辽宁省城乡小学生早餐行为调查

分析辽宁省城乡小学生早餐行为及影响因素,为开展以学校为基础的干预提供依据.方法 数据来源于2011年“辽宁省学龄儿童营养监测”,共调查三~六年级小学生16 169名.调查使用自制问卷,收集人口统计学指标、早餐行为及其他健康相关行为等信息,同时测量身高、体重.结果 上学日,11.8%的城市学生和24.4%的农村学生不能每天吃早餐;城市学生早餐质量好的比例为49.5%,农村学生为36.3%,城市高于农村(x2=224.6,P<0.01).城市学生中,早餐质量好的学生在第4节课之前有饥饿感的比例(27.1%)低于早餐质量不好的学生(29.8%);农村学生分别为38.4%和40.0%,差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为-4.7,-3.3,P值均<0.01).调整年龄、性别、地区及上学路程时间等影响因素后,与每日吃早餐且食物种类多样相比,经常不吃早餐且食物种类单调的学生肥胖的风险更高(OR=1.44,95% CI=1.14~1.98).结论 辽宁地区小学生吃早餐的频率较低,且50%以上学生早餐质量不好,亟需改善.     

中国十二省市社区城市化水平和家庭收入对儿童青少年早餐行为的影响

目的了解中国十二省市儿童青少年早餐行为情况。方法采用分层多阶段整群随机抽样方法,选取参加2011年第九轮"中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)"并有完整个人信息的4~17岁儿童青少年作为研究对象,共纳入1984人,分析调查对象的早餐就餐情况、就餐地点、食物制作地点、制作方法、食物选择种类以及膳食结构。结果 4~17岁儿童青少年吃早餐的人群比例为96.9%;早餐就餐地点以及早餐食物制作地点选择在家的人群比例分别为82.8%和73.0%;早餐食物制作方式选择为煮以及早餐食物选择谷类的人群比例分别为81.7%和84.1%;早餐膳食结构主要为以谷类食物及蔬菜水果等为主的植物类食物,以奶类及奶制品和肉、蛋类为主的动物类食物,以方便食品为主的零食食物为主的3种膳食模式。高城市化水平社区和高收入水平家庭儿童青少年的早餐在外就餐人群比例(22.7%,19.1%),早餐中食用奶类及奶制品、豆类及其制品(40.7%,38.9%)以及肉、蛋类(47.4%,42.0%)的人群比例更高(P0.001),而低城市化水平社区和低收入水平家庭的儿童青少年在家吃早餐(91.2%,86.4%)、早餐食用谷类食物(97.8%,94.5%)及蔬菜水果类食物(41.5%,32.0%)的人群比例更高(P0.001)。结论中国十二省4~17岁儿童青少年早餐行为存在一些不合理方面,社区城市化水平和家庭收入影响4~17岁儿童青少年早餐行为,应提供有针对性的营养干预,促进儿童青少年的身体健康。     

中国7省农村1～7岁儿童早餐行为及影响因素

目的探讨中国农村地区1～7岁儿童早餐行为及其影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,选择14 434名农村1～7岁儿童进行问卷调查,早餐行为影响因素的单因素分析采用χ2检验,多因素分析采用有序多分类logistic回归分析。结果农村1～7岁儿童几乎不吃早餐、不规律吃早餐和每天吃早餐者分别有1 041人(7.2%)、2 415人(16.7%)、10 972人(76.0%);农村儿童早餐类型以谷物类为主,食用米饭(米粉或粥)12 265人次(85.0%),食用馒头(包子或面条)8 243人次(57.1%),食用豆浆及豆制品仅872人次(6.0%);早餐食物种类≤2种8 194人次(56.8%),3～4种5 490人次(38.0%),≥5种750人次(5.2%);有序多分类logistic回归分析结果显示,儿童年龄、民族、生活情况、独生子女、早餐食物种类以及家庭人均年收入与农村儿童早餐行为有关。结论农村1～7岁儿童几乎不吃早餐和不规律吃早餐的行为发生率较高,早餐食物种类单一,农村儿童早餐行为和早餐质量有待改善。     

河北省儿童青少年超重肥胖现状与影响因素分析

目的了解河北省儿童青少年超重肥胖现状及影响因素,为儿童超重肥胖干预提供参考。方法从参加河北省2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测的人群中,选取6~17岁参加食物频率调查和体检的居民作为研究对象。结果河北省6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖率为19.71%,男性(23.79%)显著高于女性(15.81%),城市(22.96%)显著高于农村(15.57%),蔬菜、坚果和肉类食品的食用频次对儿童青少年超重肥胖率有影响,差异具统计学意义(χ~2值分别为7.553、9.598和8.252,P值分别为0.023、0.008和0.016)。多因素Logistic回归显示,蔬菜类[OR值0.597(0.431~0.826)]、坚果类[OR值0.406(0.205~0.804)]的食用频次以及性别[OR值0.530(0.34~0.825)]是儿童青少年超重肥胖的保护因素,肉类食品食用频次[OR值1.619(1.172~2.235)]和在外就餐[OR值1.537(1.051~2.248)]是危险因素。结论河北省儿童青少年超重肥胖率超过全国平均水平。应提倡平衡膳食模式,培养健康饮食行为,倡导家庭就餐,积极进行有效的体育运动。     

广西城乡居民慢性病相关危险因素调查研究

[目的]了解广西城乡居民主要慢性病及其危险因素的流行水平. [方法]采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,通过问卷调查、体格检查,对3 362名15～69岁居民主要慢性病及其危险因素的流行水平进行调查分析.[结果]人群超重率、肥胖率、向心性肥胖率以及高血压患病率分别为30.63%、1.38%、22.43%和18.16%,标化率分别为27.44%、1.13%、18.73%和13.54%;人群吸烟率、饮酒率分别为25.57%、37.75%.居民能经常步行或骑车比例占49.36%,能经常锻炼占29.12%,久坐少动活动平均时间为3.9h/d.饮食方面,每天吃早餐占77.46%,膳食结构中每天摄入蛋类、鱼虾类、畜肉类、禽肉类食物、奶及其制品、豆及其制品以及蔬菜水果均明显不足.通过多因素分析显示,城市、性别、年龄、低教育程度、职业、休闲活动、静坐时间、食用早餐是超重、向心性肥胖和高血压的主要影响因素.[结论]广西城乡居民高血压患病率、超重率均处于全国较高水平,人群总吸烟率高、膳食结构不合理以及身体活动明显不足,应作为城乡居民预防与控制慢性病危险因素干预的重点环节.     

高校教职工慢性病现患研究及干预措施探讨

[目的]了解高校教职工慢性病患病情况及影响因素,为采取干预措施提供科学依据. [方法]对该高校的教职工进行健康体检,并对结果进行统计分析. [结果]超重及肥胖患病率38.68%,高脂血症患病率37.98%,脂肪肝患病率17.54%,高血压患病率14.99%,糖尿病患病率4.31%,均随年龄增长而有增高趋势,男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05-0.01).超重及肥胖人群高脂血症、脂肪肝、高血压、糖尿病的患病率均高于体质量正常人群.差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).教师人群高血压的患病率高于普通人群,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而普通人群在超重及肥胖、高脂血症、脂肪肝患病率高于教师人群,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01). [结论]高校教职工慢性病患病率较高,应采取多种干预措施,有效控制和降低慢性病的患病率. 17.54%,高血压患病率14.99%,糖尿病患病率4.31%,均随年龄增长而有增高趋势,男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05～0.01).超重及肥胖人群高脂血症、脂肪肝、高血压、糖尿病的患病率均高于体质量正常人群.差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).教师人群高血压的患病率高于普通人群, 异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而普通人群在超重及肥胖、高脂血症、脂肪肝患病率高于教师人群,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01). [结论]高校教职工慢性病患病率较高,应采取多种干预措施,有效控制和降低慢性病的患病率. 17.54%,高血压患病率     

沈阳市某小学儿童早餐零食及保健品补充情况调查

许多研究表明,早餐提供的能量和营养素对儿童少年营养状况及健康的重要作用是其他餐次无法替代的[1-2].因此,早餐对儿童少年的生长发育和学习能力具有重要意义.经常不吃早餐或早餐质量较差会引起能量和营养素摄入不足,甚至导致某些营养素缺乏,长期下去不仅会影响儿童少年的生长发育,还会影响认知能力和学习成绩.吃早餐儿童的短期记忆能力、数学测试成绩优于没有吃早餐的儿童,早餐吃得好的学生明显比早餐质量不好的学生精力充沛、思考问题积极[3].然而,我国儿童少年的早餐现状不容乐观.有调查显示,我国儿童经常不吃早餐的比例为5.5%[2].为了解沈阳市小学儿童早餐、零食及保健品补充情况,探讨儿童饮食习惯现状,以便有针对性地开展健康教育,笔者选取沈阳市某小学进行了调查.     

国外学生早餐行为研究初窥

良好的早餐习惯是保证儿童青少年健康成长的重要因素,儿童青少年不吃早餐的现象在各国都很普遍.多数国家儿童青少年不吃早餐的比率在10%～20%之间.研究显示,年龄大的、女性、单亲、肥胖、黑人、农村等人群中不吃早餐的人数比例要高于其对应的人群.不吃早餐可能影响儿童的认知能力和学习成绩.     

国外学生早餐行为研究初窥

良好的早餐习惯是保证儿童青少年健康成长的重要因素，儿童青少年不吃早餐的现象在各国都很普遍。多数国家儿童青少年不吃早餐的比率在10%～20％之间。研究显示，年龄大的、女性、单亲、肥胖、黑人、农村等人群中不吃早餐的人数比例要高于其对应的人群。不吃早餐可能影响儿童的认知能力和学习成绩；     

宜春学院医学院学生早餐状况分析

[目的]了解医学院在校大学生的早餐情况,探讨在医学院进行早餐营养健康教育及干预的必要性。[方法]采用自行设计的早餐状况问卷,对宜春学院医学院386名1～3年级大学生进行调查。[结果]学生每天早餐就餐率为72.8%,1年级学生高于2年级学生、农村学生高于城市学生,大部分学生不吃早餐的原因都是因为没时间。吃早餐的学生早餐营养质量比较差者高达56.8%,质量好的仅为16.1%,仅17.1%的学生早餐选择食物考虑到食物的营养价值。学生早餐各类食物消费频次依次为谷类、奶类、蛋类、豆类、肉类、蔬菜、水果。[结论]医学生早餐结构及食物消费存在严重的不合理性,在医学院校进行早餐营养教育及干预十分必要。     

Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity in Perth,Australia

PURPOSE: To examine associations between environmental and lifestyle factors and overweight or obesity. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey and an environmental scan of recreational facilities. SETTING: Metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. SUBJECTS: Healthy sedentary workers and homemakers aged 18 to 59 years (n = 1803) living in areas within the top and bottom quintiles of social disadvantage. MEASURES: Four lifestyle factors, one social environmental factor, and five physical environment factors (three objectively measured). RESULTS: After adjustment for demographic factors and other variables in the model, overweight was associated with living on a highway (odds ratio [OR], 4.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-11.09) or streets with no sidewalks or sidewalks on one side only (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.78) and perceiving no paths within walking distance (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.86). Poor access to four or more recreational facilities (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.11-2.55) and sidewalks (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, .98-2.68) and perceiving no shop within walking distance (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.01-3.36) were associated with obesity. Conversely, access to a motor vehicle all the time was negatively associated with obesity (OR, .56; 95% CI, .32-.99). Watching 3 or more hours of television daily (ORs, 1.92 and 1.85, respectively) and rating oneself as less active than others (ORs, 1.66 and 4.05, respectively) were associated with both overweight and obesity. After adjustment for individual demographic factors and all other variables in the model, socioeconomic status of area of residence and leisure-time physical activity were not associated with overweight or obesity. CONCLUSION: Factors that influence overweight and obesity appear to differ, but aspects of the physical environment may be important. Objectively measured neighborhood environment factors warrant further investigation.     

Asociación entre lactancia materna y probabilidad de obesidad en la infancia en tres países latinoamericanos

ObjectiveTo determine if breastfeeding for at least the first six months of life is associated with overweight and obesity in children 2 to 5 years old.MethodCross sectional analysis of data from national demographic and health surveys conducted in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Overweight and obesity were defined using World Health Organization standard definitions. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multinomial logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of obesity in children 2 to 5 years old was 10.4% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 8.2-12.6) in Bolivia, 4.9% in Colombia (95%CI: 4.0-5.8), and 6.4% (95%CI: 5.2-8.0) in Peru. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first 6 months in the study population was 89.9% (95%CI: 87.8-91.9) in Bolivia, 73.9% (95%CI: 72.2-75.6) in Colombia, and 92.8% (95%CI: 91.2-92.4) in Peru. Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with a decreased risk of obesity in children as compared to no breastfeeding or breastfeeding for less than 6 months in Bolivia (OR = .30; 95%CI: .16-.57) and a marginal association in Colombia (OR = .71; 95%CI: .47-1.06) and Peru (OR = .49; 95%CI: 0.23-1.04). No association between breastfeeding and overweight was found.ConclusionExclusive breastfeeding for at least the first six months of life decreases the risk of obesity in children 2 to 5 years old in Bolivia. A similar but weaker pattern was observed for children in Colombia and Peru.     

Associations among individual, social, and environmental barriers and children's walking or cycling to school

PURPOSE: To examine associations among individual, social, and environmental barriers and children's walking or cycling to school. DESIGN: Exploratory cross-sectional study. SETTING: All eight capital cities in Australia. SUBJECTS. Parents (N=720) of school-aged children (4-13 years; 27% response rate; 49% parents of boys). MEASURES: Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for parental reporting of barriers to their children's walking or cycling to school, based on a computer-assisted telephone interview. RESULTS: Forty-one percent of children walked or cycled to school at least once per week. Multivariable analyses found inverse associations with individual ("child prefers to be driven" [OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.3-0.6], "no time in the mornings" [OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.8]); social ("worry child will take risks" [OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.3-0.9], "no other children to walk with" [OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.4-0.99], "no adults to walk with" [OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4-0.9]); and environmental barriers ("too far to walk" [OR = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.0-0.1], "no direct route" [OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2-0.7]) and positive associations with "concern child may be injured in a road accident" (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1-3.1) and active commuting. CONCLUSION: Working with parents, schools, and local authorities to improve pedestrian skills and environments may help to overcome barriers.     

Sleep duration, general and abdominal obesity, and weight change among the older adult population of Spain

BACKGROUND: Short sleep duration is associated with obesity and weight gain among children and young adults. However, there are few studies on the elderly, with conflicting results. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of habitual sleep duration with obesity and weight change among the population aged > or =60 y in Spain. DESIGN: This prospective study was conducted from 2001 to 2003 on 3576 persons whose habitual sleep duration was self-reported in 2001. The outcomes were obesity [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) > or =30], severe obesity (BMI > or =35), and abdominal obesity (waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women) in 2001 and weight gain > or =5 kg in the period 2001-2003. RESULTS: Compared with subjects who slept 7 h, subjects who slept < or =5 h had a greater frequency of obesity [odds ratio (OR): 1.33; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.77] and severe obesity (OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.31, 3.32). In addition, sleeping 8 h was associated with obesity (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.75) and severe obesity (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.73). Similarly, subjects sleeping 9 h were more likely to have severe obesity (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.47). Among women, weight gain > or =5 kg was more frequent among subjects sleeping < or =5 h (OR: 3.41; 95% CI: 1.34, 8.69), 8 h (OR: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.29, 7.12), and 9 h (OR: 3.77; 95% CI: 1.55, 9.17). No association was observed between sleep duration and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, sleeping < or =5 h and sleeping 8 or 9 h was associated with obesity and with short-term weight gain in women.     

Electronic games and environmental factors associated with childhood obesity in Switzerland

OBJECTIVE: Environmental factors and behaviors associated with obesity have not been well described in children living in Europe. Although television watching has been repeatedly associated with obesity, it is unclear whether other sedentary activities, such as use of electronic games, are independently associated with obesity in children. The hypothesis was that various types of sedentary activities are associated with obesity in children living in Switzerland. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a cross-sectional study of children (grades one to three) from four communities in the Greater Zurich Area (Switzerland). Obesity was defined as a combination of overweight (BMI) and overfat (skinfold thicknesses). Environmental factors were assessed by questionnaire. The children's physical activity was estimated by their teacher (scale 0 to 10). RESULTS: Of 922 eligible subjects, 872 (94.6%) took part in the study. Use of electronic games [odds ratio (OR) = 2.03 per hour per day, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.57 to 2.61, p < 0.001], television (OR = 2.83 per hour per day, 95% CI: 2.08 to 3.86, p < 0.001), physical activity (OR = 0.80 per unit, 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.88, p < 0.001), maternal work (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.29, p = 0.02), and paternal smoking (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.96, p = 0.03) were independently associated with obesity. Further adjustment for socioeconomic status, when available, did not change these results. DISCUSSION: In this sample of children living in Switzerland, the use of electronic games was significantly associated with obesity, independently of confounding factors. The association of obesity with television use and lack of physical activity confirms results from other populations and points to potential strategies for obesity prevention.     

Predictor factors for childhood obesity in a Spanish case-control study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify and characterize factors associated with childhood obesity risk related to lifestyle and perinatal life influences (dietary pattern, physical activity, family history of obesity, breast-feeding, sedentary behavior, and birth weight) in a case-control study design. METHODS: Cases were 185 obese (body mass index >97th percentile) children and adolescents (6-18 y old) from the Navarra region of Spain and control subjects were matched by sex and age. Anthropometric data were collected, and a personal interview about lifestyle parameters (dietary patterns, physical activity, family history of obesity, breast-feeding and sedentary behaviors) was performed with each participant. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify predictive factors of obesity. RESULTS: Leisure time physical activity proved to be a protector factor against obesity (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-0.96), whereas family history of obesity (OR 4.18, 95% CI 2.20-8.62), watching television (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.09-3.77), and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.05-2.89) were associated with a higher obesity risk. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that leisure time physical activity, family history of obesity, watching television, and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption are important predictive variables for childhood obesity, whereas other factors including breast-feeding, birth weight, and time spent sleeping did not appear to play an important role in the development of childhood obesity.     

母亲养育实践与婴幼儿饮食行为对儿童超重肥胖影响的研究

目的 本研究探讨母亲养育实践与婴幼儿饮食行为对儿童超重肥胖的影响。方法 采用目的抽样法,选取徐州市2所医院及2个社区卫生服务中心的6 ~ 24月龄婴幼儿及其母亲为研究对象,母亲完成婴幼儿喂养类型和饮食行为问卷。根据儿童身长和体重,计算年龄别体质指数Z值（body mass index - for age z - score,BMIZ）,BMIZ + 2为儿童超重肥胖。采用二元logistic回归分析母亲养育实践与婴幼儿饮食行为对儿童超重肥胖的影响。结果 本研究共回收882份有效问卷,儿童超重肥胖发生率为15.65%。二元logistic回归结果表明,敏感型养育（OR = 0.234,95%CI:0.159 ~ 0.344）,饱腹反应（OR = 0.467,95%CI:0.336 ~ 0.649）和进食缓慢的饮食行为（OR = 0.737,95%CI:0.552 ~ 0.984）是儿童超重肥胖的保护因素;食物反应的饮食行为（OR = 2.369,95%CI:1.797 ~ 3.122）,限制（OR = 2.359,95%CI:1.530 ~ 3.640）和纵容型养育（OR = 1.743,95%CI:1.250 ~ 2.431）是儿童超重肥胖的危险因素。结论 敏感型养育,饱腹反应和进食缓慢的饮食行为降低儿童超重肥胖的发生风险;食物反应的饮食行为,限制和纵容型养育增加儿童超重肥胖的发生风险。     

河北省儿童青少年在外就餐相关因素及与超重肥胖的关系

  目的  分析河北省6~17岁儿童青少年在外就餐现状及其与超重肥胖的关系,为指导儿童青少年建立健康的饮食习惯和遏制肥胖流行趋势提供参考。  方法  调查数据来自2016—2017年中国儿童与乳母营养健康状况监测,通过问卷调查和体格检查收集河北省12个监测点3 330名6~17岁儿童青少年最近1周的就餐情况、家庭基本情况和体检信息等资料。采用多因素Logistic逐步回归的方法,对调查对象在外就餐情况,在外就餐影响因素及与超重肥胖的关系进行分析。  结果  河北省6~17岁儿童青少年在外就餐率为16.19%,超重肥胖率为29.43%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大(初中生:OR=1.36,高中生OR=3.57,P值均＜0.05)和家庭人均收入高的儿童青少年(1~＜2万元:OR=1.48,≥2万元:OR=2.93,P值均＜0.05)在外就餐的可能性更高;居住地为农村(OR=0.20)、非独生子女(OR=0.76)、走读生(OR=0.21)以及主要抚养人为老人的儿童青少年(OR=0.69)在外就餐的可能性更低(P值均＜0.05)。在外就餐与超重肥胖风险增高存在统计学关联(OR=1.31,P＜0.01)。  结论  河北省6~17岁儿童青少年在外就餐现象较为普遍。居住地、年龄段、人均年收入、是否为独生子女、是否住校、主要抚养人是在外就餐的相关因素,在外就餐可能会增加儿童青少年超重肥胖的风险。     

2006年重庆市沙坪坝区学龄前儿童肥胖及其影响因素调查

[目的]了解重庆市沙坪坝区儿童肥胖发生状况及其影响因素，为制订预防和控制对策提供依据。[方法]2006年10月，对辖区内7307名3～6岁儿童进行调查，采用1：1配对分析查出的肥胖儿童与非肥胖儿童有关肥胖影响因素的OR值。[结果]调查7307名儿童，肥胖者134名，肥胖率为1．83％。肥胖率，男童为2．12％，女童为1．50％（P〈0．05）；3～6岁分别为1．70％、1．45％、1．38％、3．71％（P〈0．01）。肥胖儿童与非肥胖儿童相比，在喜欢食肉类、喜食甜食、进食量大、进食速度快、人工喂养、出生体重〉4000g、父母一方或双方肥胖者的OR值的95％可信限均大于1；户外活动、父母一方或双方为大专以上文化程度者的OR值的95％可信限均小于1。[结论]沙坪坝区3～6岁儿童肥胖率处于一般水平。不良饮食习惯与遗传是影响儿童肥胖的主要因素。