原发性肺滑膜肉瘤诊断与治疗附1例报告及文献复习

目的 通过探讨原发性肺滑膜肉瘤的临床症状、影像学表现、病理学及免疫组化,提高对本病的认识.方法 报告近期呼吸科确诊1例原发性肺滑膜肉瘤患者,同时对既往报道18例患者进行回顾性研究,分析其临床表现、影像学表现、病理学特征及免疫组化特点.结果 临床表现为咳嗽、咳痰或胸痛、胸闷等,影像学表现为肺部肿块影,边缘清楚或呈分叶状,病灶密度不均匀,增强扫描呈不均匀强化,可伴纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸腔积液,病理学检查提示为梭形细胞恶性肿瘤,瘤细胞呈流水状排列,核分裂象易见,免疫组化EMA、Bcl-2、Vimentin等阳性.结论 原发性肺滑膜肉瘤临床表现及影像学表现上无特异性,不易与其他肺或胸膜原发性肉瘤相鉴别,需要结合病理及免疫组化结果进行诊断.     

Watery diarrhoea: an unusual manifestation of breast cancer

Analysis of an 83-year-old male presenting with diarrhoea showed secretory diarrhoea. serum levels of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide were elevated. Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy revealed a hot spot in the left thoracic wall and subsequently, breast adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation was diagnosed. Postoperatively, the patient made an uneventful recovery. The relationship between the clinical picture, the results of pathological examination and hormonal analysis is discussed and put into perspective.     

Acute myelofibrosis: multifocal bone marrow infiltration detected by scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging

 Acute myelofibrosis is a rare, malignant hematological disorder of unknown etiology with an inevitably fatal outcome. Here we present the study of a 63-year-old Caucasian man with acute onset of pancytopenia. Repeated bone marrow biopsies showed dense fibrosis and hypoplastic hematopoiesis raising various differential diagnoses of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Bone marrow scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed areas suggesting neoplastic infiltration, mainly in both femurs and tibias. Histological examination of a surgical biopsy of the left tibia revealed acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. As the patient refused polychemotherapy, therapy with interferon gamma was initiated but discontinued prematurely because of intolerable side effects. The presented case therefore suggests that the combination of bone marrow scintigraphy and MRI is a valuable diagnostic tool in patients presenting with myelofibrosis of unknown origin. Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted: 28 September 1999     

鼻骨骨折老年患者临床诊断中CT的应用及准确性分析

目的 探讨鼻骨骨折患者临床诊断中CT的应用及准确性.方法 选取2018年1月-2020年1月在长海医院影像医学科接受检查的鼻骨骨折老年患者76例,对患者进行CT三维重建成像检查.对比分析CT检查鼻骨骨折诊断、骨折类型和骨折部位结果与病理检查结果的差异.结果 病理检查结果证实,76例患者(100.0％)均发生鼻骨骨折;C...     

Utility of 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy as a first-line imaging procedure in the preoperative evaluation of hyperparathyroidism

OBJECTIVE The use of preoperative imaging in patients with hyperparathyroidism remains controversial. Many of the available techniques are insufficiently sensitive and specific to justify their routine use. We have evaluated the Sensitivity and specificity of ^99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy in the management of patients with different forms of hyperparathyroidism. DESIGN Preoperative imaging evaluation was carried out by sclntigraphic detection of pathological parathyroid glands using ^99mTc-sestamibi as a radiotracer; confirmation of scan findings was obtained surgically. PATIENTS A group of 25 patients with primary (n= 21) or secondary (n=4) hyperparathyroidism were studied. All were considered for surgical treatment. MEASUREMENTS In all cases parathyroid imaging was carried out by ^99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy together with at least one other imaging technique which included CT-scan, ultrasonography, MRI or ²⁰¹TI/^99mTc subtraction scintigraphy. Blood tests included measurements of total calcium and PTH. RESULTS ^99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy correctly localized 20 out of 21 adenomas, giving a sensitivity of 95.2%, markedly higher than that obtained with the other imaging techniques (ultrasonography 75%, ²⁰¹TI/^99mTc subtraction scintigraphy 57.1%, CT-scan 41.7% and MRI 33%). Of a total of 17 glands identified surgically as hyperplastic and confirmed by pathological examination, ^99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy showed a positive image in 10, corresponding always to the larger abnormal glands (sensitivity 58.8%, higher than that observed with the other techniques). No false positive images were obtained with ^99mTc-sestamibi. All the ectopic adenomas (n= 3) were identified preoperatively, which contributed significantly to the surgical approach. CONCLUSION In patients with hyperparathyroidism, ^99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy may be used as the single imaging technique as it shows a very high sensitivity and specificity in the preoperative localization of pathological parathyroid glands; the benefit of localizing parathyroid tissue prior to surgery in cases of ectopic adenomas clearly indicates that when an imaging procedure is required, this technique may be of great help in the management of hyperparathyroidism.     

Pulmonary adenocarcinoma associated with SAPHO syndrome difficult to differentiate from multiple bone metastasis

The patient was a 57-year-old man with a chief complaint of anterior chest pain who was diagnosed with clinical stage IV (c-T2N2M1) non-small-cell lung cancer (adenocarcinoma). Tenderness in the sternoclavicular joint, acne, periodontitis, and palmoplantar pustulosis were evident, and SAPHO syndrome was diagnosed. SAPHO syndrome is a rare disorder that results in synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteomyelitis. Bone scintigraphy showed tracer accumulation in the costal cartilage, sternoclavicular joint, and cervical vertebrae 6-7. Although the bone lesions of SAPHO syndrome were difficult to differentiate from bone metastasis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, metastatic bone tumors were ruled out by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. There have been no previously reported cases of lung cancer with comorbid SAPHO syndrome. We report such a case and discuss the relevant literature, particularly that concerned with the evaluation of bone lesions.     

Breast metastasis from EGFR/ALK negative lung adenocarcinoma: A case report

Introduction:Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Distant metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma often occurs in multiple organs. The common metastasis sites of lung cancer include the lungs, brain, bones, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes; however, breast metastasis is rare.Patient concerns:In this report, we describe a case of breast metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma. A 55-year-old woman reported left breast pain for more than 1 month.Diagnosis:Based on imaging, pathological examination, and immunohistochemical examination, the diagnosis of breast metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma was confirmed. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement were not detected by next-generation sequencing.Interventions:The patient was treated with six courses of a combination of albumin-bound paclitaxel, cisplatin, and bevacizumab over 21 days.Outcomes:After six cycles of palliative chemotherapy, her left breast pain and swelling subsided; in addition, her serum CA12-5, CYFRA, and CEA levels normalized by April 2019. PR status was evaluated as per the RECIST 1.1 criteria. The patient developed brain metastases 3 months later and died due to multiple organ failure.Conclusion:The possibility of breast metastasis should be considered in patients with existing malignant tumors and breast pain. Clinical and imaging examinations are helpful for diagnosis, and pathological and immunohistochemical analyses are the most important diagnostic tools.     

A case of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma with involvement of the ocular fundus]

A 37-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of abnormal shadows on chest X-ray film at routine medical examination. The chest X-ray showed diffuse granular shadows in the bilateral upper and middle lung fields. Chest CT showed multiple cystic lesions and nodular lesions. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) were performed. Electron microscopic examination of BAL fluid revealed Langerhans' cells, and lung tissue specimen obtained by TBLB showed granuloma with infiltration of histiocytes and eosinophils. During the clinical course, the patient complained of cough and decrease of right visual acuity in association with an increase of abnormal shadows on chest X-ray. The lung disease gradually resolved after the cessation of smoking in spite of no therapy. In the right eye, an exudative lesion with retinal elevation was noted in the ocular fundus. Corticosteroid administration was effective for the treatment of this lesion. There was no pathological evidence of the right ocular lesion. However, the correlation of its clinical course with the lung disease suggests a relationship between the ocular lesion and pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma.     

呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺病和脱屑性间质性肺炎的比较分析

目的　探讨呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺病 (RBILD)的临床病理特点以及与脱屑性间质性肺炎 (DIP)的关系。方法　回顾性分析 1例经电视胸腔镜肺活检诊断为RBILD患者的临床表现、影像学和组织病理学特点、糖皮质激素治疗的效果和随访结果 ,并与 1例病理学确诊的DIP患者进行比较。结果　 2例患者均为 5 7岁男性 ,吸烟史分别为 2 4、30年。临床表现为咳嗽、咯痰、气促 ,双下肺闻及veclro音 ;肺功能检查显示RBILD患者为混合型通气功能障碍 ,DIP患者为限制性轻度通气功能障碍。胸部X线片显示 2例患者双肺均有散在斑点状、斑片状密度不均阴影 ;高分辨率CT表现为两肺散在分布的间质增厚影 ,部分呈网格状改变 ,以外周和下肺为主 ,DIP患者有磨玻璃影。病理特征 :RBILD表现为在呼吸性细支气管及周围气腔内有大量均一的含色素的巨噬细胞聚集 ,肺间质有轻度的纤维组织增生和慢性炎症 ;DIP的上述病变更明显和弥漫。 2例患者均对糖皮质激素治疗反应良好 ,经随访 3年余 ,患者病情稳定无复发。结论　RBILD和DIP在临床表现上不易区分 ,而开胸肺活检组织病理学检查可区分和明确诊断 ,两者有相似之处 ,可能为同一疾病实体。     

Usefulness of FDG-PET to diagnose intravascular lymphomatosis presenting as fever of unknown origin

Intravascular lymphomatosis (IVL) is a rare systemic disease characterized by proliferation of lymphoid cells within the lumina of small arteries, veins, and capillaries. Diagnosis requires skin, liver, lung, bone marrow, renal, meningeal, or brain vessel biopsy but is often made only when the illness has progressed or post mortem because early involvement of organs was not evident. We report a case of IVL presenting as fever of unknown origin (FUO). In this case, gallium scintigraphy and computed tomography (CT) showed no evidence of malignancy, whereas (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed increased FDG uptake in the sternum, left and right vertebra, humerus, femur, and especially ilium. The diagnosis was made on iliac bone marrow biopsy examination. FDG-PET was useful for the detection of spread of disease in a patient with IVL suffering from FUO.     

Pyogenic Sacroiliitis in a 13-Month-Old Child: A Case Report and Literature Review

Pyogenic sacroiliitis is exceptional in very young children. Diagnosis is difficult because clinical examination is misleading. FABER test is rarely helpful in very young children. Inflammatory syndrome is frequent. Bone scintigraphy and MRI are very sensitive for the diagnosis. Joint fluid aspiration and blood cultures are useful to identify the pathogen. Appropriate antibiotic therapy provides rapid regression of symptoms and healing. We report the case of pyogenic sacroiliitis in a 13-month-old child.Clinical, biological, and imaging data of this case were reviewed and reported retrospectively.A 13-month-old girl consulted for decreased weight bearing without fever or trauma. Clinical examination was not helpful. There was an inflammatory syndrome. Bone scintigraphy found a sacroiliitis, confirmed on MRI. Aspiration of the sacroiliac joint was performed. Empiric intravenous biantibiotic therapy was started. Patient rapidly recovered full weight bearing. On the 5th day, clinical examination and biological analysis returned to normal. Intravenous antibiotic therapy was switched for oral. One month later, clinical examination and biological analysis were normal and antibiotic therapy was stopped.Hematogenous osteoarticular infections are common in children but pyogenic sacroiliitis is rare and mainly affects older children. Diagnosis can be difficult because clinical examination is poor. Moreover, limping and decreased weight bearing are very common reasons for consultation. This may delay the diagnosis or refer misdiagnosis. Bone scintigraphy is useful to locate a bone or joint disease responsible for limping. In this observation, bone scintigraphy located the infection at the sacroiliac joint. Given the young age, MRI was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Despite the very young age of the patient, symptoms rapidly disappeared with appropriate antibiotic therapy.We report the case of pyogenic sacroiliitis in a 13-month-old child. It reminds the risk of misdiagnosing pyogenic sacroiliitis in children because it is exceptional and clinical examination is rarely helpful. It also highlights the usefulness of bone scintigraphy and MRI in osteoarticular infections in children.     

A case of lung adenocarcinoma showing diffuse air-space consolidation with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia]

Routine chest radiography demonstrated abnormal opacities in the right lower lung field of a 54-year-old man with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. A high-resolution chest CT scan showed diffuse air-space consolidation in the right lower lung with replacement of a honeycomb area. The diagnosis was adenocarcinoma, and a right lower lobectomy was performed. Histopathologic examination showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and the pathological stage was T3 N0 M0 (Stage IIB). About 1 year later, the cancer recurred with diffuse air-space consolidation in the whole of the right lung and the left middle and lower lung, which resulted in the patient's death. It was difficult to discriminate between an acute change for the worse of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and a recurrence of lung cancer on the basis of the CT findings in this patient. It is important to elucidate the CT features of lung cancer associated with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.     

Limitations of scintigraphy using metaiodobenzylguanidine for locating pheochromocytomas. Apropos of 2 cases

Two cases of MIBG (metaiodobenzylguanidine) scintigraphy are reported: the first case concerns a female patient hospitalized for high blood pressure (HBP) with symptoms evocative of pheochromocytoma. Urinary titration of catecholamines metabolites, which are usually abnormally high, and tomodensitometry permit the visualization of a left adrenal tumor. On the contrary, the MIBG scintigraphy does not show any abnormal fixation. After resection, the pathological examination confirms the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. The second case concerns a female patient hospitalized for HBP with, on the chest X-Ray, a left postero-inferior density. Serum and urinary catecholamine levels are normal. Tomodensitometry confirms the tumor of the posterior mediastinum and the MIBG scintigraphy demonstrates a focus of thoracic opposite the tumor. After resection, the pathological examination shows an ectopic supernumerary bronchial bud. These two cases illustrate the limitations of MIBG scintigraphy to locate pheochromocytomas. There are false negative (10%) which may be explained by an insufficient uptake of the tracer by the tumor, by an insufficient image formation or by medication interferences. On the contrary, there may be false positives because of histochemical similarities between the chromaffin tissues and certain glandular or neural tumors. Nevertheless, in spite of serious limitations, which we must be aware of, MIBG scintigraphy remains the best primary examination for the location of pheochromocytomas.     

A Case Report of Male Occult Breast Cancer First Manifesting as Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis With Part of Metastatic Mucinous Carcinoma

Occult breast cancer (OBC) is a type of breast cancer without any symptoms in the breast (no primary cancer lesion is found in either breast on a physical examination or imaging examination such as ultrasound and mammography). The incidence of OBC is rare in females, whereas in males, there are few cases of breast cancer, and the rate of OBC is very low. This is the first time report a case of male OBC first manifested as axillary metastasis, of which the pathological results showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with part of metastatic mucinous carcinoma.A 40-year-old male patient presenting palpable masses in his left axillary on physical and imaging examination revealed unremarkable despite of multiple swollen lymph nodes in the left axillary, and the resected sample showed metastatic adenocarcinoma with part of metastatic mucinous carcinoma. Based on immunohistochemical analysis, positive of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal receptor 2 (Her-2), it was identified as an OBC.This is the fourth case report of male OBC in the literature; 1 case was reported in China in 2008, and it was metastatic infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and 2 cases were reported in Korea in 2012, one of which was reported as metastatic carcinoma and the other was metastatic adenocarcinoma; however, our case was a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with part of mucinous carcinoma. Our case of male OBC could metastasize to supraclavicular region and lung in addition to axillary lymph nodes, and the prognosis was relatively poor compared to the 3 cases reported before.The aim of this case report is to introduce the imaging, pathological features, and management of a rare male OBC.     

1例心房心包结核致心动过速性心房性心肌病分析

目的鉴别心房结核性炎症所致心动过速性心房性心肌病。方法向患者、家属及医务人员详细了解其发病过程、临床表现、既往病史及详细查体、心电图、X线胸片,再根据各病诊断标准予以诊断与鉴别。结果病人左肺上野及心包膜有陈旧结核性病灶,心电图快速性心房纤维颤动,而临床又排除了其他心肌病,以病人的现有表现及其所有资料全能更合理的解释病人现存的一切表现。结论病例为心动过速性心房心肌病。     

18F-FDG PET and bone scintigraphy to search for bone metastasis of lung cancer

Initial staging of lung cancer is essential to determine the appropriate therapeutic strategy. 18F-FDG PET is currently considered to be the gold standard. 99mTc bisphonate bone scintigraphy has long been indicated to search for bone metastases but it is not know whether this exploration adds further information after an 18F-FDG PET scan. In order to answer this question, two observers unaware of the clinical situation reread PET scans and bone scintigraphies and results compared with other imaging findings. Between February 2001 and March 2004, 39 patients (13F, 26M, 62 +/- 11 yr) underwent 18FFDG PET and bone scintigraphy (mean interval 17 +/- 17 d). When the two explorations agreed for the diagnosis of bone extension, we considered that bone scintigraphy added nothing. When the two explorations were in disagreement, the other imaging examinations, the clinical features and laboratory results during the five-month minimal follow-up were used to establish the reference diagnosis. 18F-FDG PET and bone scintigraphy were in agreement in 29 patients (74%) with positive results in 12 (31%) and negative results in 17 (43%). The two explorations were in disagreement in 10 patients (26%). Among the five disagreement cases with positive bone scintigraphy and no bone anomaly on the 18F-FDG PET, the anomalies were benign and explained by clinical features (3 patients) or were not confirmed by the clinical course and laboratory results (2 patients). Among the 5 cases with a bone anomaly on the 18F FDG PET, no metastasis could be identified during clinical follow-up. Bone scintigraphy does not enable identification of any bone metastases which were not recognized on the PET scan and therefore should not be performed systematically. Using a computed tomography scan with the 18F-FDG PET could further limit the contribution of bone scintigraphy by providing more precision concerning foci identified on the PET scan.     

Central skeletal sarcoidosis: a case report with sustained remission only on methotrexate, and a literature review on the imaging approach, treatment, and assessment of disease activity

We report a case of multifocal involvement of the central skeleton in a patient with long-term stage I pulmonary sarcoidosis who experienced sustained clinical remission of musculoskeletal symptoms while on methotrexate (MTX) alone. Concomitant normalization of laboratory tests [inflammatory markers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels] was observed, and improvements were seen in follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine and bone scintigraphy. To date, there are no specific tools for the assessment of skeletal disease activity in sarcoidosis. Our case suggests that inflammatory markers and ACE levels, when initially elevated, bone scintigraphy, and—in the case of vertebral involvement—MRI could serve as such tools. A literature review on the imaging approach, treatment, and disease activity monitoring of skeletal sarcoidosis is also provided.     

隐源性机化性肺炎的临床病理特征和影像学表现

目的探讨隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)的临床病理特征和影像学表现。方法分析5例隐源性机化性肺炎病例的临床特点、影像学表现、肺活检的病理特征,并复习相关文献。结果 COP常见的临床表现为咳嗽、进行性呼吸困难和吸气末肺部爆裂音。肺活检病理检查显示肺泡管、肺泡腔内见肉芽组织栓。胸部CT表现为含支气管充气征的实变阴影,伴或不伴磨玻璃影。患者对糖皮质激素治疗有显著疗效。结论临床表现结合影像学特点可提示COP临床诊断,肺活检是诊断COP有效的检查方法。     

局灶性机化性肺炎40例误诊分析

目的探讨局灶性机化性肺炎(FOP)的临床表现、病理学特征和影像学特点,以提高临床医师对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析2013-2018年江苏省人民医院住院手术切除的40例误诊为肺癌的FOP患者的临床资料,对其临床表现、病理学特征、影像学特点、实验室检查等综合分析。结果(1)40例FOP患者中,男34例,女6例,年龄范围为26~82岁,平均年龄(55.55±10.52)岁。(2)临床表现中,咳嗽咳痰21例,发热6例,咯血8例,胸痛12例,体检发现14例。(3)病变在肺野外、中、内带及各肺叶均有发生。CT表现多样,除结节影和实变影外,合并有分叶状、边缘毛刺征、支气管充气征、空泡征、密度不均、胸膜牵拉等。病灶范围≥3 cm的26例,<3 cm的14例。(4)共有8例患者行PET-CT检查,其中6例患者均有不同程度氟代脱氧葡萄糖代谢增高,提示恶性病变可能;2例未见氟代脱氧葡萄糖代谢增高,考虑炎症后改变。(5)40例患者中,癌胚抗原、糖类抗原199均正常,仅有1例神经元特异性烯醇化酶轻度增高,D-二聚体均正常。(6)病理提示间质纤维组织增生,肺泡腔扩张,腔内见纤维素样黏液栓形成,间质多量淋巴细胞浸润伴淋巴滤泡形成。(7)40例手术患者中,1例患者半年后复查手术缝线周围复发;余复查均正常。结论FOP临床相对少见,因其特殊影像表现极易误诊。临床医师需不断加强对FOP的认识,通过基本信息、临床特征、影像、实验室检查、病理特征等综合诊断,以减少临床误漏诊。     

Bone scintigraphy of skeletal metastasis in hepatoma patients treated by TAE

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Skeletal metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients has become clinically important as a result of advances in treatment modalities. However, the diagnostic accuracy of bone scintigraphy in hepatocellular carcinoma has been questioned. METHODOLOGY: 99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy was performed in 63 unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated by transcatheter arterial embolization who either developed musculoskeletal pain (n = 43) or elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein levels (n = 20) during follow-up. Results were categorized as positive or negative for metastases, and their accuracy was evaluated by radiological studies, biopsy, and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Bone scintigraphy was positive in 22/43 (51.2%) subjects with pain and 2/20 with alpha-feto-protein elevation. Among 24 bone scintigraphy(+) patients, metastasis was confirmed in 17 and excluded in 6. Frequent sites for metastatic bone scintigraphy lesions were the spine, pelvic bone and ribs. Although 8 metastatic lesions had low or mixed uptake, most had increased uptake on bone scintigraphy. Among 39 bone scintigraphy(-) patients, metastasis was excluded in 32 and confirmed in 1. The sensitivity and specificity of bone scintigraphy in this subset of patients was 94.4% and 84.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter arterial embolization treated hepatocellular carcinoma patients with musculoskeletal pain have a high likelihood of bone metastasis, and bone scintigraphy is a highly reliable method for its detection.