经颈内静脉床旁盲插普通电生理导管紧急临时心脏起搏

为探讨经颈内静脉床旁盲插普通电生理导管行紧急临时心脏起搏的疗效和安全性。选择 5 1例缓慢性心律失常伴血流动力学障碍的患者经右颈内静脉在床旁无X线透视条件下插入普通 4极电生理导管 ,如有室性早搏或短阵室性心动过速为插管成功 ,观察起搏操作时间 ,可靠性和并发症情况。结果 :4 9例患者起搏成功 ,成功率 96 .1%。2例起搏失败的患者需要在X线透视下起搏成功。从穿刺开始到成功起搏的时间平均为 4± 1.7(3～ 5 )min ,起搏阈值为 1.5± 0 .7(0 .5～ 3)mA ,床旁X线片证实右室心尖部起搏 2 5例 ,右室流入道起搏 13例 ,右室流出道起搏 11例。起搏时间为 5± 3.7(3～ 9)天 ,在此起搏期间有 3例患者出现导管脱位不能有效起搏 ,经调整导管后重新起搏。所有患者无并发症发生。结论 :经颈内静脉床旁盲插导管行临时心脏起搏是一种快速有效的起搏方法。     

床旁紧急临时心脏起搏器在ICU室的应用

目的 探讨在ICU床旁紧急安置临时起搏器救治心动过缓、心室纤颤、心外因素所致的心脏骤停患者的安全性与有效性.方法 纳入不同心律失常及心肺复苏患者共31例,进行床旁紧急临时心脏起搏,观察治疗的有效性和并发症发生情况.结果 所有患者均左锁骨下静脉或股静脉穿刺成功,共有5例患者穿刺部位渗血,经压迫止血有效,没有出现感染、栓塞、气胸、心肌穿孔、严重心律失常等并发症.安置起搏器后,加用药物治疗,有效26例,有效率83.87%.结论 在ICU室开展床旁紧急临时心脏起搏技术,正确掌握适应证,植入漂浮起搏电极抢救严重心律失常及特殊情况下的心脏骤停患者具有快速、安全、有效的优势.     

床旁临时心脏起搏在急性心肌梗死抢救中的应用

目的评价床旁临时心脏起搏在急性心肌梗死抢救治疗中的应用价值。方法45例急性心肌梗死合并缓慢性心律失常患者，男性28例，女性17例，平均年龄48-81（62±13．5）岁，通过床旁置入临时心脏起搏抢救治疗。结果所有患者均成功置入临时心脏起搏，平均置入时间（3．5±1．2）min。起搏位点：38例为右室心尖部，5例为右室流出道起搏，2例为心房起搏。平均起搏时间（3．8±1．3）d，电极导管脱位4例。结论床旁临时心脏起搏置入是治疗急性心肌梗死合并缓慢性心律失常安全有效的方法。     

预成型电极临时心内膜起搏在院前急救中的应用

目的 探讨心电监护下直接推送预成型电极行临时心内膜起搏在院前急救中的价值.方法 18例严重心动过缓患者均在120救护车上紧急穿刺右颈内静脉或左锁骨下静脉,采用心电监护下直接推送预成型电极行心内膜临时起搏,观察耗时长短、起搏的有效性和并发症.结果 18例患者即刻心内膜起搏均成功,其中穿刺右颈内静脉13例,左锁骨下静脉5例,电极置入深度（36.2±3.0） cm,从穿刺开始到成功起搏耗时（3.5±1.5） min,最长5 min,起搏阈值（1.1±0.4） mV,所有患者均成功持续起搏并安全转运至医院进一步治疗,所有患者均无严重并发症发生.结论 120院前急救中直接推送预成型电极临时心内膜起搏抢救严重的缓慢性心律失常安全有效、操作简便.     

漂浮电极导管法临时心脏起搏器置入术的临床应用

目的探讨一种快速、安全、简便的临时起搏器安置方法。方法选取22例严重缓慢型心律失常患者,在床旁通过锁骨下静脉穿刺的方法,将临时起搏漂浮电极导管在观察起搏信号情况下送入右心室,通过测定阈值及QRS波群形态确定电极位置。结果22例患者穿刺均获得成功,从穿刺到右心室起搏平均时间(8±3)min,起搏阈值均<1.0V,起搏电压2.0~5.0V,起搏天数平均5(1~12)d。结论锁骨下静脉穿刺床旁漂浮电极导管法是一种操作方便、快速、安全的临时起搏器安置方法。     

漂浮起搏导线与普通起搏导线床边临时起搏疗效分析

右室心内膜临时起搏是预防和抢救急性严重缓慢型心律失常伴阿 -斯综合症或心脏骤停的重要方法。临时起搏的方法与途径较多 ,起搏导线也趋多样化[1 4 ] 。本文对近 5年来我院 72例患者用漂浮起搏导线与普通起搏导线床边心脏起搏作一回顾性分析 ,探讨基层医院如何合理选择不同的起搏导线开展床边临时起搏。1　资料与方法1.1　漂浮起搏导线临时起搏 :40例 ,男 2 7例 ,女 13例 ,年龄 48～ 85岁 ,平均年龄 62± 16.2岁。基础病因 :急性心肌梗塞并发窦性心动过缓或Ⅲ AVB 13例 ;病态窦房结综合症并发阿 -斯综合症 12例 ,扩张型心肌病并发Ⅲ AV…     

非X线指导下经左锁骨下静脉紧急临时心脏起搏

对１８例急性重症缓慢心律失常合并严重血液动力学障碍患者，施行非Ｘ线透视指导下经左锁骨下静脉床边紧急临时心脏起搏，以体表心电图判定起搏情况及电极在右室的位置。１８例起搏均获成功，平均手术时间１６．９±２．５ｍｉｎ、平均穿刺至起搏成功时间６５±５０ｓ、平均电极留置长度２９．９±２．７ｃｍ。对提高穿刺成功率、防止误穿锁骨下动脉、防止电极误入颈内静脉等进行了讨论。     

经右颈内静脉紧急床边临时心脏起搏

目的 了解经右颈内静脉紧急床边临时心脏起搏的可行性和效果.方法17例缓慢心律失常的危重患者,穿刺右颈内静脉,送入起搏电极,根据体表心电图判断起搏电极是否在右心室内.结果16例起搏成功,1例因阈值过高而改在X光透视下安置成功.从穿刺至起搏成功约需时3～5min,手术时间10min左右,电极插入深度25～30cm,临时起搏保留时间3～11天.4例急性心肌梗塞患者在溶栓后,穿刺点有出血;2例出现间歇性起搏,调整后恢复正常起搏.无严重并发症.结论 经右颈内静脉紧急床边临时心脏起搏是治疗缓慢性心律失常的一种可靠有效方法.     

临时心脏起搏用于急性严重缓慢型心律失常30例分析

临时人工心脏紧急起搏在急性严重缓慢型心律失常的救治过程中是必要的急救措施,其方法简便,作用迅速,疗效可靠,可为治疗导致严重缓慢型心律失常的各种原发病赢得时机,提高抢救的成功率.现将我院2002年10月-2003年11月施行的紧急临时心脏起搏30例分析报告如下.     

伴随缓慢性心律失常的脑梗死心脏起搏干预效果的临床研究

观察心脏起搏治疗对伴随缓慢性心律失常的急性脑梗塞患者中枢神经功能恢复的影响。选择 1996年 3月至 2 0 0 4年 2月 36例患者 ,其中男 2 4例、女 12例 ,年龄 72 .2 5± 6 .0 8(5 4～ 82 )岁 ,对依次入院的伴随缓慢性心律失常的急性脑梗塞患者在常规脑梗塞治疗的同时置入人工心脏起搏器 (处理组A) ,与单纯常规治疗患者 (对照组B)按1:1序贯配对。所有患者在入院时、治疗 6周及 6个月随访时分别按欧洲神经系统评分 (ESS)标准进行神经系统功能评估 ,配对分析两组神经功能恢复的差别。结果 :治疗前两组ESS无差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;A组治疗后 6周、6个月ESS分别较治疗前增加 2 3.6 1± 14 .0 1和 2 8.78± 15 .93(P均 <0 .0 1) ;B组治疗后 6周、6个月ESS无明显改善 (P均 >0 .0 5 ) ;治疗 6周、6个月ESS改善值A组均明显优于B组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :伴随缓慢性心律失常的急性脑梗塞患者 ,常规治疗并及时接受心脏起搏治疗 ,神经功能的恢复优于未接受心脏起搏治疗者。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.