠕形螨的杀虫效果优于毛囊蠕形螨。随着药物作用时间的延长及浓度的增加，蠕形螨死亡率增高。6．25％的桉叶油是杀灭人体蠕形螨的最低有效浓度，而12．5％的桉叶油是杀死人体蠕形螨的最适浓度。显微镜下动态观察发现，加药后蠕形螨的形态及活动度变化大多为先剧烈收缩，活动加强，后虫体松弛，活动减弱，直至死亡。结论 桉叶油是一种低毒、经济、高效的杀螨药物。     

徐闻县人体蠕形螨感染情况调查

人体蠕形螨感染 ,在各地人群中普遍存在。引起人体蠕螨感染有两种 :毛囊蠕形螨和皮脂蠕形螨。笔者于 1997年 4月至 1998年 5月对徐闻县不同人群 2 178人进行了人体蠕形螨感染调查。1.材料与方法 :受检查中学生 12 2 1人 ,教师 179人 ,医护人员 175人 ,干部 2 87人 ,工人 316人。对中学生单纯采用透明胶纸粘贴法 ,而其他人员同时采用透明胶纸粘贴法和挤压涂片法。2 .结果和分析 :本次共调查 2 178人 ,蠕形螨感染 711例 ,感染率为 32 .6 4%。(1)感染虫种分布 :毛囊蠕形螨占感染总数 92 .40 %(6 5 7/ 711) ,皮脂蠕形螨占感染总数 6 .47%(4 6 / …     

湖南省大中学生蠕形螨感染调查

蠕形螨又称毛囊虫，是一种寄生于人和哺乳动物毛囊和皮脂腺内的永久性小型寄生虫。寄生人体的有毛囊蠕形螨（Ｄｅ－ｍｏｄｅｘｆｏｌｉｃｕｌｏｒｕｍ）和皮脂蠕形螨（Ｄ．ｂｒｅｖｉｓ），它们对人体的皮肤产生不同程度的损害，日益引起人们的重视。为了解我省大中学生蠕...     

山西广播电视学校蠕形螨感染的调查

采用两种方法对本校师生调查了蠕形螨感染的情况，共查６６０人，总感染率为２４．８５％，学生感染率（３７．２７％），高于教师的感染率（１２．４２％），而且在校生高于新生（Ｐ〈０．０５）。在不同皮肤的人群中、皮损者感染明显高于正常皮肤者，（Ｐ〈０．００１）。感染的程度以轻度（１￣５条）为主，感染的虫种以毛囊蠕形螨多见。证实蠕形螨的感染确实与皮肤病有关，可诱发皮肤病的发生。     

人体皮肤蠕形螨感染的诊断与治疗

人体蠕形螨是专性寄生在人体毛囊和皮脂腺的一种永久性寄生螨,寄生于人体皮肤的有毛囊蠕形螨（Demodex folliculorum）和皮脂蠕形螨（Demodex brevis）。人感染蠕形螨后,临床可无自觉症状,或有痒、刺痛等感觉,导致酒渣鼻、睑缘炎、外耳道瘙痒症、痤疮、乳头炎等皮肤疾病,面部皮损及有症状者的蠕形螨感染率可明显高于正常人群^[1]。     

眼睑毛囊蠕形螨病5例报告

毛囊蠕形螨是一种广泛寄生于人的头皮和颜面部的人体蠕形螨,以鼻沟处检出率最高,其次是鼻尖、颜面等.眼睑也是毛囊蠕形螨的寄生场所[1].笔者在本校保健科门诊部从21例睑缘炎患者中发现5例毛囊蠕形螨感染,报告如下:     

268名青年学生面部蠕形螨感染情况调查简报

人体寄生蠕形螨多寄生于毛囊和皮脂腺，其感染率颇高，国外报道为27％～100％。为了观察人体蠕形螨在本校学生中的流行情况，笔对268名在校学生进行了调查     

人体蠕形螨感染调查与分析

目的 了解人体蠕形螨感染情况及其影响因素。方法 采用随机方法对北京市丰台区部分人群进行感染调查，用透明胶带粘贴法检查螨虫，并就年龄、性别、职业和皮肤状况等进行问卷调查，采用多因素Logistic回归分析提取主要相关因素。结果 人群蠕形螨感染率为2198％(273／1242)，男性感染率为21．03％(114／542)，女性为22．61％(156／690)；感染虫种以毛囊蠕形螨为多，占69．60％，皮脂蠕形螨占19．80％，混合感染占10．60％。感染率主要与年龄相关。结论 人群蠕形螨感染较为普遍，感染虫种以毛囊蠕形螨为主。     

两种人体蠕形螨各期形态结构的比较与动态观察

目的比较两种人体蠕形螨的各期形态结构特征以及活动性。方法采用挤压涂片法和透明胶纸粘贴法获取蠕形螨,在数码显微镜MoticDMB5软件系统下动态观察,然后进行拍摄和测量。结果对两种人体蠕形螨发育过程各个时期的形态特征和活动性进行了动态展示和描述。对比观察发现两种人体蠕形螨发育过程基本相似,均有卵、幼虫(3对足)、若虫(4对足)和成虫4期。由于毛囊蠕形螨若虫期有一次蜕皮,将其又分为前若虫和(后)若虫两期,前若虫较(后)若虫短,基节骨突不清。两种蠕形螨各期形态差异均较大,其活动性除虫卵外,各期均可见足和颚体活动,室温较高时(20℃以上)虫体运动活跃,移动明显。两种蠕形螨成虫末体变异也较大。另外,首次在水镜下拍摄到毛囊蠕形螨雌虫肛道(门)。结论两种人体蠕形螨均分为卵、幼虫、若虫和成虫4期,各期形态结构差异明显,易于鉴别;幼虫、若虫和成虫均具有明显的活动能力。两种人体蠕形螨似有亚种存在。     

人体蠕形螨感染与个人卫生习惯关系的Meta分析

目的探讨人体蠕形螨感染与个人卫生习惯的关系。方法采用Meta分析方法对1994年1月1日至2006年12月31日在中国期刊网上检索到的有关混用生活用品者和使用洁面用品者与蠕形螨感染关系的文献进行综合定量评价。结果检索到有关生活用品混用的文献11篇，累计调查人数为9356人，其中经常混用生活用品者5447人，蠕形螨平均感染率为45．82％；不常混用生活用品者3909人，蠕形螨平均感染率为27．71％，二者间的差异有统计学意义（X^2=316．28，P〈0．05），生活用品混用者蠕形螨感染率明显高于不混用者，OR合并为2．49，95％可信区间（95％CI）为[1．94，3.20]。检索到符合使用洁面用品纳入标准的相关文献7篇，总调查人数3230人，其中纳入不使用洁面用品者1476人，蠕形螨的平均感染率为31．44％；使用洁面用品者1754人，蠕形螨的平均感染率为27．25％，二者之间的差异亦有统计学意义（X^2=6．79，P〈0．05），经常使用洁面用品者蠕形螨的感染率显著低于不常使用洁面用品者，OR合并为0.70，95％CI为[0．52，0．93]。结论人体蠕形螨感染与个人卫生习惯有一定的关联性，混用生活用品是蠕形螨感染的危险因素，而使用洁面用品则是蠕形螨感染的保护因素。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.