Early elevated levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients

Early brain injury (EBI) contributes to poor prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study aimed to clarify whether triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) was implicated in the inflammatory mechanisms of EBI. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as plasma levels of white blood cells (WBC) count and C-reactive protein in 17 SAH patients at early stage (within the EBI period) and 9 volunteers were observed. Also World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale of SAH patients was calculated on admission. Compared to controls, increased CSF levels of sTREM-1 (t = 5.66, P < 0.001), TNF-α (t = 5.41, P < 0.001) and IL-6 (t = 2.98, P = 0.007) as well as elevated plasma WBC counts (t = 7.61, P < 0.001) and C-reactive protein levels (t = 3.91, P = 0.001) were found in SAH patients. Considering the increased WBC counts in SAH group, covariate analysis was also performed when comparing patients’ sTREM-1 levels with respect to controls and no obvious difference was found (F = 0.982, P = 0.332). For SAH group, early CSF concentrations of sTREM-1 were correlated with those of both TNF-α (r = 0.582, P = 0.014) and IL-6 (r = 0.593, P = 0.012). Also the CSF sTREM-1 levels were positively correlated with WBC counts (r = 0.629, P = 0.007) and C-reactive protein levels (r = 0.804, P < 0.001) as well as WFNS scale (r = 0.835, P < 0.001). This study showed an early increased sTREM-1 CSF level in SAH patients, which correlated with inflammation intensity post-SAH and clinical severity, indicating that TREM-1 may participate in the inflammatory mechanisms of EBI.     

Increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine correlate with adverse clinical outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients

Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, have been found in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In addition, CSF levels of ADMA are associated with the severity of vasospasm. However, the relation between CSF ADMA levels and the clinical outcome of SAH patients is still unclear. We hypothesized that elevated ADMA levels in CSF might be related to the clinical outcome of SAH patients. CSF ADMA levels were measured in 20 SAH patients at days 3–5, days 7–9 and days 12–14 after SAH onset using high-performance liquid chromatography. Cerebral vasospasm was assessed by transcranial Doppler ultra sonography. Clinical outcome at 2 year follow-up was evaluated using the Karnofsky Performance Status scale (KPS). CSF ADMA concentrations in all SAH patients were significantly increased at days 3–5 (p = 0.002) after SAH, peaked on days 7–9 (p < 0.001) and remained elevated until days 12–14 (p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, significant increases of CSF ADMA levels were found in patients both with and without vasospasm. The KPS scores significantly correlated with CSF levels of ADMA at days 7–9 (correlation coefficient = −0.55, p = 0.012; 95% confidence interval −0.80 to −0.14). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that higher ADMA level at days 7–9 predicted a poor clinical outcome at 2 year follow-up after SAH (odds ratio = 1.722, p = 0.039, 95% confidence interval 1.029 to 2.882). ADMA may be directly involved in the pathological process and future adverse prognosis of SAH.     

脑脊液置换术在蛛网膜下腔出血患者中的应用

目的探讨脑脊液置换术对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者脑血管痉挛、脑积水的防治作用及缓解头痛的疗效,并评估其安全性。方法将颅内动脉瘤破裂引起的SAH患者96例分为保守治疗组(对照组)、脑脊液置换组(置换组)及颅内动脉瘤填塞术后脑脊液置换组(治疗组),比较3组脑血管痉挛、脑积水发生率和头痛缓解时间等方面的差异及再出血发生率。结果置换组及治疗组脑血管痉挛和脑积水并发症的发生率较对照组明显降低(PO.05);头痛缓解时间较对照组明显缩短(P0.05);治疗组及对照组再出血发生率较置换组明显降低(PO.05)。结论脑脊液置换术对预防SAH患者的脑血管痉挛、脑积水有效,可明显缩短患者头痛缓解时间,但为降低再出血发生率,脑脊液置换术应在动脉瘤填塞术后进行。     

腰大池脑脊液持续引流治疗对蛛网膜下腔出血的预后分析

目的 观察腰大池脑脊液持续引流治疗对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的预后影响.方法 将SAH患者92例随机分为对照组和脑脊液持续引流组,对照组使用常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的前提下加用腰大池脑脊液引流治疗结果治疗组病人发生脑梗死、死亡率较对照组低(P＜0.05),两组再出血发生率无明显差异(P＞0.05),出院时采用GOS评价.结果 显示两组间有明显差异(P＜0.05).结论 腰大池脑脊液持续引流治疗SAH的疗效肯定,能改善患者预后,减少并发症的发生.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血后血液及脑脊液纤溶活性的研究

目的探讨自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后血及脑脊液(CSF)中纤溶活性的变化规律及正常CSF中的纤溶状态。方法组织型纤溶酶原激活物的活性(tPA:A)及纤溶酶原抑制物的活性 (PAI:A)测定采用发色底物法,纤溶酶原抑制物-1(PAI-1)及D-二聚体(D-D)定量测定采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)双抗体夹心法,血及CSF标本在SAH后0-3 d(急性期),4-9 d(再出血高峰期),及 14-21 d(吸收期)留取三次;正常对照组留取一次。结果 SAH患者血液中,急性期tPA:A显著低于对照组,并随病程延长显著升高,至14-21 d达正常水平,与对照组差异无显著意义;急性期PAI:A 及D-D水平显著高于对照组,并随病程延长而显著降低,至14-21 d降至正常水平,与对照组差异无显著意义;各期PAI-1含量与对照组差异无显著意义。对照绀CSF中,测不到tPA:A及PAI:A及 PAI-1,D-D测得值很小,为(0．28±0．36)mg/L。 SAH患者CSF中,各期测不到tPA:A及PAI:A,但 PAI-1含量急性期显著升高并随病程延长而显著降低,D-D急性期显著升高并随病程延长而显著降低,至14-21 d 与对照组无显著性差异。结论 SAH后血中不存在纤深活性亢进。对照组CSF中不含有纤溶酶系。SAH患者CSF中纤溶活性急性期升高而后降低,于14-21 d恢复到正常水平。再出血高峰期血及CSF中反映纤溶活性的指标变化均显著低于急性期,提示再出血与血及CSF中纤溶活性无关。故SAH后不宜长期大剂量应用抗纤溶药物来预防再出血。     

蛛网膜下腔出血腰池持续引流前后脑脊液中NO浓度的变化

目的 探讨腰池持续引流防治脑血管痉挛的效果及其对脑脊液中一氧化氮（NO）浓度的影响。方法 50例破裂动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血患，随机分为引流组25例。对照组25例。引流组在电解可脱弹簧圈（GDC）栓塞术后立即实施腰池持续引流，对照组行间断腰椎穿刺。脑脊液NO浓度采用镉粒子还原法测定。结果 引流组中发生症状性脑血管痉挛2例。对照组7例。血管痉挛患的NO浓度明显降低，引流组脑脊液中NO浓度在出血后第5d起明显高于对照组。结论 腰池持续引流可有效清除蛛网膜下腔积血，提高脑脊液中NO的浓度。     

尼莫地平加脑脊液置换治疗蛛网膜下腔出血的预后

目的观察钙离子拮抗剂尼莫地平加脑脊液置换对蛛网膜下腔出血的临床预后。方法 74例蛛网膜下腔出血患者分为治疗组38例和照组36例。2组入院后即开始泵入尼莫地平,持续14d;治疗组加脑脊液置换治疗,其他治疗同对照组。观察2组的脑血管痉挛发生率及临床预后。结果治疗组脑血管痉挛及临床预后均较对照组显著好转(P<0.05)。结论尼莫地平加脑脊液置换治疗蛛网膜下腔出血可以有效减少脑血管痉挛及改善预后。     

蛛网膜下腔出血动物模型的人工脑脊液置换疗法实验研究

目的 评估人工脑脊液（ＡＣＳＦ）置换疗对蛛网膜下出血（ＳＡＨ）动物模型的治疗效果。方法 研制一种含无机离子及其理化性质基本上与正常人体脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）相同的ＡＣＳＦ,上脑延髓池与腰池双穿刺等量引流技术置换ＣＳＦ,进行家兔ＳＡＨ治疗的实验研究。结果 正常家兔用ＡＣＳＦ置换后,其ＣＳＦ郭了成分及ＰＨ值仍在正常范围内,用生理盐水置换后,除钠离子外,其它离子浓度及ＰＨ值都有极显著的变化。ＳＡＨ家兔非置换组     

tSAH患者血清内皮素与神经元特异性烯醇化酶的动态检测

目的观察外伤性蛛网膜下腔出（tSAH）患者血清中内皮素-1（ET-1），神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平的变化。方法用双抗体夹心酶标免疫分析法和放免法检测50例外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者发病24h内、第3、7、14d血清中ET、NSE的水平并与对照组比较。结果外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者血清中ET水平较正常对照组高（P〈0．01），第3、7d升高明显，第14d有降低但仍高于对照组，血清中NSE水平第7d达高峰。结论ET、NSE的变化可以反映蛛网膜下腔出后脑损伤程度。     

尼莫地平加脑脊液置换对蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛的疗效观察

目的探讨尼莫地平或罂粟碱静脉输注加脑脊液置换治疗自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）脑血管痉挛的效果。方法以HUNT-HESS分级系统对SAH分级,单用尼莫地平持续泵入或罂粟碱静脉输注治疗19例,在上述治疗的基础上同时脑脊液置换治疗30例,观察指标为临床表现及影像学所见,如DSA、CT及脑电图。结果单用尼莫地平或罂粟碱治疗的19例病人,与采用尼莫地平或罂粟碱加脑脊液置换治疗的效果比较,差异有统计学意义,后者优于前者。结论尼莫地平或罂粟碱静脉输注加用脑脊液置换是治疗SAH后脑血管痉挛的有效方法。     

侧脑室外引流及脑脊液净化治疗蛛网膜下腔出血的疗效观察

目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗方法,评价其治疗效果。方法 治疗组(28例)采用侧脑室外引流及脑脊液净化加常规内科治疗;对照组(30例)采用常规内科治疗。结果 治疗组无1例死亡,对照组死亡4例(13.3％)。治疗组急性脑积水与脑血管痉挛的发生率均为3.6％,对照组急性脑积水与脑血管痉挛的发生率分别为13.3％和20％。治疗组疗效明显优于对照组。结论 侧脑室外引流结合脑脊液净化是治疗蛛网膜下腔出血的有效方法。     

腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换对不同H-H分级蛛网膜下腔出血预后的影响

目的 探讨腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换对不同H-H分级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, aSAH)患者迟发性脑血管痉挛发生率及入院90 d预后的影响。方法 回顾性纳入接受颅内动脉瘤栓塞术的aSAH患者,所有患者均与入院3 d内行脑动脉瘤弹簧圈栓塞; 依据H-H分级是否≥Ⅲ级将患者分类后分别对这两类患者按照治疗方案分为脑脊液置换组和非脑脊液置换组。Ⅰ和Ⅱ级aSAH患者中非脑脊液置换组42例,脑脊液置换组46例; ≥Ⅲ级患者非脑脊液置换组53例,脑脊液置换组56例,比较脑脊液检查、颅内感染发生率、迟发性脑血管痉挛发生率、住院时间及入院90 d预后。结果 Ⅰ和Ⅱ级aSAH患者非脑脊液置换组与脑脊液置换组比较,迟发性脑血管痉挛发生率、住院时间及入院90 d预后均无明显差异(P均>0.05); ≥Ⅲ级患者迟发性脑血管痉挛发生率非脑脊液置换组(28.3%)明显高于脑脊液置换组(10.7%)χ²=5.415,P=0.020),且住院时间明显延长(t=2.231,P=0.045),预后较差χ²=4.380,P=0.036)。两类患者中非脑脊液置换组与脑脊液置换组颅内感染率均未见明显增加,且无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论 腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换能够减少≥Ⅲ级蛛网膜下腔出血患者迟发性脑血管痉挛发生率,缩短住院时间,改善患者预后,但不能改善Ⅰ和Ⅱ级蛛网膜下腔出血患者入院90 d预后。     

Decreased serum sodium levels predict symptomatic vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background: Symptomatic vasospasm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Hyponatremia and dehydration due to natriuresis after subarachnoid hemorrhage are related to symptomatic vasospasm. Therefore, most institutions are currently targeting euvolemia and eunatremia in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients to avoid complications. We retrospectively investigated the predictors of symptomatic vasospasm with respect to water and sodium homeostasis, while maintaining euvolemia and eunatremia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: We monitored changes in serum sodium levels, serum osmolarity, daily sodium intake, daily urine volume, and daily water balance for 14 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin scale at 1 month after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results: Among 97 patients, 27 (27.8%) had symptomatic vasospasm. Patients with symptomatic vasospasm were older than those without symptomatic vasospasm; the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm affected outcomes. Serum sodium levels were sequentially significantly decreased, but within the normal range from 1 day before the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm. Serum osmolarity of the spasm group was lower than that of the non-spasm group. Conclusions: Symptomatic vasospasm occurs more often in older patients and affects outcomes. A decrease in serum sodium levels occurs a day before symptomatic vasospasm. This observation may help predict symptomatic vasospasm.     

Elevation of ST2 protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid following subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To study the mode of appearance of ST2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunoprecipitation and subsequent immunoblotting were performed to reveal the existence of ST2 in CSF after SAH. CSF samples from 21 patients were analyzed for ST2 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. The ST2 levels were compared between serum and CSF after SAH. The ST2 levels in CSF were measured in six patients operated with other than SAH. RESULTS: ST2 was secreted into CSF after SAH. The concentration of ST2 was the highest in the samples of the first post-operative day and declined thereafter. The patients operated with other than SAH did not show the elevation of ST2 in CSF. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the presence of ST2 in CSF for the first time and suggested a possibility that ST2 is related to the inflammatory reaction in the central nervous system after SAH.     

腰大池持续外引流术治疗继发性蛛网膜下腔出血(附46例报告)

目的探讨用腰大池持续外引流方法加速清除继发性蛛网膜下腔出血血性脑脊液的可行性。方法对46例继发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者行腰大池持续外引流术，观察治疗结果、结果此方法治疗继发性蛛网膜下腔出血，症状改善快，并发症少，住院时间短。结论该方法简单可行．可明显加快脑脊液正常化的进程，减轻或减少因蛛网膜下腔出血引起的血管痉挛、脑积水等并发症。     

从蛛网膜下腔出血的特点谈住院期间的健康教育

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血的特点及住院期间的健康教育方法。方法回顾性分析35例蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床特点,并根据临床特点分3组进行健康教育,观察护理效果。结果通过临床分析及康复教育,35例患者均未发生意外事件,取得满意效果。结论发现做好蛛网膜下腔出血住院期间的健康教育,对挽救患者生命、减少并发症、促进康复有重要作用。     

影响外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血病人预后的因素分析

目的 探讨可影响外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血（tSAH）病人治疗结果的因素及其CT变化的特点。方法 回顾性分析了一组连续收治的入院时经头颅CT检查确诊为tSAH的闭合性颅脑损伤病人资料，记录其入院时和病情加重时的头颅CT情况、入院时GCS评分、以Fisher分级法对出血量进行分级情况、伤后6个月以GOS评分法评估的治疗结果，并对数据加以统计分析。结果 多因素Logisitc回归分析显示，初次CT扫描tSAH出血量Fisher分级（OR=50．7，P〈0．001）、入院时GCS评分（OR=2．86，P〈0．001）、初次CT扫描基底池tSAH（OR=0．35，P=0．030）与tSAH患者的不良结果存在显著相关。最初CT显示脑挫裂伤与入院后CT出现恶化（OR=2．92，P=-0．003）及入院后CT示显著恶化（OR=3．21，P〈0．001）有显著相关性。结论 tSAH病人的治疗结果与入院时GCS评分、出血量及脑挫裂伤的存在或范围有关，这些也是头颅CT出现显著恶化的相关因素，说明头颅CT显示出的恶化与治疗结果是有其内在联系。     

早期DSA检查对蛛网膜下腔出血的临床意义

蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage，SAH）是临床发病率和死亡率均较高的急性脑血管病之一，并呈逐年增高趋势。随着神经介入影像学的发展，对急性SAH患早期（72h内1开展数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography．DSA）检查，使SAH的早期病因诊断及病因治疗成为可能，患的预后也得到显改善。我院自2003年1月至2006年4月收治96例SAH患行早期DSA检查并给予相应的病因治疗．取得较好的临床疗效。现将有关资料与临床治疗总结报道如下。[第一段]     

High prevalence of rare ryanodine receptor type 1 variants in patients suffering from aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: A pilot study

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains a challenging neurosurgical disease. The ryanodine receptor type 1 Ca2+ channel (RyR1) plays a crucial role in vasoconstriction and hemostasis. Mutations of the encoding gene, RYR1, are known to cause susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH). Recently, a RYR1 mutation was found to be associated with abnormal bleeding times. Therefore, an assessment of the RYR1 gene might be of high relevance in patients with aneurysmatic SAH. In the presented pilot study, we screened 10 patients suffering from SAH for RYR1 variants and, for the first time in SAH, performed an assessment of pathogenicity of these variants using protein prediction software. Four of the patients showed a RYR1 variant. For three of the variants, p.Glu79Lys, p.Arg885C, p.Glu2635 Val, all three programs predicted pathogenicity. Their prevalence in the general population is very low i.e. under 0.005%. For the fourth variant, p.Pro4501Leu (RS73933023), the results of the prediction programs were discrepant and the prevalence in the general population was high, i.e. almost 0.5%, which is too frequent to be associated with the rare SAH phenotype. Clinical evaluation revealed that no differences concerning neurological outcome, presence of vasospasm, ischemic deficits and mean hospital stay between patients with and without variants were found. However, in our series SAH patients have an increased frequency of rare RYR1 variants. Hence, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of SAH. Further data is needed to confirm this preliminary result.