父母教育方式对小学生学习成绩的影响

影响学生学习成绩的因素很多[1－3]，而对于从小在家庭中长大且大部分时间是在家庭中度过的小学生来说，父母的文化程度及教育方式会对学生的学习成绩产生一定的影响。本文就此做一研究，以便帮助父母更好地掌握良好的教育方式，进一步提高小学生学习成绩。1对象与方法对象：研究对象来自新乡市陵园小学三年级两个班110名学生，男63名、女47名；平均年龄8．76±0．51岁（8～10岁）。方法：调查工具为自制家庭状况调查表，采用统一指导语，答卷不记名，父母的文化程度按四类分型（大学、中专或高中、初中、，小学以下）．家庭教育方式接三类…     

学龄期女学生对月经了解程度现状调查

目的：了解学龄期女学生的月经知识、态度及行为，为月经保健提供背景资料及建议，更好的促进月经健康。方法：在某小学中整群抽样五年级女学生78人，通过发放调查问卷来分析学龄期女学生对月经的了解程度，由学生集中填写独立完成。结果：学龄期女学生对月经了解程度很低，其生殖健康知识主要来源于大众媒体、学校教育和家庭教育、相关的书籍杂志和同伴交流。结论：学龄期女学生的生殖健康知识缺乏，家庭、学校和社会等因素对其生殖健康知识的获取有较大影响，因此家庭、学校和社会应共同努力加强学龄期女学生的生殖健康教育，使其正确面对自己的成长。     

影响农村高中生心理健康的家庭因素

了解农村高中生的心理卫生状况，有助于农村高中生心理健康工作的开展。为此，我们对河北省献县高中生的心理健康状况及家庭影响因素进行了调查。对象和方法对象　从河北省献县三所高中整群分层抽取学生１０６８名。年龄从１５—１８岁；男５６０名，女５０８名。方法　采用Ａｃｈｅｎｂａｃｈ′ｓ儿童行为量表中国标准化版［１，２］和家庭因素调查。家庭因素调查表采用自编式问卷，内容包括：父母年龄、职业、文化程度、健康状况、双亲关系、教育方法、教育态度、家庭结构、母亲孕期及围产期因素、儿童疾病史、亲子关系等４０个因素。由校…     

家庭功能知觉的亲子差异及其与青少年自尊的关系

目的：探讨亲子间家庭功能知觉差异的特点及其与青少年整体自尊之间的关系。方法：采用家庭功能问卷（FAI），Rosenberg整体自尊量表，对北京和西安2所城市4所普通中学随机抽取的1317名初一、初二、高一、高二的青少年及其父母进行调查研究。结果：①在家庭功能问卷的所有维度，青少年与父母间知觉差异显著，青少年的知觉比父母更消极；②在家庭功能的不同维度，不同的知觉差异组青少年的人数分布存在显著的性别和年级差异；（黟在家庭功能的相互关系、沟通、冲突与和谐以及父母关注维度，不同知觉差异组青少年的自尊分数存在显著差异。结论：亲子间的家庭功能知觉存在差异．不同知觉差异组青少年的自尊分数差异显著。     

昆明市儿童行为问题教师检出率及危险因素研究

目的探讨本市学龄儿童行为问题主要危险因素。方法应用Rutter儿童行为教师量表对昆明市926名儿童进行了调查。结果儿童行为问题检出率为14．08％，男女检出率之比为3．13：1；经与20项有关因素Logistic回归分析表明：城乡结合部儿童行为问题主要危险因素依次为性别、伙伴关系、父母教育儿童时间、花在儿童身上的金钱、家庭和睦情况．结论儿童行为问题是多种因素所至，行为问题随年龄增长呈增加趋势，应采取综合措施进行防治。     

抑郁障碍青少年及其父母的求助行为

目的：了解抑郁障碍青少年与父母的求助行为（病因解释，求助途径，延误就诊时间与来诊期望）。方法：对61例门诊抑郁障碍青少年家庭采用求助半定式问卷，SDS，C—GAS调查。结果：患者求助延误平均17个月，与父母无明显差异（P〉0．05），母亲是就诊决策的主要因素（77．5％），患者发病年龄越大、功能越好，就诊延迟时间越长；患者将病因归为外界压力与个性缺陷。父母更倾向于家庭养育问题、婚姻不合和个性缺陷；对专业机构有心理治疗需求。结论：考虑家庭求助特征有利于制定抑郁障碍青少年的干预方案。     

亲子关系与子女行为异常

采用“亲子关系量表”、“行为症状量表”和“家庭背景问卷”，对我国５个大、中城市的５５０个家庭进行了调查和测试。结果发现，母亲为工人职业的家庭、不富裕家庭、多子女家庭亲子关系较差，完整家庭的亲子关系较好；亲子关系不佳，子女的异常程度较高；父母对子女缺乏理解，子女对父母的满意感差，会使子女的异常程度提高。     

香港华人少女进食障碍问卷的信度、效度与常模

目的：考察进食障碍问卷(Eating Disorder Inventory，EDI)用于调查香港华人少女的心理测量学指标，并建立华人少女的年龄常模。方法：采用EDI对2256名12至18岁的香港中学女生进行调查。采用项目-总体相关、同质信度、结构效度等指标对EDI进行评定。结果：除8个项目外，项目-总体相关均高于0．30；EDI的α系数介于0．68到0．87；因素分析显示，按照特征根大于1的标准。提取出8个公因子。8个因子的累计贡献率为43.9％，符合原问卷的构想：组间比较分析揭示了进食障碍分量表得分的年龄和区域的显著差异。结论：进食障碍问卷是一种可靠、有效的评估进食障碍行为及相关心理特性的测查工具，本研究提供的华人少女特定年龄常模也为该问卷的应用提供了可靠的基础。     

抢劫罪犯的父母教养方式的研究

目的：通过分析抢劫罪犯的父母教养方式等多因素的相关性，探讨犯罪的危险及预测因素，从而为干预和防止犯罪提供依据。方法：使用“父母养育方式问卷”对113名男性抢劫罪犯及97名正常男性进行对照分析。结果：EMBU显示父母偏爱、拒绝、过度保护、惩罚严厉等各因子分均高于正常组，另外本文也提示犯罪多发生于父母文化程度低，从事体力劳动的家庭和单亲家庭。结论：不正确的父母头痛方式及不良的家庭结构是造成犯罪的危险因素。     

中学生心理问题与家庭因素关系的研究

目的 探讨中学生心理问题与家庭因素的关系,发现主要危险因素,为有效防治提供依据。方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）及自编的调查问卷对哈尔滨市及其所辖县（市）的初高中学生855名（男生453名,女生402名）进行统一问卷调查。结果 经多因素分析：与学生心理问题发生有关的家庭危险因素依次为教养方式得分总和、父亲对孩子缺乏情感温暖理解和父亲嗜好多,典型相关分析表明。父母教养方式不良的学生心理问题发生的关系密切。结论 中学生心理问题较多,父亲素质低、父母教养方式不良是主要危险因素。     

Sociodemographic,sexual, and reproductive variables associated with pregnancy among adolescents from low socioeconomic background

Adolescent pregnancy remains a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Portugal and Brazil represent some of the best examples of this phenomenon. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive health-related variables associated with adolescent pregnancy among students from low socioeconomic backgrounds in both countries. The sample included 984 female adolescents, among whom 215 became pregnant. Living with a partner and lack of information about sex and contraception from the family were the best explicative factors for pregnancy occurrence in both countries. Country-specific variables were also identified. Our results may contribute to developing global preventive interventions, addressing the school as an ideal setting for primary intervention and considering culture-specific characteristics of high-risk populations.     

Differences in cognitive performance during pregnancy and early motherhood

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy has often been associated with cognitive deficits, but results are equivocal and little is known about how these deficits progress with time. METHOD: In the present study, the cognitive performance of 57 pregnant women was compared with that of 50 non-pregnant women matched for age and education, using a well-validated neurocognitive test battery at weeks 14, 17, 29, and 36 of pregnancy, and 32 weeks postpartum in the pregnant group and at comparable times in the non-pregnant group. RESULTS: Memory encoding and retrieval, as assessed with a word learning task, were significantly lower in the pregnant group than in the control group. This difference was still present at 32 weeks after delivery. The two groups did not differ in complex speed of information processing at any of the test moments; however, general speed of information processing was significantly compromised during early motherhood (week 32 postpartum). CONCLUSION: Thus, memory performance is poorer during pregnancy and early motherhood, and general speed of information processing is slower during early motherhood.     

The ecology of adolescent maltreatment: a multilevel examination of adolescent physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect

This study examined the individual characteristics, family relations, and stress/social support of 50 maltreated adolescents and their mothers. Dyads were divided into 4 demographically similar groups: neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and nonmaltreatment control. Results show that adolescent neglect was primarily associated with extrafamilial difficulties and social isolation. Adolescent physical abuse was linked more with rigidity in family relations, poorer maternal understanding of child developmental skills, and adolescent externalizing behaviors. In contrast, adolescent sexual abuse was related to maternal emotional problems and adolescent internalizing behaviors. In general, each group of maltreated adolescents experienced lower levels of family cohesion, more attention problems, and more daily stress than did their nonmaltreated counterparts. Findings are consistent with an ecological model of adolescent maltreatment.     

Communication of reproductive health information to the rural girl child in Filabusi,Zimbabwe

BackgroundDespite a number of programs aimed at the transfer of reproductive health information, adolescents in Zimbabwe still face unprecedented reproductive challenges.ObjectivesThe study sought to explore adolescent girls'' knowledge of their sexual and reproductive health; the factors that influence their sexual behaviors and to determine the extent to which adolescents had access to sexual and reproductive health information.MethodsThe case study methodology was used for the study. The interpretive paradigm was used as the methodological theory and Grunig''s model of excellence in communication was used as the substantive theory. Data was obtained through the use of focus group discussions and indepth interviews.ResultsAlthough adolescents knew the different types of sexually transmitted diseases and were aware of the consequences of engaging in risky sexual behaviors, they engaged in health behaviors which had potential for serious consequences. The study established that adolescents did not have adequate access to sexual and reproductive health information. Sexual issues were not adequately addressed both at school and at home.ConclusionAdolescents lack adequate access to reproductive health information and there is need for effective communication programs that contribute towards the understanding of communicated messages by audiences and the understanding of audiences by communicators.     

Psychological adjustment, substance use, HIV knowledge, and risky sexual behavior in at-risk minority females: developmental differences during adolescence

OBJECTIVE: To assess developmental differences in the psychological functioning, substance use, coping style, social support, HIV knowledge, and risky sexual behavior of at-risk, minority adolescent girls; to assess developmental differences in psychosocial correlates of risky sexual behavior in older and younger adolescents. METHOD: Participants included 164 minority teens, ages 12-19, who were receiving medical care in an adolescent primary care clinic. Teens completed measures of psychological adjustment, substance use, coping style, social support, religious involvement, and HIV knowledge and attitudes. In addition, they answered questions regarding their sexual history, family situation, school status, and psychiatric and legal history. RESULTS: Younger teens (ages 12-15) reported more symptoms of depression and earlier sexual debuts than older teens (ages 16-19). However, older teens reported significantly more substance use and were more likely to have been pregnant and to have contracted a sexually transmitted disease (STD) than younger teens. Older teens also reported more religious involvement and using more adaptive coping strategies than younger teens. Developmental differences in the correlates of risky behaviors were also found between younger and older teens. Specifically, conduct problems and substance use were significantly associated with risky sexual behavior for younger teens, but not for older teens. Similarly, younger teens whose peers were engaging in risky behaviors reported engaging in more risky sexual behaviors; however, these same relations were not found for older teens. CONCLUSIONS: Young minority adolescents exhibiting conduct problems and using substances seem to be at highest risk for contracting HIV and STDs as a result of risky sexual behavior. Prevention interventions should target teens in high-risk environments during late elementary school or early middle school to encourage teens to delay intercourse, practice safer sex, and avoid drug and alcohol use. An interdisciplinary model of care in primary care settings is clearly indicated to provide these services to at-risk youths.     

A model-based cluster analysis approach to adolescent problem behaviors and young adult outcomes

Data from a community-based sample of 1,126 10th- and 11th-grade adolescents were analyzed using a model-based cluster analysis approach to empirically identify heterogeneous adolescent subpopulations from the person-oriented and pattern-oriented perspectives. The model-based cluster analysis is a new clustering procedure to investigate population heterogeneity utilizing finite mixture multivariate normal densities and accordingly to classify subpopulations using more rigorous statistical procedures for the comparison of alternative models. Four cluster groups were identified and labeled multiproblem high-risk, smoking high-risk, normative, and low-risk groups. The multiproblem high risk exhibited a constellation of high levels of problem behaviors, including delinquent and sexual behaviors, multiple illicit substance use, and depressive symptoms at age 16. They had risky temperamental attributes and lower academic functioning and educational expectations at age 15.5 and, subsequently, at age 24 completed fewer years of education, and reported lower levels of physical health and higher levels of continued involvement in substance use and abuse. The smoking high-risk group was also found to be at risk for poorer functioning in young adulthood, compared to the low-risk group. The normative and the low risk groups were, by and large, similar in their adolescent and young adult functioning. The continuity and comorbidity path from middle adolescence to young adulthood may be aided and abetted by chronic as well as episodic substance use by adolescents.     

Young Women's Accounts of Sexual Activity and Sexual/ Reproductive Health

The accounts of sexual activity and sexual health from group discussions with young women living in a variety of ethnic communities in East London, UK, were examined. Thematic decomposition was employed to explicate a number of themes: sex as technical knowledge; sexual intercourse as intimacy; naturalizing sexual activity as part of adolescent development; constraints on being sexually active and relations with young men; and constructions of young women's sexual activity within the family. These themes are discussed in terms of the salience of various complex and sometimes contradictory meanings of sex for young women, the social and cultural contexts in which young women are sexually active and seek to negotiate 'safe sex' and the implications for sex and health education addressed to young people.     

二孩时期对孕妇学校课程设计的研究

目的 研究二孩时期通过优化孕妇学校课程设计对孕妇认知行为的影响。方法 选取2016年9月~2017年2月在我院产前检查建立围产期保健档案并自愿参加孕妇学校健康教育的200例孕妇为对照组,选取2017年3月~8月在我院产前检查建立围产期保健档案并自愿参加优化孕妇学校课程设计健康教育的200例孕妇作为观察组。比较两组孕妇掌握围产期保健知识、分娩方式及纯母乳喂养情况。结果 观察组对围产期保健知识掌握为优的比例大于对照组,观察组自然分娩率、纯母乳喂养率均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 在二孩时期,通过优化孕妇学校课程设计可促进孕妇对围产期知识的掌握,提高自然分娩及纯母乳喂养率。     

Demographic and psychosocial risk factors for adolescent pregnancies among sexually active girls in the slums of Kampala,Uganda

Background/IntroductionAdolescent pregnancy is a global public health issue and often linked to adverse health outcomes for both the mother and child. Youth and adolescents living in the slums of Kampala, Uganda face many environmental and psychosocial adversities, and are at a high risk of experiencing adolescent pregnancy. The goal of this study was to determine the correlates of adolescent pregnancy among sexually active girls living in the slums of Kampala.MethodsThis study is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014 on youth and adolescents living in the slums of Kampala, Uganda (n=1,134) who were attending Uganda Youth Development Link drop-in centers. IRB approvals were granted.ResultsIn this study, 30.4% of girls reported a pregnancy. Girls who reported a pregnancy were more likely to have less than a primary education, to have lived on the streets, live in a house with more than two rooms, to drink alcohol, to have an STI, and have been raped and use condoms inconsistently, than girls who did not report a pregnancy.ConclusionsThese findings may inform pregnancy prevention interventions among adolescent girls living in Kampala. Interventions may benefit from incorporating alcohol use prevention strategies, particularly for alcohol use during sex.Key Messages

• Approximately 30% of sexually active girls (ages 12–18) living in the slums of Kampala, Uganda reported a previous pregnancy.
• In the multivariable analysis, consuming alcohol during sex was the only statistically significant correlate with pregnancy.
• Intervention programs are urgently warranted to delay pregnancy and address correlates of pregnancy, such as alcohol use, for this population, as these youth and adolescents face dire environmental and psychosocial adversities.

     

广东省翁源县妇女孕期抑郁水平及影响因素的调查分析

目的调查广东省翁源县妇女孕期抑郁的水平并分析其影响因素,为孕期心理保健提供重要依据。方法采用单纯随机抽样的方法,抽取在广东省翁源县妇幼保健院住院分娩的产妇进行问卷调查。结果 206名调查对象中,抑郁量表平均得分为（40.75±9.42）分,孕期抑郁症的患病率为14.56%。多因素分析表明,年龄≥35岁、家庭人均收入〈2000元/月、主观支持得分低的孕妇孕期抑郁水平高。结论年龄、家庭经济状况、主观支持情况对妇女孕期抑郁水平有影响,应有针对性地开展心理卫生健康教育和心理咨询工作。