Effects of norepinephrine on right ventricular function in septic shock patients

Objective To study the effects of norepinephrine on right ventricular function in patients with hyperdynamic septic shock.Design Prospective, open study.Setting A 15 bed ICU in a university hospital.Patients 9 patients with hyperdynamic septic shock (SBP<90 mmHg, Cl4l·min^–1·m^–2, SVRI850 dynes·s·cm^–5m^–2 and oliguria).Interventions Plasma volume expansion was used to correct a suspected volume deficit and then, norepinephrine infusion was started and titrated to restore systemic blood pressure to the normal range (mean infusion rate: 1.1±0.2 mcg·kg^–1·min^–1). Norepinephrine was the only vasoactive agent used in these patients.Measurements and results A modified Swan-Ganz catheter mounted with a fast response thermistor was inserted in each patient, allowing repeated measurements of RVEDVI and RVEF. At time of inclusion to the study, all but one patient had elevated MPAP (23±4 mmHg) and RVEF50%, and all patients had RVEDVI90 ml·m^–2. During norepinephrine infusion, MAP increased from 51±9 to 89±10 mmHg (p<0.0001), PVRI increased from 204±35 to 286±63 dynes·s·cm^–5·m^–2 (p<0.05), and despite this increase in right ventricular afterload, no detrimental effect in RVEF (36±11 to 36±10%) or in RVEDVI (116±30 to 127±40 ml·m^–2) was observed. A Frank-Starling relationship for the right ventricle was constructed by plotting an index of ventricular performance (RVSWI) against an index of ventricular preload (RVEDVI). A significant upward shift to the right of the relationship was observed during norepinephrine infusion.Conclusion It was concluded that norepinephrine exerted a favourable effect on right ventricular function.Work done at Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France     

Discontinuation of vasopressin before norepinephrine increases the incidence of hypotension in patients recovering from septic shock: A retrospective cohort study

Purpose

There are little data regarding the discontinuation of vasoactive medications in patients recovering from septic shock. We designed this retrospective cohort study to evaluate the incidence of hypotension based on the order of removal of norepinephrine (NE) and vasopressin (AVP) in patients receiving concomitant NE and AVP infusions for the treatment of septic shock.

Materials and Methods

Consecutive patients receiving concomitant NE and AVP infusions for septic shock admitted to the intensive care units of a tertiary care academic medical center were evaluated.

Results

Of 50 included patients, the first vasoactive medication discontinued was NE in 32 patients and AVP in 18 patients. The groups had similar Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores at shock onset and at the time of discontinuation of the first agent. Five patients who had NE discontinued first (16%) versus 10 patients who had AVP discontinued first (56%) developed hypotension within 24 hours (unadjusted relative risk, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-4.5; P = .008). In a multivariate analysis, only discontinuation of AVP first was independently associated with hypotension (adjusted relative risk, 5.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-21.0; P = .006).

Conclusions

Discontinuation of AVP before NE may lead to a higher incidence of hypotension in patients recovering from septic shock receiving concomitant AVP and NE.     

垂体后叶素与去甲肾上腺素治疗感染性休克比较的临床研究

目的 探讨与去甲肾上腺素(NE)相比,垂体后叶素能否降低感染性休克患者28d病死率.方法 本研究为前瞻性、随机、开放标记的临床对照研究,139例多巴胺用量超过5μg·kg-1· min-1的感染性休克患者按随机原则分为两组.两组综合治疗原则和方法相同,同时研究组联合使用垂体后叶素0.017～0.042 U/min( 1.0～ 2.5 U/h),如患者血流动力学仍不稳定,再加用NE以达到目标血压;对照组以NE维持血流动力学稳定.结果 139例纳入研究的患者中,66例纳入研究组,73例纳入对照组.两组基线时血流动力学和人口统计学治疗相匹配;研究组和对照组28 d总病死率没有明显差异(40.9％比46.6％,P＞0.05).将患者以急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分25分为界,发现APACHEⅡ评分＜25分的患者中,研究组28 d病死率显著低于对照组[ 10.3％( 3/29)比35.7％(10/28),P＜ 0.05].研究组与对照组在重症监护病房(ICU)住院时间[d:5(3,8)比5(3,8)]、机械通气时间[d:4.0(2.8,6.0)比4.0( 2.0,5.0)]上没有明显差异(均P＞0.05).使用垂体后叶素24h后,研究组NE用量(.μg/min:7.99±5.02比10.12±5.12)和心率(次/min:93.27±7.84比108.45±12.31)明显低于对照组(均P＜0.05),肌酐[μmol/L:87.5( 62.8,157.0)比76.0(52.5,117.0)]和乳酸(mmol/L:3.72±2.47比3.53±1.86)水平无明显差异(均P＞0.05),两组糖皮质激素(43.9％比31.5％)和小剂量肝素(42.4％比41.1％)使用率相似(均P＞0.05).结论 NE联合使用垂体后叶素可显著减少患者NE用量,减慢心率.尽管垂体后叶素不降低感染性休克总病死率,但对于APACHEⅡ评分＜25分的患者,小剂量垂体后叶素与儿茶酚胺类药物联合使用可降低患者28 d病死率.     

The effects of norepinephrine infusion on oxygen consumption in a patient with septic shock

A 65-year-old man developed postsurgical septic shock, unresponsive to plasma volume expansion and administration of dopamine and dobutamine. A continuous norepinephrine infusion was then started and the dose increased to 0.62 g·kg^–1·min^–1 until the mean arterial pressure was 70 mmHg. Prior to and during the norepinephrine infusion, oxygen consumption was continuously measured with a mass spectrometer system. There was a parallel increase in mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption (+35%). There was also an increase in cardiac index and oxygen delivery. Systemic vascular resistance was only transiently increased. In this case with septic shock, norepinephrine infusion improved hemodynamic variables with an associated increase in oxygen consumption.     

Cancer patients with septic shock: mortality predictors and neutropenia

Goals of work To study outcome and its predictive factors in cancer patients admitted to the ICU with septic shock, and the implications of neutropenia as a risk factor in this advanced stage of systemic inflammatory response.Patients and methods A prospective consecutive observational cohort study was conducted in 73 adults with cancer and septic shock admitted to the ICU at the Cancer Medical Center associated with the University of Buenos Aires.Main results The mortality rate from septic shock was 53.4% (95%CI 41.9 to 64.8%). The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score on admission, the mean number of organ dysfunctions on admission or during the ICU stay, liver dysfunction, respiratory dysfunction, and the need for mechanical ventilation were predictive of mortality in a univariate analysis. Neutropenia was not associated with a worse prognosis in terms of mortality (56%) or mean days of ICU stay (6.64 days) in comparison with nonneutropenic patients (52.1% and 6.8 days) in the univariate analysis. In the logistic regression model only the need for mechanical ventilation and liver dysfunction remained independent predictors of mortality.Conclusions Septic shock among cancer patients admitted to the ICU has a mortality rate similar to that reported for mixed populations, and it is particularly increased when hepatic or respiratory dysfunction develop. Neutropenia on admission does not seem to modify outcome.     

去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺对感染性休克患者胃粘膜灌注的作用

目的：观察多巴胺（Dopa)、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺（NE＋Dobu）对感染性休克患者胃肠道灌注的影响。方法：符合感染性休克诊断标准的13例患者经过积极的液体复苏后，随机应用血管活性药物，观察胃粘膜内pH(pHi）、胃粘膜与动脉血二氧化碳分压差（△PCO2）的变化。结果：多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素，去甲肾上腺素＋多巴酚丁胺都能提高血压，增加心排指数（CI）、体循环阻力指数（SVRI）、左室每搏功指数（LVSWI）、氧输送（DO2），与基础值比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）；但对胃pHi,△PCO2的改善去甲肾上腺素＋多巴酚丁胺比单独去甲肾上腺素明显，比多巴胺更好，差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。结论：多巴酚丁胺和去甲肾上腺素联合即能增加CI、SVRI、LVSWI、DO2，又能改善胃pHi, △PCO2，是治疗感染性休克患者理想的血管活性药。     

Role of vasopressin in the management of septic shock

Vasopressin is a potent vasopressor for improving organ perfusion during septic shock. The rationale for the use of vasopressin is its relative deficiency of plasma levels and hypersensitivity to its vasopressor effects during septic shock. Growing evidence suggests that low-dose (<0.04 U/min) vasopressin is safe and effective for the treatment of vasodilatory shock. Although it is being used more frequently, there are no randomized clinical trials comparing vasopressin as a first-line agent to commonly used vasopressors. However, vasopressin causes arterial smooth muscle cell contraction through a non-catecholamine receptor pathway, thus it represents an attractive adjunct to the management of septic shock, especially when catecholamines are ineffective.This work was supported by the American Heart Association, HL-66211, and the Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Research Institute.     

Renal arterial resistance in septic shock: effects of increasing mean arterial pressure with norepinephrine on the renal resistive index assessed with Doppler ultrasonography

Objective To determine the effects of increasing mean arterial pressure (MAP) on renal resistances assessed by Doppler ultrasonography in septic shock. Design and setting Prospective, single-center, nonrandomized, open-label trial in the surgical intensive care unit in a university teaching hospital. Patients and participants 11 patients with septic shock who required fluid resuscitation and norepinephrine to increase and maintain MAP at or above 65 mmHg. Interventions Norepinephrine was titrated in 11 patients in septic shock during three consecutive not randomized periods of 2 h to achieve a MAP at successively 65, 75, and 85 mmHg. Measurements and results At the end of each period hemodynamic parameters and renal function variables (urinary output, creatinine, clearance) were measured, and Doppler ultrasonography was performed on interlobar arteries to assess the renal resistive index. When increasing MAP from 65 to 75 mmHg, urinary output increased significantly from 76 ± 64 to 93 ± 68 ml/h and the resistive index significantly decreased from 0.75 ± 0.07 to 0.71 ± 0.06. No difference was found between 75 and 85 mmHg. Conclusions Doppler ultrasonography and resistive index measurements may help determine in each patient the optimal MAP for renal blood flow and may be a relevant end-point to titrate the hemodynamic treatment in septic shock.     

不同血管活性药物纠正脓毒性休克患者高乳酸血症的临床分析

目的 比较不同血管活性药物治疗脓毒性休克的效果.方法 分析56例脓毒性休克患者应用血管活性药物的结果,按患者使用血管活性药物不同,分为多巴胺组(A组)、去甲肾上腺素组(B组)、去甲肾上腺素 多巴酚丁胺组(C组),比较3组用药0 h、6 h、12 h及24 h动脉血乳酸、平均动脉压的变化.结果 B组或C组动脉血乳酸浓度(24 h)显著低于A组(P＜0.01),B组或C组平均动脉压(6 h、12 h)显著高于A组(P＜0.05).结论 脓毒性休克患者应用去甲肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素 多巴酚丁胺降低动脉血乳酸浓度、改善组织缺血缺氧、提高平均动脉压效果明显优于单用多巴胺.     

Impact of shock requiring norepinephrine on the accuracy and reliability of subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring

Objective  To evaluate the impact of circulatory shock requiring norepinephrine therapy on the accuracy and reliability of a subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in critically ill patients. Design and setting  A prospective, validation study of a medical intensive care unit at a university hospital was carried out. Methods  Continuous glucose monitoring was performed subcutaneously in 50 consecutive patients on intensive insulin therapy (IIT), who were assessed according to the a priori strata of circulatory shock requiring norepinephrine therapy or not. Results  A total of 736 pairs of sensor glucose (SG)/blood glucose (BG) values were analysed (502 without and 234 with norepinephrine therapy). For all values, repeated measures Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean difference of 0.08 mmol/l (limits of agreement: −1.26 and 1.43 mmol/l). Circulatory shock requiring norepinephrine therapy did not influence the relation of arterial BG with SG in a multivariable random effects linear regression analysis. The covariates norepinephrine dose, body mass index (BMI), glucose level and severity of illness also had no influence. Insulin titration grid analysis showed that 98.6% of the data points were in the acceptable treatment zone. No data were in the life-threatening zone. Conclusions  Circulatory shock requiring norepinephrine therapy, as well as other covariates, had no influence on the accuracy and reliability of the CGMS in critically ill patients.     

对比分析去甲肾上腺素与垂体后叶素治疗感染性休克的临床疗效

目的对比分析去甲肾上腺素与垂体后叶素治疗感染性休克的临床疗效。方法 80例感染性休克患者随机分为两组,研究组在常规治疗基础上应用垂体后叶素,对照组在常规治疗基础上应用去甲肾上腺素治疗,比较两组治疗后复苏成功率、多器官功能障碍综合征发生率、机械通气支持时间、ICU住院时间和血乳酸水平变化等。结果研究组患者治疗后血乳酸水平均显著低于对照组;研究组患者6 h内复苏成功率为85.0%,高于对照组(52.5%),多器官功能障碍综合征发生率为22.5%,低于对照组(47.5%),差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。研究组机械通气支持时间和ICU住院时间均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论垂体后叶素治疗感染性休克临床效果优于去甲肾上腺素,其可有效改善组织缺氧状态,同时其还可缩短患者机械通气支持的时间,并促进患者早期康复出院。     

Splanchnic blood flow is greater in septic shock treated with norepinephrine than in severe sepsis

Objective To assess global and splanchnic blood flow and oxygen transport in patients with sepsis with and without norepinephrine treatment.Design Prospective, clinical study.Setting University hospital intensive care unit.Patients A convenience sample of 15 septic shock patients treated with norepinephrine and 13 patients with severe sepsis who did not receive norepinephrine.Measurements and main results There were no differences between the two groups in global haemodynamics and oxygen transport. Splanchnic blood flow and oxygen delivery (splanchnic DO₂ 303±43 ml/min per m²) and consumption (splanchnic VO₂ 100±13 ml/min per m²) were much higher in the septic shock group compared with the severe sepsis group (splanchnic DO₂ 175±19 ml/min per m², splanchnic VO₂ 61±6 ml/min per m²). Gastric mucosal pH was subnormal in both groups (septic shock 7.29±0.02, severe sepsis 7.25±0.02) with no significant difference. No significant differences between groups were detected in lactate values.Conclusion These data confirm a redistribution of blood flow to the splanchnic region in sepsis that is even more pronounced in patients with septic shock requiring norepinephrine. However, subnormal gastric mucosal pH suggested inadequate oxygenation in part of the splanchnic region due to factors other than splanchnic hypoperfusion. Progress in this area will depend on techniques that address not only total splanchnic blood flow, but also inter-organ flow distribution, intra-organ distribution, and other microcirculatory or metabolic malfunctions.     

去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺治疗脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压28例临床分析

目的 评价应用去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺治疗脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压的疗效。方法 应用去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺治疗28例脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压，对照组18例应用大剂量多巴胺并多巴酚丁胺，评价治疗前及治疗12h后两组的血压、心率、尿量、CRT、乳酸水平及EF值。治疗72h后统计两组MODS发生率及死亡率。结果 治疗12h后，治疗组血压上升。心率下降，尿量增加，CRT缩短，乳酸下降，EF值增加，与治疗前及对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗72h后两组MODS发生率及死亡率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺用于脓毒性休克能有效地升高血压，改善循环与灌注，提高脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压救治成功率。     

Variation in the care of septic shock: the impact of patient and hospital characteristics

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine treatments of septic shock in a sample of US hospitals and to assess whether patient and hospital characteristics are associated with use of sepsis therapies.

Materials and Methods

We studied 192 hospitals that treated 50 or more adults with septic shock between 2004 and 2006. We examined hospital-level variation in commonly used therapies including mechanical ventilation, activated protein C (APC), hydrocortisone, central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring, albumin/colloid, and pulmonary artery catheters. We calculated interquartile range to assess the hospital-level variation in treatment. We developed hierarchical mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine the association between patient and hospital characteristics and selected treatments.

Results

A total of 22?702 patients met the inclusion criteria. When compared with patients younger than 45 years, patients 75 years or older were as likely to receive mechanical ventilation but less likely to receive APC (odds ratio [OR], 0.35 [95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.45]), hydrocortisone (OR, 0.65 [0.56-0.75]), or CVP monitoring (OR, 0.73 [0.63-0.84]). Compared with whites, black patients were more likely to be mechanically ventilated (OR, 1.15 [1.05-1.25]) but less likely to receive hydrocortisone (OR, 0.86 [0.78-0.95]) or APC (0.70 [0.58-0.86]).

Conclusion

Treatment of septic shock varies across hospitals. In contrast to mechanical ventilation, treatments with weaker supporting evidence showed greater variation, especially among black and older patients.     

The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock states

Objective To investigate the effect of norepinephrine (NE) on hemodynamics, oxygen metabolism and renal function in patients with severe septic shock.Design Prospective study.Setting Post-operative ICU in a municipal general hospital.Patients The study included 56 patients with extreme low resistance states due to abdominal sepsis, who remained hypotensive (MAP<60 mmHg) despite optimal fluid therapy and dopamine>20g/kg/min and cumulative doses of dopamine and dobutamine>30g/kg/min, respectively.Interventions After registration of baseline values dopamine was reduced to 2.5g/kg/min, and norepinephrine was administered starting at a dose of 0.05 g/kg/min until a mean arterial pressure of more than 60 mmHg could be maintained.Measurements and results During norepinephrine infusion (dosage ranging between 0.1–2g/kg/min, mean dose rate: 0.4g/kg/min) mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance index increased significantly (p<0.001). After 8h a significant increase in stroke volume (p<0.05) and decrease in heart rate (P<0.05) could be observed. There was no significant change in cardiac index (CI), oxygen delivery (O₂AVI) and oxygen consumption (VO₂I). Creatinine clearance increased significantly (p<0.005) from a control value of 75±37 ml/min to 102±43 ml/min after 48 h NE-trearment.Conclusion Our results suggest that norepinephrine can be used safely in the treatment of severe septic shock states. Mean arterial pressure and glomerular filtration rate improved markedly without deleterious effects on CI, O₂AVI and VO₂I.     

Inotrope and vasopressor therapy of septic shock

The ultimate goals of hemodynamic therapy in shock are to restore effective tissue perfusion and to normalize cellular metabolism. In sepsis, both global and regional perfusion must be considered. In addition, mediators of sepsis can perturb cellular metabolism, leading to inadequate use of oxygen and other nutrients despite adequate perfusion; one would not expect organ dysfunction mediated by such abnormalities to be corrected by hemodynamic therapy. Despite the complex pathophysiology of sepsis, an underlying approach to its hemodynamic support can be formulated that is particularly pertinent with respect to vasoactive agents. Both arterial pressure and tissue perfusion must be taken into account when choosing therapeutic interventions and the efficacy of hemodynamic therapy should be assessed by monitoring a combination of clinical and hemodynamic parameters. It is relatively easy to raise blood pressure, but somewhat harder to raise cardiac output in septic patients. How to optimize regional blood and microcirculatory blood flow remains uncertain. Specific end points for therapy are debatable and are likely to evolve. Nonetheless, the idea that clinicians should define specific goals and end points, titrate therapies to those end points, and evaluate the results of their interventions on an ongoing basis remains a fundamental principle. The practice parameters were intended to emphasize the importance of such an approach so as to provide a foundation for the rational choice of vasoactive agents in the context of evolving monitoring techniques and therapeutic approaches.     

Effects of terlipressin on systemic and regional haemodynamics in catecholamine-treated hyperkinetic septic shock

Objectives To determine the effects of an intravenous bolus dose of a vasopressin analogue, terlipressin (1 mg), on systemic haemodynamic parameters and gastric mucosal perfusion (GMP) in patients with catecholamine-treated septic shock using a gastric tonometry and laser-Doppler flowmetry technique.Design Prospective open label study.Settings Two multidisciplinary intensive care units.Patients Fifteen patients with norepinephrine-treated septic shock.Interventions Every patient with mean arterial pressure between 50 and 55 mmHg treated with high dose norepinephrine received an intravenous bolus dose of terlipressin as last resort therapy. A laser-Doppler probe and tonometer were introduced into the gastric lumen.Measurements and main results Terlipressin produced a decrease in cardiac output (p<0.05), a progressive increase in mean arterial pressure (p<0.05) and in GMP, detected by laser-Doppler flowmetry (p<0.05) over 30 min and sustained for at least 24 h. The ratio of GMP to systemic oxygen delivery increased after terlipressin bolus dose (p<0.05). The gradient between gastric mucosal and arterial PCO₂ tended to be lower after terlipressin, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) after 8 h. Terlipressin administration significantly increased (p<0.05) urine output compared to baseline and higher values were found at each set of measurement. The terlipressin-induced increase in urine output was associated with a significantly increased creatinine clearance (p<0.05). Reduction of the high-dose norepinephrine was observed in all patients (p<0.05).Conclusions Our findings showed that, in patients with norepinephrine-treated septic shock, terlipressin increased GMP, urine output and creatinine clearance by an increase in mean arterial pressure.This study was funded by an independent research grant from the Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care of the University of Rome La Sapienza.     

不同液体管理策略对感染性休克患者病死率的影响

目的 探讨感染性休克不同时期采用不同液体管理策略对患者病死率的影响.方法 回顾性分析2007年3月至2009年12月江苏省苏北人民医院重症监护病房(ICU)107例感染性休克患者的临床资料,按28 d预后分为存活组(68例)和死亡组(39例);比较两组急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)评分、感染相关器官功能衰竭评分系统(SOFA)评分、1周内每日液体出入量及平衡、24 h早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)和24 h后保守性液体管理(CLFM)等数据,对影响患者预后的因素进行Logistic回归分析,确定和描述感染性休克患者的预后与24 h EGDT和24 h后CLFM策略间的关系.结果 单因素相关分析显示,两组7 d氧合指数、24 h乳酸清除率、急性肺损伤发生、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、液体管理指标比较差异均有统计学意义.多元回归分析显示,未达到24 h EGDT、24 h后未达到CLFM、1周液体负平衡＜2000 ml和1周液体总入量＞20000 ml是感染性休克患者死亡的独立危险因素,其优势比(OR)分别为4.159、4.431、23.788、4.353,P值分别为0.035、0.019、0.000、0.025.达到24 h EGDT且24 h后实行CLFM策略的感染性休克患者28 d病死率(12.5%)明显低于达到24 h EGDT且24 h后实行开放性液体管理(LLFM)策略者(46.2%),以及未达到24 h EGDT且24 h后实行CLFM策略或LLFM策略者(30.0%、76.2%,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 感染性休克早期达到24 h EGDT且24 h后采取CLFM策略可降低患者的病死率.

Abstract：

Objective To find out the influential effect of different fluid management on mortality of patients with septic shock in different phases. Methods From March 2007 to December 2009, a retrospective controlled study was conducted on the clinical data of 107 adult patients with septic shock in the intensive care unit(ICU)of Subei Hospital of Jiangsu Province. The patients were divided into survival group(n=68)and non-survival group(n= 39)according to the final outcome. A number of demographic and variables were collected from the medical record. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ)score, sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA), liquid intake and output volume and its balance daily within 1 week, 24-hour early goal-directed therapy(EGDT)and conservative late fluid management(CLFM)were compared between two groups. The Logistic regression statistics was used to determine the relationship between APACHE Ⅱ , SOFA, EGDT, CLFM and survival. Results The single variable analysis showed that there was significant difference in the parameters of oxygenation index in 7 days, arterial blood lactate clearance within 24 hours, acute lung injury, length of mechanical ventilation,length of ICU stay and in hospital, the goal of fluid management including 24-hour EGDT, 24-hour CLFM,fluid balance in 24 hours, total fluid input within 7 days, negative fluid balance and times during 7 days between two groups. Logistic regression showed that failure to achieve 24-hour EGDT and late CLFM, a negative balance of ＜2 000 ml, total fluid input of ＞20000 ml within 1 week were independent risk factors of death, and odds ratio(OR)was 4. 159, 4. 431, 23. 788 and 4. 353, respectively, the P value was 0. 035,0. 019, 0. 000, 0. 025, respectively. The 28-day mortality in 24-hour EGDT and CLFM group(12. 5 %)was significantly lower than that of 24-hour EGDT with liberal late fluid management(LLFM)group(46. 2%)and that in the group of patients in whom with failure to have 24-hour EGDT with CLFM or LLFM(30.0%,76.2%, P＜0. 05 or P＜0. 01). Conclusion Both early achievement of 24-hour EGDT and late CLFM for the patients with septic shock can lower mortality.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚(长托宁)治疗脓毒性休克的临床研究

目的观察盐酸戊乙奎醚(长托宁)在脓毒性休克治疗中的作用。方法收集40例符合脓毒性休克诊断标准的ICU住院患者,随机分为A,B,C,D四组,分别为654—2组,长托宁2 mg每小时重复一次,长托宁2 mg每6 h重复一次及长托宁6 mg每6 h一次,直至“莨菪化”或末梢开始改善后逐渐减量。观察给药后1 h、6 h、12 h时点患者心率、平均动脉压、瞳孔、末梢转暖时间、脉搏血氧饱和度、神志、肠鸣音及血乳酸含量变化。结果长托宁可明显改善休克患者微循环,给药次数少,几乎不增加心率、不抑制肠蠕动。结论长托宁是脓毒性休克患者较理想的血管活性药。