Neuropsychiatric disturbance after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Although aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) accounts for only 3–5% of all strokes, a high degree of morbidity has been reported in this relatively young subset of patients. Neuropsychiatric disturbance has often been neglected in these reports. We aimed to investigate the pattern and pathological factors of chronic neuropsychiatric disturbance in aSAH patients. This cross-sectional observational four-center study was carried out in Hong Kong. Neuropsychiatric outcome (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Chinese Version [CNPI]) assessments were conducted cross-sectionally 1–4 years after ictus. Pathological factors considered were early brain injury as assessed by admission World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade, aneurysm treatment (clipping versus coiling), delayed cerebral infarction, and chronic hydrocephalus. One hundred and three aSAH patients’ spouses or caregivers completed the CNPI. Forty-two (41%) patients were reported to have one or more domain(s) of neuropsychiatric disturbance. Common neuropsychiatric disturbance domains included agitation/aggression, depression, apathy/indifference, irritability/lability, and appetite/eating disturbance. Chronic neuropsychiatric disturbance was associated with presence of chronic hydrocephalus. A subscore consisting of the five commonly affected domains seems to be a suitable tool for aSAH patients and should be further validated and replicated in future studies.     

白藜芦醇对蛛网膜下腔出血后神经炎症的作用和机制研究

目的研究白藜芦醇对蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后血肿区脑组织神经炎症的作用和机制。方法将48只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为三组:假手术组,SAH组和SAH+白藜芦醇处理组,每组16只。采用枕大池两次注血法构建SAH模型。SAH组和SAH+白藜芦醇组在构建模型前15 min和构建模型后5min分别给予生理盐水或白藜芦醇各一次。于构建模型后72小时利用NSS评分评估大鼠的神经功能,然后处死大鼠并获取保存脑组织。利用ELISA检测脑组织内促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α和抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平,利用RT-PCR检测小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32和M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平。结果与假手术组相比,SAH组大鼠神经功能下降(P0.05),脑组织中促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α和抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平升高(P0.05),小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32和M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平也升高(P 0.05)。与生理盐水处理组相比,白藜芦醇处理组神经功能损伤程度下降(P 0.05),脑组织中促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α表达水平降低、抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平升高(P 0.05),小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32表达水平降低、M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平升高(P0.05)。结论白藜芦醇通过促进SAH后小胶质细胞由M1型向M2型转换,从而减轻了神经炎症和神经功能损伤。     

白藜芦醇对蛛网膜下腔出血后神经炎症的作用和机制研究

目的 研究白藜芦醇对蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH）后血肿区脑组织神经炎症的作用和机制。方法 将48只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为三组：假手术组,SAH组和SAH+白藜芦醇处理组,每组16只。采用枕大池两次注血法构建SAH模型。SAH组和SAH+白藜芦醇组在构建模型前15 min和构建模型后5min分别给予生理盐水或白藜芦醇各一次。于构建模型后72小时利用NSS评分评估大鼠的神经功能,然后处死大鼠并获取保存脑组织。利用ELISA检测脑组织内促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α和抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平,利用RT-PCR检测小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32和M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平。结果 与假手术组相比,SAH组大鼠神经功能下降（P<0.05）,脑组织中促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α和抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平升高（P<0.05）,小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32和M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平也升高（P<0.05）。与生理盐水处理组相比,白藜芦醇处理组神经功能损伤程度下降（P<0.05）,脑组织中促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α表达水平降低、抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平升高（P<0.05）,小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32表达水平降低、M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平升高（P<0.05）。结论 白藜芦醇通过促进SAH后小胶质细胞由M1型向M2型转换,从而减轻了神经炎症和神经功能损伤。     

蛛网膜下腔出血继发癫痫发作

目的　探讨蛛网膜下腔出血继发癫痫的临床特点。方法　回顾性分析近 2 0年来经腰穿及CT证实的 2 84例蛛网膜下腔出血患者中 3 6例继发性癫痫的临床资料。结果　蛛网膜下腔出血继发癫痫的发病率为 12 68% (3 6/2 84) ,其中全身性强直 -阵挛发作占 61 11% (2 2 /3 6) ,简单部分性运动发作占 19 44(7/3 6) ,复杂部分性运动发作占 19 44% (7/3 6) ;2周内癫痫发作 3 3例 ,其中以癫痫为首发症状 16例 ,18例临时用过抗癫痫药 ;2周后癫痫发作的 3例 ,需长期服抗癫痫药。结论　蛛网膜下腔出血较易继发癫痫 ,且与出血量及出血部位密切相关 ;早期发作较易控制 ,晚期发作较难控制 ,需长期服用抗癫痫药。     

Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) Overall Scale for patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

The Quality of Life after Brain Injury Overall Scale (QOLIBRI-OS) is a recently developed instrument that provides a brief summary measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in domains typically affected by brain injury. This study examined the application of the six item QOLIBRI-OS in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Hong Kong Chinese aSAH patients were evaluated prospectively within the chronic phase of 1 year after aSAH in this multi-center observational study. Cronbach’s α was 0.88, and correlations were satisfactory for all six items. QOLIBRI-OS demonstrated good criterion validity with other 1 year outcome assessments. In conclusion, QOLIBRI-OS can be used as a brief index for disease-specific HRQoL assessment after aSAH. Further validation in another population of aSAH patients is recommended.     

Clinically important difference of Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Health-related quality of life measurements, are commonly used to quantify burden of disease, to evaluate treatment method, and to facilitate benchmarking. The aim of the current study was to determine the Clinically Important Difference (CID) for a Chinese version of Stroke-specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) in an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patient cohort. The study recruited SAH patients in a neurosurgical unit in Hong Kong. SAH patients who completed both 3-month and 1-year assessments were included in the analysis. The study received ethical approvals from the joint CUHK-NTEC Clinical Ethics Committee and written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their next of kins. Over a 2-year period, 65 eligible patients were included in the study. Employing the anchor-based approach with global rating of change, the CID estimate of SS-QOL total score was 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5–5.3), the CID estimate for SSQOL physical subscore was 2.1 (95% CI: 0.3–2.4), and the CID estimate for SS-QOL psychosocial subscore change was 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8–3.7). In conclusion, our study defined the CID for SS-QOL applied to SAH patients and should be further validated in another SAH patient population.     

A prospective long-term study of return to work after nontraumatic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Patients generally have a good prognosis and develop only occasional neurological complications after nontraumatic, nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This prospective long-term study investigated the normal return to work of patients who had experienced nontraumatic nonaneurysmal SAH. From June 2001 to June 2004, all patients presenting with nonaneurysmal nontraumatic SAH were asked to participate in this study. The population was divided in two groups: perimesencephalic (pSAH) and nonperimesencephalic pattern (npSAH). All patients underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests and completed psychological questionnaires assessing their general cognitive and language functions, memory and construction ability, attention, anxiety and depression, and quality of life. The patients were interviewed at the hospital, and neuropsychological assessments were conducted regularly for 7 years. The cognitive assessment after 7 years revealed a statistically significant difference between the pSAH and npSAH groups with respect to the activation and elaboration speed of attention as well as long-term non-verbal memory. Nine patients could not return to their former jobs after nonaneurysmal SAH. Although nontraumatic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is typically a pathology with an excellent prognosis, there is evidence that this event may influence working life for a long time.     

Hypertensive intracerebral hematoma after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

We report a patient with sequential intracerebral hematoma in bilateral basal ganglia after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A 55-year-old woman presented with sudden loss of consciousness without a past history of hypertension. Subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm was seen on initial CT and an intracerebral hematoma was observed in both basal ganglia 3 hours later on a follow-up CT scan. We suggest that delayed intracerebral hematoma may occur due to increased intracranial pressure caused by aneurysmal rupture and discuss the possible mechanisms of this occurrence.     

颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血并发Takotsubo心肌病

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血并发Takotsubo心肌病临床特点。方法回顾分析14例颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血并发Takotsubo心肌病患者的临床资料、血清心肌酶谱[包括肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、氨基末端B型利尿钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)]水平、心电图和超声心动图表现。结果 14例患者入院时(初次检查)血清心肌酶谱[CK(591.93±248.78)IU/L、CK-MB(27.07±7.66)IU/L、NT-pro BNP(8685.36±3963.44)IU/L]水平即升高,2周复查时下降[CK(137.79±29.93)IU/L、CK-MB(14.36±5.58)IU/L、NT-pro BNP(577.14±203.37)IU/L],治疗前后差异具有统计学意义(t=7.090,P=0.000;t=4.897,P=0.000;t=7.778,P=0.000)。入院时心电图表现为ST段抬高或压低、T波倒置、QT间期延长,超声心动图呈节段性左室壁运动异常,左心室射血分数(36.07±6.15)%,2周复查时升至(56.43±3.18)%(t=13.381,P=0.000),1个月后恢复正常。结论颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血可诱发Takotsubo心肌病,患病率约4.58%,患者预后良好。超声心动图对早期筛查至关重要,急性期可通过冠状动脉造影术明确诊断。     

Lactate and free fatty acids after subarachnoid hemorrhage

The hypothesis that lactate and free fatty acids (FFA) are elevated in the first minutes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is tested. Adult rats were subjected to an endovascular SAH through the right internal carotid artery while under anesthesia. The brains were frozen in-situ at 15, 30, 60 min, and 24 h post-hemorrhage. Regional measures of tissue lactic acid and FFA were made in the hippocampi, ipsilateral cortex, contralateral cortex, and cerebellum. Lactic acid levels were significantly elevated from sham animals in each region within the first hour (p<0.0001 cerebellum, right, and contralateral cortex, p<0.01 hippocampus), but did not change significantly over the first hour. At 24 h post-hemorrhage, there was no significant difference in the lactic acid levels from controls. Similarly, total FFA were significantly higher in each region as compared to sham operated controls within the first hour (p<0.001 cerebellum, p<0.05 hippocampus, p<0.05 contralateral cortex, p<0.0001 ipsilateral cortex). By 24 h, there was no significant difference in FFA levels from shams. The data indicate that aerobic metabolism fails and cellular damage with degradation of cell membranes occurs in the first minutes after SAH, and lasts for at least 1 h. However, this process is stabilized within 24 h in our model. Although the largest effect was seen in the ipsilateral cortex, all areas of the brain were effected.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管的病理研究

目的　研究蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)后脑血管痉挛的病理变化。　　方法　将 6例SAH死亡病例 ,与同期同年龄段 2 0例癌症及 40例脑出血作对照 ,着重对脑内外动脉进行病理观察及形态定量分析。　　结果　 1 病理检查发现 ,被凝血块包埋的动脉有内膜肿胀 ,内膜下基质增多 ,内弹力板多皱折 ,平滑肌细胞变性 ,肌细胞或肌层坏死等改变。 2 SAH组与对照组、脑出血组与对照组比较 ,脑内外动脉的管腔变小、管壁增厚 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1 ) ,而SAH组与脑出血组比较 ,仅被凝血块包埋的小动脉管腔明显减小 ,管壁明显增厚 (P <0 0 1 )。　　结论　本研究结果提示SAH后 ,被蛛网膜下腔凝血块包埋的脑动脉发生较明显的血管痉挛 ,痉挛血管既有收缩性变化 ,又存在器质性改变     

Relative changes in flow velocities in vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Introduction: Transcranial Dopplers (TCDs) have been used to monitor cerebral blood flow velocities in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of our two-part study was to compare the reliability of relative increases in flow velocities with conventionally used absolute flow velocity indices and to correct for hyperemia-induced flow velocity change. Methods: Part 1: Charts of 50 patients admitted to Hahnemann University Hospital with aneurismal SAH were reviewed. Mean middle cerebral artery maximum flow velocities (MCA-MFV) were reviewed for initial flow velocities (IFVs) and maximal flow velocities (MFVs) that were reached during hospital course. Correlating flow velocities (SFVs) were noted in patients who developed symptomatic vasospasm. MFV/IFV and SFV/IFV ratios were calculated to evaluate relative changes in flow velocity. Part 2: Correction for hyperemia was derived from Lindegaards Ratio using extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) flow velocity ratio (corrected MCA-MFV/observed MCA-MFV=EC-ICAFV (day1)/observed EC-ICAFV). Results: Part 1: All 10 patients who developed symptomatic vasospasm exhibited a twofold increase (SFV/IFV: >2) in flow velocities prior to developing symptomatic vasospasm, and 5 patients had a threefold increase (SFV/IFV: >3). Of the 40 patients who did not develop symptomatic vasospasm, 33 patients did not have a twofold increase in their flow velocities at any time. The positive predictive value for MFV/IFV greater than 3 (n=6) and SFV/IFV greater than 3 (n=5) was 100%. The negative predictive value for MFV/IFV less than 2 (n=33) was 100%. Data using relative changes (twofold increase) in flow velocity was more sensitive (100 to 90%), specific (83 to 70%), and predictive (positive predictive value [PPV]: 59 to 45%; negative predictive value [NPV]: 100 to 97%) for symptomatic vasospasm than absolute flow velocity indices using MCA-MFV greater than 120—even in combination with Lindegaards Ratio (MCA/ICA greater than 3). Part 2: Correction for hyperemia by modifying Lindegaard’s Index in the 32 patients where data was available improved the PPV of absolute flow velocities from 44 to 62%. In this population, the application of this equation while evaluating relative change in flow velocities improved PPV of twofold increase from 57 to 73%. Conclusion: Relative changes in flow velocities in patients with aneurysmal SAH correlated better with clinically significant vasospasm than absolute flow velocity indices. Correction for hyperemia improved predictive value of TCD in vasospasm.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛发病机制的研究新进展

蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后,患者常伴有脑血管痉挛(cerebral vasospasm,CVS),出血后4～14d为高峰期.CVS导致脑组织局部缺血,进而引起神经功能障碍.近年来有大量文献资料和实验数据表明SAH后CVS的发生率约30％～80％,约46％的患者出现临床症状,是导致SAH患者死亡或致残的主要并发症[1].其病因机制复杂,研究表明多种因素与CVS的发生有关.本文就SAH后CVS发病机制的研究进展综述如下.     

无蛛网膜下腔出血的破裂脑动脉瘤

目的 总结无蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的破裂脑动脉瘤的诊治经验.方法 对15例在起病后2 d内首次CT或MRI上表现为脑内出血(ICH),和(或)脑室内出血(IVH)、硬脑膜下血肿(SDH)和壁间出血(IMH)而无SAH的破裂脑动脉瘤患者的临床表现、影像学检查结果 、治疗方法 和预后进行回顾性分析.结果 本组首次CT或MRI检查表现为ICH者3例、IVH合并ICH者6例、SDH者1例、IVH者1例、IMH者3例和等高混合密度者1例.其中动脉瘤位于大脑中动脉6例、前交通动脉4例、后交通动脉3例、大脑前动脉1例和小脑后下动脉1例.开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤13例,血管内栓塞2例.出院时GOS评分:恢复良好8例、中残3例、重残3例和植物生存1例.本组15例占同期破裂脑动脉瘤的3.8%.结论 破裂脑动脉瘤首次CT扫描可表现为单纯ICH,和(或)IVH、SDH、IMH而无SAH,与CT扫描时间、动脉瘤的部位和指向以及出血量有关.早期控制颅内高压、及时诊断和有效处理破裂动脉瘤,是改善预后的关键.     

Cerebral infarction secondary to vasospasm after perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage

Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (pSAH) has been described as a distinct form of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) associated with good outcomes. We report a 48-year-old female who developed cerebral infarction due to severe diffuse vasospasm following pSAH. The patient presented with non-aneurysmal pSAH and was discharged home on day 5. However, one week later she developed an acute onset of right hemiparesis. A brain MRI showed acute infarctions on diffusion weighted imaging and her cerebral angiogram showed diffuse vasospasm. The patient received intra-arterial diltiazem and hypervolemic-hypertensive-hemodilution therapy with resulting resolution of the vasospasm and hemiparesis. While not as common as in SAH, there is a potential for the occurrence of cerebral infarction due to vasospasm after pSAH.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛的临床研究

为了探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后迟发性脑血管痉挛（ＤＣＶＳ）的临床规律，本文对６１例ＳＡＨ住院病人的脑动脉造影（ＣＡＧ）、ＣＴ及临床资料进行了回顾研究，结果如下：１、ＳＡＨ并ＤＣＶＳ的主要病因为颅内动脉瘤破裂，ＤＣＶＳ发生与颅内动脉瘤所在的部位及大小无明显关系．ＤＣＶＳ时轻度痉挛略多于重度痉挛．２、ＣＴ见基底池存在明显的高密度影时，能预示ＤＣＶＳ的发生。３、ＤＣＶＳ常与脑内血肿、脑室出血、脑积水或脑梗塞同时存在。４、ＳＡＨ再发出血，尤其是近期再发出血，可能产生或加重ＤＣＶＳ．５、ＤＣＶＳ的发生及程度与临床病情严重程度有关，ＤＣＶＳ的程度越重，临床病情也越重。６、ＤＣＶＳ的主要体征为意识障碍，近半数的病人有神经示位体征。     

中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血

目的　提高对中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血 (PNSH)的认识水平以指导临床诊治。方法　回顾性分析 2 4例PNSH病人的临床表现、影像学资料、治疗及预后情况。结果　本组 2 4例病人发病 1～ 14d内DSA检查均阴性 ,经治疗全部治愈出院 ,平均病程 2 9d。随访 3个月至 5年 ,无严重的脑血管痉挛、脑积水和再出血发生。结论　PNSH是一种特殊类型的SAH ,提高对其认识 ,对临床治疗工作有重要的指导意义。     

一种新家兔症状性蛛网膜下腔出血模型的建立

目的 建立新的家兔症状性蛛网膜下腔出血模型。方法 采用单侧颈动脉结扎后枕大池二次注血的方法制成兔蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）模型。实验分为4组,即正常对照组（N组）、结扎右侧颈总动脉组（L组）、枕大池二次注血组（SAH组）、结扎后枕大池二次注血组（L-SAH组）。观察并比较各组动物神经功能改变、基底动脉经颅多普勒超声血流速度变化以及基底动脉和海马形态学变化。结果 SAH组和L-SAH组均出现了神经功能症状,SAH组较轻,L-SAH组较重且持续时间长。SAH组和L-SAH组枕大池二次注血后血流速度均明显加快,根据平均血流速度计算的基底动脉痉挛程度：SAH组在二次注血后1d、3d、7d分别为32.70±5.81、21.29±7.98、4.21±6.55;而L-SAH组为29.97±6.37、21.51±10.25、12.40±7.46。结论 兔单侧颈动脉结扎后枕大池二次注血可制成症状性蛛网膜下腔出血模型,可用于研究SAH后神经功能损害及药物干预。     

一种新的蛛网膜下腔出血动物模型制作方法

目的 建立一种能更接近人脑动脉瘤破裂引起蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)过程的动物模型.方法 通过介入法经股动脉路径穿刺兔颈内动脉,造成SAH,然后将60只实验兔按各时间点(对照组、假手术组、术后0h、3h、6h、12 h、1d、3d、7d、14 d)分成10组,每组6只,行脑血管造影,然后灌注-固定,处死后取基底动脉切片行HE染色观察,通过图像分析系统,测定动脉内径和血管壁厚度.结果 血管内穿刺法制作兔的SAH模型呈急性期脑血管痉挛(SAH后12 h)和迟发性脑血管痉挛(SAH后7d)双相改变.结论 此动物模型能较好地模拟动脉瘤性SAH后血管痉挛改变的病理过程.     

大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤模型的建立

目的 建立一种微创、重复性好的大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤动物模型.方法 采用视交叉前池注血法建立蛛网膜下腔出血( SAH)后早期脑损伤(EBI)动物模型.在脑立体定位仪引导下将导管插入视交叉前池,注入300μl自体动脉血建立SAH后EBI模型.进行神经功能学评分,采用激光多普勒血流量仪(LDF)测定局部脑血流量(rCBF),解剖观察前循环周围血液分布情况,应用透射电子显微镜观察海马区神经细胞超微结构变化.结果 大部分大鼠在SAH后有神经行为学异常,48 h后逐渐恢复正常.SAH后不同时间点的rCBF均低于对照组.模型组大鼠颅脑解剖发现前循环蛛网膜下腔有大量的血液和血凝块.透射电子显微镜观察:与对照组比较,SAH组神经细胞线粒体和内质网肿胀,核染色质凝聚、趋边.结论 此动物模型稳定可靠,重复性高,适合进行临床前循环动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤病理生理研究.