河北省住院麻风病患者心理防御机制调查

目的探讨河北省住院麻风病患者心理防御机制特点。方法采用防御方式问卷(DSQ)调查河北望都皮肤病防治院确诊的住院麻风病患者41例,并与43例正常样本对照。结果研究组不成熟防御机制及中间型防御机制因子分明显高于对照组(t=6.06,P0.01;t=2.16,P0.05),成熟型防御机制因子分明显低于对照组(t=3.63,P0.01),两组掩饰因子分比较无显著性差异(t=0.81,P0.05)。结论在麻风病患者中应提供适当的心理治疗,对患者的不成熟和中间型防御方式进行干预,使患者更多的运用成熟的防御机制来缓解心理压力和内心冲突,保持稳定的心态,更好地缓解心理痛苦,适应社会,从而提高患者的生活质量。     

强迫症病人的心理防御特征及其相关因素的研究

目的 :对强迫症 (OCD)病人的心理防御特征及其相关因素进行研究。方法 :OCD病人组和正常对照组各6 0例 ,入组时按要求填写防御方式问卷 (DSQ)、父母教养方式评价量表 (EMBU)和艾森克人格问卷 (EPQ)。结果 :病人组中间型和不成熟型防御机制因子分 (分别为 4 .6 4± 0 .72和 4 .6 9± 1.0 7)显著高于正常组 (分别为 4 .34± 0 .5 8和3.86± 0 .98) ,成熟防御机制因子分 (5 .32± 1.4 4 )显著低于正常组 (5 .80± 0 .81)。病人组EMBU情感温暖、理解因子分明显低于正常组 ;惩罚、拒绝和过度保护因子分显著高于正常组。OCD患者神经质标准分 (N)显著高于对照组 ,外向标准分 (E)显著低于对照组。相关分析显示病人组EMBU的惩罚、拒绝和过度保护因子分与中间型和或不成熟型防御机制因子分显著正相关。父母情感温暖、理解因子分与EPQ的E分以及父亲过度保护因子分与N分均显著正相关。结论 :OCD患者过度应用中间型和不成熟型防御机制 ,并与父母不良的教养方式和患者个性缺陷有关     

抑郁症患者父母教养方式与心理防御机制

目的:探讨抑郁症患者父母教养方式及其心理防御机制。方法:采用自编一般情况问卷和父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)以及防御方式问卷(DSQ),对60名符合CCMD-Ⅲ的抑郁症患者进行问卷调查,并分别对60名正常对照组进行比较。结果:同正常对照组相比,抑郁症患者在父亲情感温暖(t=-5.769,P0.01)因子分明显低于对照组,在父亲惩罚严厉(t=8.055,P0.01)、父亲过分干涉(t=3.439,P0.01)、父亲拒绝否认(t=3.894,P0.01)、父亲过度保护(t=3.005,P0.01)各因子分明显高于对照组。在母亲的情感温暖(t=-5.566,P0.01)因子分明显低于对照组,母亲过分干涉保护(t=4.668,P0.01)、母亲拒绝否认(t=3.690,P0.01)、母亲惩罚严厉(t=5.020,P0.01)各因子分明显高于对照组。父母的偏爱被试因子分无明显差异(P0.05)。抑郁症患者组的不成熟型(t=27.31,P0.01)和中间型防御机制(t=9.87,P0.01)因子分明显高于正常对照组,而成熟型防御机制(t=-0.88,P0.05)因子分虽略低于对照组,但差异无显著性。在不成熟防御机制中投射、被动攻击、潜意显现、抱怨、幻想、退缩、躯体化各分值明显高于对照组,存在显著性差异;中间型防御机制中,反作用形成、回避、假性利他、伴无能之全能、隔离、消耗倾向均明显高于对照组(t=2.169~15.000,P0.01)。结论:抑郁症患者父母存在不良的教养方式;抑郁症患者更多地采用不成熟型和中间型心理防御机制。     

强迫性障碍完美主义心理及防御方式的病例对照研究

目的:探讨强迫性障碍患者的完美主义心理特点及其与心理防御机制之间的关系。方法:在本病例对照研究中,选取71名符合ICD-10精神与行为障碍分类中强迫性障碍诊断标准的门诊或住院患者(病例组),及71名按照性别、年龄(±5岁)、受教育程度进行配比的无精神障碍的志愿者(对照组),用中文Frost多维度完美主义问卷(Chinese Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale,CFMPS)、防御方式问卷(Defense Styles Questionnaire,DSQ)进行调查。结果:病例组的CFMPS总分[(88.5±16.2)vs.(63.0±10.7)]和担心错误[(16.4±6.4)vs.(11.6±4.0)]、行动的疑虑[(14.6±3.6)vs.(8.8±2.7)]、条理性[(23.4±5.3)vs.(17.2±4.1)]、个人标准[(19.6±5.1)vs.(14.8±3.7)]、父母期望[(14.5±5.0)vs.(10.7±3.5)]维度分,及DSQ的不成熟防御机制[(4.8±0.6)vs.(3.7±0.6)]、中间型防御机制[(4.9±0.5)vs.(4.2±0.6)]因子分均高于对照组,而DSQ的成熟防御机制因子分低于对照组[(3.8±0.6)vs.(5.7±0.8),P0.05]。完美主义总分与不成熟防御机制、中间型防御机制正相关(r=0.58,0.44,P0.01),与成熟防御机制负相关(r=-0.58,P0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示行动的疑虑是强迫性障碍的危险因素(OR=1.46;95%CI=1.09~1.94)。结论:强迫性障碍患者可能比正常人更追求完美,更多使用不成熟和中间型防御机制。     

强迫症患者心理防御机制与人格特征研究

目的 :探讨强迫症 (OCD)患者的心理防御机制和人格特征以及二者的关系。方法 :分别运用防御方式问卷 (DSQ)和MMPI对 3 1例强迫症患者和 2 6例正常对照进行防御机制评定和人格测定。结果 :强迫症患者与对照组相比更多地使用被动攻击、潜意识显现、分裂、幻想、退缩等不成熟防御机制 ,而较少使用升华等成熟防御机制 ;强迫症患者MMPI的抑郁、癔症、心理变态、精神衰弱、外显性焦虑等 9个分量表值显著高于对照组 ;强迫症患者的不成熟防御机制同心理变态、偏执、精神衰弱、精神分裂、社会内向等存在显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ;成熟防御机制同社会内向呈显著负相关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :强迫症患者更多地使用不成熟的防御机制 ,存在病态的人格特征 ,且二者之间存在明显的相关性 ,有关结果对于强迫症的心理治疗有一定的指导意义。     

精神分裂症患者心理防御机制的影响

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者防御机制的特点及性别、病程对其的影响.方法 采用防御机制问卷(DSQ)对唐山市开滦精神卫生中心的精神分裂症患者60人进行问卷施测,并以60名正常人作对照研究.结果 ①男性精神分裂症患者不成熟及中间型防御机制与男性对照组比较得分有显著差异(t=3.16,3.24;P＜0.01);②女性精神分裂症患者中间型防御机制得分显著高于正常对照组(f=2.01,P＜0.05);③病程在10年以上的精神分裂症患者不成熟防御机制及中间型防御机制得分显著高于正常对照组(t1=3.40,3.49;P＜0.01),病程在10年以下的患者只有中间型防御机制明显高于正常(t2=2.24,P＜0.05);④精神分裂疽患者不成熟和中间型防御机制因子分显著高于正常对照组(t=2.87,3.74;P＜0.01).结论 精神分裂症患者多使用不成熟及中间型防御机制;且病程越长的精神分裂症患者越倾向于运用不成熟及中间型防御机制.     

社交恐怖症的心理防御机制及其相关因素

目的 :探讨社交恐怖症 (SPH)病人的心理防御机制及其与患者个性特征和父母养育方式的关系。方法 :SPH组和正常对照 (NC)组各 6 0例 ,入组时按要求填写防御方式问卷 (FDSQ)、父母教养方式评价量表 (EMBU)和艾森格人格问卷 (EPQ)。结果 :SPH患乾的中间型和不成熟型防御机制因子分 (分别为4 90± 0 5 9和 4 71± 0 92 )显著高于NC组 ( 3 86± 0 98) ,成熟防御机制因子分 ( 5 36± 1 0 9)显著低于NC组 ( 5 80± 0 81) ,回避等防御机制分 ( 6 6 2± 1 35 )显著高于NC组 ( 5 72± 1 78)。SPH患者父母教养方式的情感温暖、理解因子分明显低于NC组 ,惩罚、拒绝和过度保护因子分明显高于NC组。EPQ结果 :SPH患者神经质标准分 (SN)显著高于NC组 ,外向标准分 (SE)显著低于NC组。相关分析结果 :SPH患者父母拒绝、否定和过度保护养育方式以及EPQ神经质个性特征与中间型和不成熟防御机制的使用显著相关。结论 :SPH患者更多使用中间型和不成熟型防御机制 ,并与个性缺陷和父母不良的教养方式密切相关 ,SPH患者较之正常人特征性使用回避等防御机制 ,此乃SPH临床症状产生的病理心理基础 ,亦是心理治疗的核心靶症状     

高中生应对方式及其与学业成绩的关系

目的:探讨高中生面对挫折和烦恼时应对方式的特点及其与学业成绩的关系。方法:以中学生应对方式评定问卷对649名高中生进行了调查。结果:女生比男生更倾向于采用发泄(因子均分2.4±0.7/2.7±0.7,F=23.32,P<0.01)和忍耐(3.2±0.7/3.0±0.8,F=5.08,P<0.05),而男生更倾向于采用幻想(2.4±0.9/2.1±0.8, F=15.52,P<0.01);重点中学比普通中学的高中生更多采用问题解决(3.3±0.6/3.1±0.7,F=20.85,P<0.011幻想(2.4±0.9/2.1±0.9,F=12.87,P<0.01)、退避(2.9±0.6/2.8±0.6,F=7.04,P<0.01)应对;来自城市和农村的高中生应对方式差异不显著;和睦安宁家庭气氛中的高中生采用问题解决应对显著多于偶尔争吵和经常争吵家庭中的高中生;民主型教养方式下的高中生比放任型教养方式的学生更多采用问题解决应对,权威型教养方式家庭中的高中生比民主型教养方式家庭中的高中生更多采用幻想应对。结论:高中生的应对方式存在性别差异。不同家庭气氛和不同教养方式以及学生在学业上的地位对应对方式也有一定影响,但城乡差别不明显。     

具有凶杀行为的偏执型精神分裂症患者的心理防御机制

目的:了解具有凶杀行为的偏执型分裂症患者的心理防御机制。方法:采用防御方式问卷对具有凶杀行为的偏执型分裂症患者41例(凶杀组)、非凶杀行为的偏执型分裂症65例(病例对照组)及正常对照50例(正常对照组)进行测查比较。结果:凶杀组、病例对照组的不成熟心理防御机制因子评分均高于正常对照组(4.9±0.9,5.0±1.0/3.9±0.6,F=27.04,P=0.000),投射、被动攻击、分裂、退缩、躯体化六个条目评分也高于正常对照组(P<0.05,P<0.001),病例对照组中间型防御机制因子评分高于正常对照组(5.0±1.1/4.5±0.8,P<0.05),反作用形成、同一化条目评分高于正常对照组(5.0±1.4/4.1±1.4,4.9±2.6/3.3±2.0,P<0.01);凶杀组不成熟心理防御机制的被动攻击、中间型心理防御机制的反作用形成评分高于病例对照组(5.5±0.9/5.0±1.2,5.6±0.9/5.0±1.4,P<0.01)。结论:偏执型精神分裂症患者多采用不成熟型心理防御机制,凶杀偏执型分裂症患者更多地采用不成熟型心理防御机制的被动攻击和中间型心理防御机制的反作用形成。     

乳腺癌患者术前心理社会因素与免疫功能

目的:探讨乳腺肿瘤患者术前(未确诊良、恶性前)心理社会因素和免疫功能的差异及二者之间的相关性。方法:应用临床心理问卷(EPQ、HAMD、HAMA、LES、SSRS、DSQ)对待手术的乳腺肿瘤患者58 例于手术前一天进行评定,同时抽取静脉血6ml 进行IgA、CD_4~+、CD_(19)~+的含量和NK 细胞活性的测定,根据手术后病理切片分为乳腺癌组(36例)和乳腺良性肿瘤组(22例)。统计方法采用t 检验和多元逐步回归分析。结果:乳腺癌患者神经质分(14.9±3.7/9.6±3.0,t=5.72)、生活事件刺激总量(29.7±8.0/25.2±8.3,t=2.03)、不成熟防御因子(113.6±20.9/93.6±17.3,t=3.78)及HAMD(22.5±7.1/16.7±6.3,t=3.18)、HAMA 得分(17.7±6.6/13.8±5.1,t=2.36)均显著高于乳腺良性肿瘤组(P<0.05或<0.01);而内外向因子分(9.5±3.9/11.9±3.7,t=2.34)、成熟防御因子分(28.3±8.1/37.1±12.5,t=3.27)、社会支持总分(39.5±8.8/49.0±10.0,t=3.78)、主观支持分(17.8±6.1/23.5±5.8,t=3.55)、支持的利用度(7.6±2.4/8.9±2.6,t=2.05)和NK 细胞活性(20.6±6.5/28.5±7.6,t=4.21)、CD_4~+、CD_(19)~+的含量均显著降低(28.9±6.4/33.4+8.1,t=2.34;14.3±3.1/16.9±3.2,t=3.06; P<0.05或<0.01)。NK 细胞活性与社会支持总分(β=0.20)、EPQ 的P 分(β=0.19)呈正相关,与HAMD 总分(p=-0.43)、HAMA 总分(p=-0.22)、负性生活事件刺激量(β=-0.12)呈负相关;CD_4~+与HAMD 总分(β=-0. 11)、EPQ 的N 分(β=-0.24)呈负相关,与社会支持总分(β=0.10)呈正相关;CD_(19)~+与经济状况(β=0.20)、社会支持总分(β=0.18)呈正相关,与HAMD 总分(β=-0.36)及不成熟防御因子分(β=-0.05)呈负相关;IgA 的含量与HAMA 总分(β=-0.45)、负性生活事件刺激量(β=-0.10)呈负相关,与正性生活事件刺激量(β=0.22)、主观支持分(β=0.07)和经济状况(β=0.29)呈正相关。结论:乳腺癌患者术前存在较严重的心理问题;免疫功能低下,免疫功能受各种心理社会因素的影响,不同的免疫指标具有特异的相关因素。     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.