体感诱发电位在复杂动脉瘤血管架桥及重建术中的应用

目的探讨体感诱发电位（SEP）在复杂动脉瘤血管架桥及重建手术中的应用。方法回顾分析2002～2008年24例复杂动脉瘤病人进行动脉瘤血管架桥及重建手术,术中分别采用动脉瘤切除远近端血管吻合,动脉瘤孤立加大隐静脉高流量搭桥或颞浅动脉低流量搭桥等方式处理动脉瘤,实时进行体感诱发电位监测：胫后神经刺激,记录双侧皮层的SEP。将P40波幅下降一半作为脑缺血的预警信号,潜伏期延长3ms作为参考。结果4例行动脉瘤切除远近端血管吻合,16例行大隐静脉高流量血管搭桥术,4例行颞浅动脉低流量血管搭桥。监测结果：Ⅰ型无变化16例;Ⅱ型加重但逐渐恢复：波幅下降一半,但稳定且略有回升4例;Ⅲ型加重无恢复：波幅下降一半,且继续下降,升高血压也无明显改善3例;Ⅳ型波形扁平且无恢复1例;Ⅴ型波形消失0例。结论在复杂动脉瘤手术中,术中体感诱发电位的监测可以提示血流阻断后脑供血情况及功能区脑灌注状态。对颅内动脉瘤手术的安全性提供了一定的保障,减少了手术风险,是一种简便、安全有效的监测技术。     

多重术中监护在前交通动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声、吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影及神经电生理学等多重术中监测技术在前交通动脉动脉瘤显微外科手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析23例单发性前交通动脉动脉瘤夹闭术患者的临床资料、手术方式及术中监测过程,改良Rankin量表评分评价术后神经功能缺损程度.结果 23例患者动脉瘤均夹闭成功.其中,6例术中阻断A1段时运动诱发电位出现异常变化.恢复血流待缺血程度改善后继续手术;2例动脉瘤夹闭过程中经颅多普勒超声及吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影分别探及A2段及前交通动脉血流不畅,1例探及动脉瘤瘤颈残留,经调整动脉瘤夹位置后血流恢复或动脉瘤彻底夹闭,1例术后发生短暂性一侧肢体瘫痪,出院时遗留轻度神经功能障碍.改良Rankin量表评分为1分;其余患者术后均未发生脑出血或脑缺血性改变,出院时改良Rankin量表评分为0分.结论 术中多重监测技术可为前交通动脉动脉瘤夹闭术提供A1段临时阻断是否耐受缺血、动脉瘤是否残留,以及载瘤动脉和穿通支是否损伤,继而造成的脑缺血事件等重要信息.从而提高手术安全性.     

Ischemia changes and tolerance ratio of evoked potential monitoring in intracranial aneurysm surgery

Objective

We assessed the relationship between cerebral ischemia-induced changes in evoked potentials and the degree of ischemia tolerance.

Methods

47 patients underwent somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring in intracranial aneurysm surgery. Three duration parameters (time) were recorded: Time 1, from the starting of temporary occlusion unavoidable in aneurysm surgery to the time the evoked potentials decrease from basal level to reaching the warning criterion; Time 2, from evoked potentials reaching the warning criterion to the time the blood flow was resumed; Time 3, after resuming the blood flow, the time it took the evoked potentials to recover to baseline. All three times can be reliably calculated in the SEP recording, but not in the MEP recording which consisted of either unchanged amplitudes or abruptly changing amplitudes, making it impossible to obtain Time 1. The ischemic tolerance ratio (ITR) was calculated as ITR = time 2/time 1 × 100%. New decreasing myodynamia and fresh infarction after the surgery were employed for evaluating neurological deficits postoperatively, and their correlations with the ischemia-induced changes of evoked potentials recorded during the surgery were analyzed.

Results

We found a change in SEPs in 12 patients whose cerebral ischemia was induced by temporary occlusion of the aneurysm's parent artery. We also found the development of postoperative neurological deficits in 4 patients whose ischemic tolerance ratio (ITR) reached over 80%, while no deficits were found in the other 8 patients whose ITR was less than 50%. MEP changes were seen in 4 patients whose cerebral ischemia was caused by accidentally clamping the perforating branches, causing the development of postoperative neurological deficits but not necessarily leading to significant SEP changes.

Conclusion

The Ischemia tolerance ratio (ITR) in SEP recordings is valuable to predicting postoperative neurological deficits caused by temporary occlusion of aneurysm's parent artery. Maintaining the ITR under 50% during operation can effectively avoid postoperative neurological deficits, while an ITR above 80% reliably forecasts postoperative neurological deficits. Complementary to SEPs, MEP recordings are particularly valuable in monitoring ischemic effects caused by accidentally clamping perforating branches. Taken together, this system of monitoring makes it possible to promptly adjust surgery procedures and minimize postoperative neurological deficits.     

吲哚菁绿造影在巨大动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨吲哚菁绿造影(ICGA)在颅内巨大动脉瘤(GIA)手术中的作用.方法 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科自2007年3月至2009年10月行瘤体夹闭和(或)切除术治疗GIA患者57例(61个动脉瘤),术中瘤体夹闭前、后分别进行ICGA并做比较,术后行DSA或CTA检查观察有无瘤体残留,载瘤动脉是否畅通,并与术中瘤体夹闭后ICGA结果对比分析.结果 57例患者共行ICGA 128次,夹闭切除动脉瘤61个,ICGA可实时显示术野内血流循环,清晰显示动脉瘤、载瘤动脉和穿支血管.通过对比夹闭前、后的ICGA影像,4例患者追加或调整瘤夹后,ICGA显示无瘤体残留,无载瘤动脉和穿支血管闭塞,术后DSA与夹闭后ICGA显示一致.结论 ICGA做为术中血管成像技术的一种,对术中确认GIA与周围血管的关系、监测瘤颈是否残留和载瘤动脉及穿支动脉是否畅通具有重要意义.     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例（13个动脉瘤）,包裹2例（2个动脉瘤）,术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月（平均5个月）,均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例(13个动脉瘤),包裹2例(2个动脉瘤),术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月(平均5个月),均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

微血管多普勒超声在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中的应用

目的 评价微血管多普勒超声(MDU)技术在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中的应用.方法 回顾性分析32例开颅夹闭术治疗颅内动脉瘤病人的临床资料,均在动脉瘤夹闭前后行MDU监测载瘤动脉及穿支血管.并评价术中MDU的监测作用.结果 术中MDU监测提示:载瘤动脉闭塞3例,载瘤动脉狭窄6例,调整动脉瘤夹或局部应用罂粟碱湿敷后,MDU监测均恢复正常;其他病人MDU监测均正常.无监测相关并发症发生.所有病人随访3～26个月,术中MDU监测正常,但术后出现栓子脱落至脑梗死1例;其他病人术后均恢复良好.结论 术中MDU监测具有操作简便、结果可靠、无并发症等优点,能降低动脉瘤夹闭术中载瘤动脉及穿支动脉闭塞和狭窄的发生率.     

吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影在前循环动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨吲哚菁绿（ICG）脑血管造影在颅内前循环动脉瘤手术中的作用。方法回顾性研究2007年1月至2008年4月开颅手术治疗的前循环动脉瘤患者42例,荧光显微镜下观察术野中血管,指导手术操作。术后行3DCTA或DSA检查,评估术中ICG荧光造影对开颅手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的作用。结果术中确认动脉瘤颈残留2例,载瘤动脉分支血管闭塞1例,穿通血管误夹2例,重新调整动脉瘤夹位置后,再次荧光血管造影,证实动脉瘤颈夹闭满意,术后DSA（或MRA、CTA）均证实术中ICG造影结果。结论ICG血管造影是一种术中监测颅内动脉瘤颈是否残留、载瘤动脉是否狭窄及穿通支血管是否闭塞的重要检查手段。     

载瘤动脉临时阻断处理颅内动脉瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨载瘤动脉临时阻断处理动脉瘤继发缺血性脑功能损伤的相关因素。方法 63例颅内动脉瘤夹闭过程中行载瘤动脉临时阻断，术后根据相应部位有无脑功能障碍，CT检查阻断血管供应区有无新鲜梗塞灶为标准判断是否造成缺血性脑损伤，并按有无蛛网膜下腔出血、动脉瘤所在部位、Hunt和Hess分级等进行分组对照。结果 63例载瘤动脉临时阻断时间3-59min，术后共有12例出现缺血性脑损伤表现，其中术前有蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)者11例，Hunt和Hess分级Ⅲ～V者8例，基底动脉5例、大脑中动脉4例。阻断时间16min以内者均无缺血性脑损伤。结论 载瘤动脉临时阻断继发缺血性脑损伤与阻断部位、阻断时间、阻断方式、侧支循环的个体差异、病人术前状况等因素有关。     

皮质和头皮脑电监测研究前循环载瘤动脉临时阻断的安全时限

目的在皮质脑电和头皮脑电监测下,研究前循环动脉瘤术中载瘤动脉临时阻断的安全时限。方法在常温、常压下对行开颅手术的52例（58个）前循环动脉瘤病人行术中头皮脑电和皮质脑电双相监测,对术中有无临时阻断、阻断时间、术中脑电变化及术后有无阻断动脉相关缺血事件等进行综合分析。结果18例（19支血管）临时阻断后皮质脑电出现明显变化。皮质脑电重度变化在各主要血管阻断后均有出现。皮质脑电提示严重皮质缺血时,在10min内恢复脑血流者术后均未出现阻断载瘤动脉相关的缺血性并发症。结论在皮质脑电出现重度变化时,10min是最长的阻断安全时限。就个体而言,各主要血管对于临时阻断的耐受时限无区别。     

皮层电极在颅内动脉瘤术中监测中的应用研究

目的 研究颅内动脉瘤术中应用皮层电极进行皮层脑电图(EEG)和皮层运动诱发电位(MEP)监测的价值和意义.方法 42例颅内动脉瘤患者,翼点开颅夹闭动脉瘤术中常规行头皮EEG、体感诱发电位(SEP)、MEP和皮层EEG、MEP监测,将监测变化结果与术后神经功能做前瞻性研究.结果 36例可诱发出皮层MEP,8例监测出现了变化,其中SEP 4例、皮层EEG 6例、头皮EEG 2例、皮层MEP 7例、头皮MEP 5例.皮层MEP出现变化的6例非大脑前动脉系统动脉瘤中仅3例头皮MEP出现了变化.结论 皮层MEP所需刺激量小,较适合于非大脑前动脉动脉瘤的术中监测,其敏感性高于头皮MEP.皮层EEG监测的敏感性明显高于头皮EEG.     

前循环巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨手术治疗脑前循环巨大动脉瘤的方法，设计个体化治疗方案。方法回顾分析2001年1月至2005年3月间手术治疗的38例脑巨大动脉瘤方法和效果。分别采用：直接夹闭瘤颈12例；动脉瘤切除加脑血管重建5例；动脉瘤孤立术4例；颅内外动脉吻合伴或不伴血管内介入治疗14例；包裹1例；载瘤动脉阻断2例。结果术后恢复优良32例，重度病残4例，死亡2例。结论术前应充分评价脑血流动力学和侧支循环，个性化设计治疗方案，采用不同手术术式可取得良好预后；同时颅内外血管吻合术可有效改善颅内供血，确保动脉瘤的后续治疗；手术和血管内介入治疗的结合是今后巨大型动脉瘤治疗的一个方向。     

颅内-外动脉搭桥在复杂颈内动脉瘤治疗中的运用

目的探讨颅内-外动脉搭桥术在复杂颈内动脉瘤治疗中的适用范围、手术方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析33例颅内-外搭桥术临床资料,搭桥后分别采用慢性阻断颈部颈内动脉、闭塞载瘤动脉或孤立动脉瘤等。结果术后血管造影或CTA示30例吻合血管通畅,1例吻合口狭窄伴血管痉挛,2例吻合口不通。29例通过阻断颈内动脉使动脉瘤不显影而达到治愈。29例治愈患者随访未见动脉瘤复发或破裂。结论采用颅内-外动脉搭桥术,结合急性或慢性闭塞颈内动脉,是复杂颈内动脉瘤治疗的一种有效途径。     

Surgery of intracranial aneurysms previously treated endovascularly

OBJECTIVE: To perform a retrospective study on the patients who underwent aneurysmal surgery following endovascular treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on eight patients who underwent aneurysmal surgery following endovascular treatment (-attempts) with gugliemi detachable coils (GDCs). The indications for surgery, surgical techniques and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The indications for surgical treatment after GDC coiling of aneurysm were classified into three groups. First group: surgery of incompletely coiled aneurysms (n=4). Second group: surgery of mass effect on the neural structures due to coil compaction or rebleeding (n=2). Third group: surgery of vascular complications after endovascular procedure due to parent artery occlusion or thrombus propagation from aneurysm (n=2). Aneurysm obliterations could be performed in all cases confirmed by postoperative angiography. Six patients had an excellent outcome and returned to their profession. Patient's visual acuity was improved. One individual experienced right hemiparesis (grade IV/V) and hemihypesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Microsurgical clipping is rarely necessary for previously coiled aneurysms. Surgical treatment is uncommonly required when an acute complication arises during endovascular treatment, or when there is a dynamic change of a residual aneurysm configuration over time that is considered to be insecure.     

Iatrogenic false aneurysm caused by surgery of a traumatic intracranial false aneurysm

A superficial temporal artery (STA) false aneurysm caused by surgery of a traumatic intracranial false aneurysm is reported. A 28-year-old man underwent craniotomy for aneurysm clipping 20 days after traumatic head injury. At surgery the aneurysm was a false aneurysm due to its avulsion from the parent artery without a real neck. A "clip wrapping" technique was used to repair the deficit on the parent artery. On postoperative Day 25, repeat digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) revealed a new right STA aneurysm, which was not apparent in the preoperative DSA. We feel that this aneurysm might have probably resulted from the iatrogenic injury to the STA during the initial surgery as the location of aneurysm was at the initial craniotomy site. The pathophysiology, etiology, surgical treatment and preventive measures of false aneurysms have been discussed.     

Parent artery occlusion with bypass surgery for the treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms: Clinical and hemodynamic results

Objective

Parent artery occlusion with/without bypass surgery is one of the treatment choices for the internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm difficult to treat by clipping or coiling. There have been few reports regarding postoperative cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes after surgery. This study evaluated the present bypass selection strategy based on balloon test occlusion (BTO) in terms of clinical and hemodynamic outcomes.

Methods

Twenty-one consecutive patients with ICA aneurysms underwent parent artery occlusion. High flow bypass (n = 9), superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery bypass (n = 10), or no bypass (n = 2) was performed depending on the changes in clinical symptoms and CBF during BTO. Quantitative CBF measurement with acetazolamide challenge was performed in the chronic stage.

Results

Overall outcome at discharge was good recovery 18, moderate disability 2, and severe disability 1. Two patients suffered symptomatic embolic or perforator infarction associated with the surgical manipulations. Preoperative cranial nerve pareses improved completely or partially in all patients except one. CBF in the chronic stage (n = 18) demonstrated no significant difference between the surgical and non-surgical cerebral hemispheres. No cerebral ischemic event was observed during the follow-up period (mean 2.9 years).

Conclusion

The present surgical strategy based on preoperative BTO provides a reliable tool to achieve acceptable clinical and hemodynamic outcomes in patients with complex ICA aneurysms to be treated by parent artery occlusion.     

颈内动脉床突上段血泡样动脉瘤手术治疗

目的 探讨颈内动脉床突上段血泡样动脉瘤(BBA)的手术技巧.方法 对7例开颅手术夹闭的BBA进行分析,采取额极软脑膜下分离,预先或术中临时阻断载瘤动脉,直接游离瘤颈两侧或载瘤动脉相连续部,分离出能够通过动脉瘤夹闭小空间即可,不必完全显露瘤体;强调选用小弯形动脉瘤夹一次夹闭,如果瘤颈撕裂在载瘤动脉临时孤立无充盈状态下,将瘤颈根部包括载瘤动脉壁连续部部分动脉壁一并夹闭.结果 本组6例术后完全康复;1例术后2周出现大脑半球大面积梗死,肢体偏瘫,痴呆.结论 采用特殊的手术技巧,能够减少BBA的手术风险,提高治愈率.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the surgical techniques for rare blood blister - like aneurysm (BBA) in the superior segment of clinoid process of internal carotid artery. Method The clinical data of seven cases of BBAs were studied. The separation of pia mater of the frontal pole was performed. The parent artery was blocked temporarily during the surgery. Sculpture type was adopted to directly dissociate the continuation part between the aneurysm neck and parent artery to get a small space enough for incarceration of aneurysm without exposure of the entire aneurysm. One incarceration of the lesser curvature - like aneurysm clip was specially performed to temporarily isolate the parent artery in the case of avulsion of aneurysm neck,to incarcerate the aneurysm root including the continuous part of parent artery wall in a nonfilling state. Results There were 6 cases of complete recovery after operation, 1 case of large area infarction of hemicerebrum after 2 weeks of operation resulting in hemiplegia and dementia Conclusions Special surgical techniques could reduce the surgical risk for BBA and improve curative rate.     

椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗

目的 探讨椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗策略.方法 分别采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉、支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤、单纯支架植入、手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,以及枕动脉-小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉等方法 治疗18例椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤患者.结果 18例患者中5例采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,5例行支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(3例基本致密栓塞、2例非致密栓塞),4例行单纯支架植入术(术后3例动脉瘤血流动力学改善),3例经远外侧入路手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,1例行枕动脉.小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉.其中2例术中动脉瘤破裂出血,1例死亡、1例中残;I例闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉患者,术后出现短暂性吞咽困难和偏侧肢体麻木,其余患者术后平稳.17例获得1个月至3年随访,无一例动脉瘤复发或进展.结论 用于治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的方法 有多种,选择治疗方案时需考虑动脉瘤是否破裂出血或引起脑梗死,以及动脉瘤形态(如局限性偏侧型)、是否位于优势侧、是否累及小脑后下动脉等因素,根据患者具体情况制定个体化治疗方案.     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分流术在颅内复杂动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨颞浅动脉（STA）-大脑中动脉（MCA）分流术在颅内复杂动脉瘤手术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析开颅夹闭术治疗的2例颅内复杂动脉瘤的临床资料。夹闭动脉瘤前,先行STA-MCA分流术。结果 1例破裂动脉瘤,DSA显示右侧颈内动脉后交通段巨大动脉瘤（责任动脉瘤）+左侧颈内动脉后交通段镜像动脉瘤,伴双侧胚胎型大脑后动脉,先行STA-MCA分流术,再行动脉瘤孤立术。1例未破裂动脉瘤,DSA显示MCA分叉部大型动脉瘤位,MCA M2段下干粗大,上干纤细,上干起始部均成为瘤颈的一部分,先行STA-MCA分流术,再行动脉瘤夹闭术。2例术后均无明显神经功能障碍,CTA示动脉瘤不显影、吻合口通畅,CTP显示脑灌注良好;术后6个月,改良Rankin量表评分0分1例,1分1例。结论 STA-MCA分流术能够延长安全临时阻断的时间,在动脉瘤孤立和载瘤动脉闭塞后提供保护性血流,在理想情况下双支STA分流术还可以提供高流量血流,替代复杂的桡动脉或大隐静脉分流术,简化手术操作。这项技术有利于提高颅内复杂动脉瘤的治愈率,降低手术并发症的发生率。     

Significance and usefulness of corticospinal motor evoked potential monitoring for lesions adjacent to primary motor cortex]

This study evaluated the usefulness of intraoperative corticospinal motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring in preventing postoperative motor deficits, and whether this procedure contributed to surgery on intrinsic brain lesions in the vicinity of the motor area. The subjects were 45 patients with brain tumors located in and around the primary motor area. MEP was recorded through the cervical epidural electrodes in response to stimulation of the motor cortex. The amplitude of D-response of MEP was compared at the beginning and at the end of surgery. Then MEP changes were divided into five groups; "increase", "no change", "diminish", "decrease" and "disappear". We used the DeJong classification for qualitative analysis of motor function, and reviewed these findings in relation to the change in MEP. It was possible to record MEP when the preoperative motor weakness was DeJong 3 or better. There was no postoperative motor deficit when the MEP amplitude was preserved at better than 50% of a control amplitude. If the amplitude decreased to less than 50%, motor deficits were encoutered. When MEP amplitude increased during the surgery, preoperative motor weakness was improved after the surgery. It is concluded that there is little possibility of causing motor deficits even if tumor removal is aggressively pursued, as long as the amplitude of D-response remains at 50% or more of the baseline. This monitoring procedure is expected to improve the overall surgical results in patients with intrinsic brain tumors around the motor area.