带蒂皮瓣治疗小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及其疗效评价。方法1997年6月至2005年12月,43例小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的患者,男38例,女5例;年龄7～63岁,平均35岁;皮瓣面积4cm×3cm～25cm×15cm。采用9种带蒂的肌皮瓣和筋膜皮瓣进行治疗:(1)腓肠肌内、外侧头肌皮瓣带蒂转移修复小腿中上1/3合并膝关节前及内侧皮肤软组织缺损2例;(2)小腿前内侧交腿皮瓣修复小腿中段胫前皮肤软组织缺损2例;(3)带隐神经小腿内侧交腿皮瓣修复前足足底缺损1例;(4)带胫后动脉小腿内侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背部皮肤软组织缺损1例;(5)小腿内侧远端蒂筋膜皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3胫前皮肤软组织缺损2例;(6)腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3、踝部及足跟皮肤软组织缺损17例;(7)隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3、踝部及足背皮肤软组织缺损14例;(8)外踝上动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背皮肤软组织缺损2例。(9)足内侧远端带蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣修复第一跖骨头处皮肤软组织缺损2例。结果43例皮瓣中有37例术后全部成活,创面一期愈合,1例皮瓣浅层坏死,5例皮瓣远端边缘少许坏死,经短期换药后愈合。所有病例均得到随访,皮瓣全部良好。结论治疗小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损应严格掌握手术适应证,合理选择皮瓣种类。腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣是较理想的修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的材料。     

隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿远端骨外露的疗效

目的探讨隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对9例小腿下1/3踝关节周围皮肤坏死及缺损的患者,行隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复术,皮瓣面积最大12cm×8cm,最小6cm×5cm,平均9cm×6.5cm。结果8例全部成活,1例部分坏死,随访6～12个月,皮瓣质地满意,外观佳。结论隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损,取材方便,血供可靠,不牺牲主要动脉。     

隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的临床应用。方法自1998年6月～2000年12月,对8例小腿下1/3、踝关节周围及足软组织缺损的患者,行隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复术,其中3例皮瓣的血管筋膜蒂上保留1.5cm宽的皮桥,作为切开隧道的顶部,这样可避免皮瓣蒂经皮下隧道时血管受压。皮瓣面积最大15cm×9cm,最小6cm×5cm,平均9cm×6.3cm。结果7例全部成活,1例部分坏死,随访6个月～2年,皮瓣质地满意。结论隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损,取材方便,血供可靠,不牺牲主要动脉,即使下肢受区皮肤血运条件差的患者也可成活。     

隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用的效果。探讨隐神经营养血管皮瓣的血供特点。方法 用隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部、踝及小腿下端皮肤软组织缺损13例。结果 13例皮瓣全部成活，随访1～2年，皮瓣质地优良，外观及功能满意。结论 隐神经营养血管皮瓣切取简便，血供可靠，不需吻合血管，不牺牲主干动脉，是修复足跟、踝部和小腿下1／3软组织缺损的理想供区。     

小隐静脉-腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复儿童足部软组织缺损

目的 探讨小隐静脉-腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣在修复儿童足部软组织缺损中的应用特点.方法 2006年7月至2008年6月,应用小隐静脉一腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复儿童足背、足跟及足踝部软组织缺损8例,皮瓣切取范围6 cm×5 cm～9 cm×7 cm,除2例足踝部外,6例修复足背、足跟,皮瓣上界超过小腿中上1/3交界处,其中1例接近胭窝横纹.结果 8例皮瓣全部成活良好.经1-17个月的随访,皮瓣外观满意,感觉功能有部分恢复,足跟处亦未出现溃烂,供区无功能障碍,双小腿发育未见明显差异,外观稍受影响.皮瓣上界可超过小腿中上1/3交界处达胭窝横纹,皮瓣旋转点位于外踝尖后上方4～6 cm.结论 儿童小隐静脉一腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣存活的范围与成人相比差异不大,操作简单,对小腿发育未见明显影响.是修复足部软组织缺损的较好方法.     

带腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨带腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用效果.方法在小腿后侧设计带腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣,转位修复10例小腿下段及足跟周围皮肤缺损病例;皮瓣面积最大11.0cm×8.0cm,最小4.0cm×5.0cm.结果 10例皮瓣全部存活,无皮瓣坏死及血管危象的发生.结论带腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的血供可靠、充分,操作安全、简便,可以修复小腿下段踝部及足跟周围的软组织缺损.     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损

目的　观察应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法　对 1 8例足部软组织缺损患者 ,以其腓肠神经营养血管为蒂 ,于小腿后侧切取皮瓣逆行转移修复缺损区。观察术后患者皮瓣成活情况及供区创面愈合情况。　结果　术后皮瓣均成活 ,切取的最大皮瓣为 1 0 .5cm× 1 6.5cm。供区创面愈合良好 ,除外观略受影响外活动功能基本正常。　结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣切取简便 ,移植成活率高 ,是修复足部软组织缺损的较好方法。     

小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复踝周创面

目的探讨小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复踝周创面的方法。方法2006年3月至2008年2月,对13例踝周皮肤软组织缺损创面应用小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣进行修复,其中隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣3例,腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣10例。皮瓣切取面积为5．0cm×6．0cm～10．5cm×8．0cm。结果术后13例皮瓣,11例全部成活;1例远端部分坏死,经换药后痊愈;1例大部分坏死,患者拒绝再手术。随访5～15个月,皮瓣质地柔软、弹性好,外形满意,颜色接近正常,踝关节活动正常,患者对皮瓣外形及功能满意。供区植皮全部成活,外形满意。结论小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复踝周皮肤软组织缺损创面的一种理想手术方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的　应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复同侧小腿下段及足踝部软组织损伤的临床效果。方法　应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复同侧小腿下段及足踝部软组织损伤 19例 ,皮瓣面积最大 15cm× 13cm ,最小 5cm× 4cm。其中将小隐静脉与受区静脉吻合 9例 ,未吻合但在其蒂部结扎 6例 ,未吻合也未结扎 4例。结果　大部皮瓣成活 ,小隐静脉吻合者皮瓣全部成活 ,未吻合但在其蒂部结扎者部分坏死 1例 ,未吻合也未结扎者均短期内间内肿胀淤血且大部分坏死 1例。结论　腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的可靠方法 ,术中若能将小隐静脉与修复区静脉吻合其效果更佳。     

10例带腓肠神经小隐静脉和深筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床治疗

目的探论腓肠神经小隐静脉和深筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用和治疗效果。方法以带腓肠神经小隐静脉和深筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣治疗10例小腿远端、踝部、足跟及足背部外伤性软组织缺损、贴骨瘢痕、溃疡。结果 8例皮瓣成活良好,伤口Ι期愈合;1例皮瓣远端边缘0.5cm坏死,经清创、换药2周后伤口愈合;1例皮瓣坏死,创面后经植皮愈合。结论腓肠神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,切取简单安全,不牺牲主要血管,覆盖范围广,是修复小腿下段、踝部、足部软组织缺损较好方法     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.