高血压患者夜间血压变化与颅内动脉粥样硬化狭窄的相关性

目的探讨高血压患者夜间血压变化与颅内动脉粥样硬化狭窄(ICAS)的相关性。方法对高血压患者进行动态血压监测和脑血管磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查。颅内大动脉内径狭窄程度≥50%定义为ICAS,ICAS病灶数≥2定义为多发性ICAS。根据日间与夜间平均血压水平,将昼夜血压变化分为杓型、非杓型、反杓型。结果共359例高血压患者进入本研究:ICAS患者135例,单发性ICAS 86例,多发性ICAS 49例;226例(63.0%)日间平均血压升高,322例(89.7%)夜间平均血压升高;杓型37例(10.3%),非杓型166例(46.2%),反杓型156例(43.5%)。多因素Logistic回归分析提示:日间平均血压升高、夜间平均血压升高、夜间血压非杓型改变、夜间血压反杓型改变均与ICAS无显著相关性(P0.05);夜间血压反杓型改变与多发性ICAS密切相关(P0.05)。结论夜间血压反杓型改变可能是多发性ICAS的独立危险因素。     

缺血性卒中伴高血压患者的24h动态血压与脑微出血的关系

目的探讨缺血性卒中伴高血压患者的24 h动态血压与脑微出血的相关性。方法对连续缺血性卒中伴高血压患者进行脑核磁磁敏感加权成像检查,明确是否存在脑微出血,在入院24 h内测量患者动态血压,并收集患者一般情况、缺血性脑血管病危险因素、实验室指标。用Logistic回归分析CMBs与动态血压指标的关系。结果 186例缺血性卒中伴高血压患者纳入研究,单因素回归分析显示年龄、糖尿病、24 h平均收缩压、日间平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压与脑微出血相关。多因素回归分析显示24 h平均收缩压与脑微出血相关。结论在缺血性卒中伴高血压患者人群中,24 h平均收缩压是脑微出血的重要影响因素。     

上臂间血压差异增大与缺血性脑卒中的相关性研究

目的 研究缺血性脑卒中与上臂间血压差异增大的相关性,探讨上臂间血压差异增大是否为缺血性脑卒中的危险因素及早期预测指标.方法 以确诊为TOAST分型大动脉粥样硬化型缺血性脑卒中的84例患者作为卒中组,以无缺血性脑卒中病史的80例门诊就诊患者作为对照组.测量上臂间血压差异,以≥10 mm Hg(1 mm Hg≈0.133 kPa)为异常标准,比较两组间上臂间血压差均值大小的差异及异常比例的差异.结果 卒中组平均压差均值为(8.34±1.38)mm Hg;对照组为(5.23±1.22)mm Hg;上臂间血压差异≥10 mm Hg者卒中组为35例(41.67％),对照组为14例(17.5％).两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 在缺血性脑卒中人群中,上臂间血压差异增大患病比例明显高于正常组,上臂间血压差异的增大可能为患缺血性脑卒中的危险因素,同时对于上臂间血压差异增大的监测有利于缺血性脑卒中的早期预测及一级预防.     

动态血压与缺血性脑卒中早期神经功能恶化的关系

目的分析动态血压与缺血性脑卒中早期神经功能恶化(END)的关系。方法以我院收治的100例缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象,其中早期神经功能恶化(END)者30例(END组),非早期神经功能恶化者70例(非END组),通过动态血压监测系统对2组血压进行动态监测,分析动态血压与END之间的相关性。结果END组高血压、糖尿病、颈动脉狭窄50%及以上比率分别为63.33%、70.00%、70.00%,与非END组的35.71%、45.71%、42.86%比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);END患者中反杓型占40.54%,非杓型占33.33%,反杓型与超杓型、反杓型与杓型、非杓型与杓型比率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组晨峰血压比例比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);2组nMSBP[(142.26±15.63)mmHg vs(135.55±14.47)mmHg]、nMDBP[(75.28±11.48)mmHg vs(70.41±10.58)mmHg]水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血压昼夜节律、晨峰血压与缺血性脑卒中END存在一定的关系,需加强早期缺血性脑卒中动态血压监测。     

Reduced cortical arousability to nocturnal apneic episodes in patients with wake-up ischemic stroke

Study objectivesSleep breathing disorders (SBD) have been linked to wake-up stroke (WUS). Respiratory arousals have an important role in responding to danger during sleep, yet currently no studies have investigated respiratory arousability in WUS. In this study, we used a clinical tool to predict low respiratory arousal threshold (ArTH), and then compared respiratory arousability in patients with WUS and non-WUS.MethodsWe enrolled 119 patients with acute ischemic stroke and assigned them into WUS (n = 34) and non-WUS (n = 85) groups. All participants underwent polysomnography (PSG) during the acute phase of stroke. The respiratory ArTH predictive tool assigns one point for each of the following: apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) < 30/h, nadir oxygen saturation (SaO₂) > 82.5%, and fraction of hypopneas > 58.3%. An ArTH score ≥2 represents low respiratory ArTH.ResultsOur results reconfirmed the association between moderate-to-severe sleep apnea syndrome and WUS (OR 2.879, 95% CI 1.17–7.089, p = 0.021). Significantly fewer participants with obstructive sleep apnea (AHI ≥ 5/h) had low respiratory ArTH in the WUS group than in the non-WUS group (34.8% vs. 68.1%, respectively, p = 0.008). High respiratory ArTH was independently associated with WUS (OR 5.556, 95% CI 1.959–15.761, p = 0.001).ConclusionsThe correlation between SBD and WUS suggests that sleep apnea might induce acute physiological changes that trigger the onset of stroke. We show that reduced respiratory arousability is associated with WUS, and hypothesize that reduced cortical capability to generate respiratory arousal may have a role in triggering stroke during sleep.     

Homocysteine is Associated with Exaggerated Morning Blood Pressure Surge in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background

Considerable researches suggest that high level of homocysteine (Hcy) is associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) parameters have also been confirmed associated with cardio-cerebrovascular events. However, the relationship between Hcy and ABPM parameters remains unclear in patients with acute ischemic stroke. In this study, we aim to investigate the association between Hcy level and ABPM parameters in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Association between metabolic syndrome and previous ischemic lesions in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic stroke

Objectives

To elucidate the relationship between MetS and ischemic stroke, we evaluated the association of MetS and individual components with frequency of ischemic stroke lesions and investigated the independent associations between them in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Patients and methods

We evaluated 370 acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR angiography. The stroke subgroups were categorized as intracranial large artery atherosclerosis (IC-LAA, n = 151), extracranial large artery atherosclerosis (EC-LAA, n = 35), and nonatherosclerosis (NA, n = 184). MetS was defined using the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation.

Results

Patients with IC-LAA group showed a higher rate of MetS and previous ischemic lesions (predominantly deep gray/white matter) than those with EC-LAA and NA (all P < 0.001). The number of previous ischemic lesions showed a tendency to increase as the number of MetS components increased in the IC-LAA group (P = 0.004). In the IC-LAA group, age (OR, 1.04) and MetS (OR, 3.28) were independently associated with previous ischemic lesions (all P < 0.001), which was prominent with more severe MetS components after adjustment for risk factors (P < 0.001). Among the component conditions, high blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, and abdominal obesity were more associated with previous ischemic lesions (all P < 0.001) than low high-density lipoprotein and high triglyceride levels (P = 0.010 and 0.028, respectively).

Conclusion

Our study showed a strong association between MetS and previous ischemic lesions, more in patients with IC-LAA.     

Increasing pressure of external counterpulsation augments blood pressure but not cerebral blood flow velocity in ischemic stroke

External counterpulsation (ECP) is a noninvasive method used to augment cerebral perfusion but the optimal use of ECP in ischemic stroke has not been well documented. We aimed to investigate the effects of ECP treatment pressure on cerebral blood flow and blood pressure (BP). We recruited 38 ischemic stroke patients with large artery occlusive disease and 20 elderly controls. We commenced ECP treatment pressure at 150 mmHg and gradually increased to 187.5, 225 and 262.5 mmHg. Mean cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFV) of bilateral middle cerebral arteries and continuous beat-to-beat BP were recorded before ECP and during each pressure increment for 3 minutes. Patient CBFV data was analyzed based on whether it was ipsilateral or contralateral to the infarct. Mean BP significantly increased from baseline in both stroke and control groups after ECP commenced. BP increased in both groups following raised ECP pressure and reached maximum at 262.5 mmHg (patients 16.9% increase versus controls 16.52%). The ipsilateral CBFV of patients increased 5.15%, 4.35%, 4.55% and 3.52% from baseline under the four pressures, respectively. All were significantly higher than baseline but did not differ among different ECP pressures; contralateral CBFV changed likewise. Control CBFV did not increase under variable pressures of ECP. ECP did increase CBFV of our patients to a roughly equal degree regardless of ECP pressure. Among the four ECP pressures tested, we recommend 150 mmHg as the optimal treatment pressure for ischemic stroke due to higher risks of hypertension-related complications with higher pressures.     

动态动脉硬化指数、非杓型血压与急性缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者动态动脉硬化指数(ambulatory arterial stiffness index,AASI)、非杓型血压与脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds, CMBs)的相关性。方法 回顾性连续纳入2014年1月～2015年12月急性缺血性卒中患者104例,根据头颅SWI检查显示是否发生CMBs将患者分为CMBs组(42例)和非CMBs组(62例),比较2组患者的临床特点,根据24 h动态血压(ABPM)监测计算AASI,以夜间平均动脉压下降率≥10%为正常杓型血压,<10%则为血压昼夜节律异常,即非杓型血压,分析急性缺血性卒中患者AASI、非杓型血压与脑微出血的相关性。结果 CMBs组年龄、抗血小板聚集药物使用、AASI、糖化血红蛋白、非杓型血压、既往脑卒中史与非CMBs组比较有明显差异(P<0.05),在多因素logistic回归分析中AASI和非杓型血压、年龄是影响CMBs发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析显示CMBs严重程度与AASI(r=0.290,P=0.001)及非杓型血压(r=0.203,P=0.013)均呈正相关。结论 年龄、AASI、非杓型血压是CMBs的重要影响因素,可作为预测CMBs的独立因素。     

脑梗死急性期血压变化特点及其与进展性脑梗死的关系

目的 观察脑梗死急性期血压变化特点,探讨其与进展性脑梗死的关系。方法 收集2013年7月～2014年4月本院收治的急性脑梗死患者129例。采用斯堪地那维亚卒中量表(Scandinavian Stroke Scale,SSS)评估病情是否发生进展,监测患者发病后72 h内的血压,分析血压变化特点及其与进展性脑梗死的关系。结果 脑梗死发病72 h内血压呈逐渐降低趋势。进展组患者高血压病史患病率显著高于非进展组,且各时段平均血压也显著高于非进展组。无高血压病史的患者各时段平均血压进展组显著高于非进展组,而有高血压病史的患者各时段平均血压2组比较无显著差异。结论 脑梗死急性期血压呈自发性下降。对于无高血压病史的患者急性期血压增高与进展性脑梗死有关,而对有高血压病史的患者急性期血压增高或许有保护作用。     

脑卒中急性期血压监测及其与预后关系的临床研究

目的：探讨急性脑卒中中后动态血压变化及其与预后的关系。方法：由专人（同一人）负责对55例急性脑卒中患者进行了第1及第7天动态血压的监测，同时评定第1、第7天及第30天神经功能评分及病残程度分级。结果：脑卒中后增高的血压在7天后，在无特殊降压措施条件下，无论是随测血压，还是动态血压均自发下降，生活基本自理组（0－Ⅲ）和生活依赖组（Ⅳ－Ⅶ）脑卒中后增高的血压无明显差异性，结论：脑卒中急性期血压存在自发下降趋势，脑卒中急性期血压的治疗需采取慎重，合理，个体化治疗。     

缺血性卒中急性期血压与预后的研究进展

急性缺血性卒中(Acute Ischemic Stroke,AIS)是神经科的常见疾病,致残、致死率高且易复发,严重影响患者的生活质量.AIS急性期血压(Blood Pressure,BP)与预后的关系是一个备受关注和存在争议的话题.一直以来,各指南和一些大型临床研究均不提倡在缺血性卒中早期给予患者积极降压.然而,许多研究都表明急性期血压与预后存在一定关系,在此,我们将对AIS急性期血压的变化特点、血压变异性(Blood Pressure Variation,BPV)及血压水平与预后的关系以及AIS患者早期的血压管理等问题的研究进展作一综述.     

Integrative cerebral blood flow regulation in ischemic stroke

Optimizing cerebral perfusion is key to rescuing salvageable ischemic brain tissue. Despite being an important determinant of cerebral perfusion, there are no effective guidelines for blood pressure (BP) management in acute stroke. The control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) involves a myriad of complex pathways which are largely unaccounted for in stroke management. Due to its unique anatomy and physiology, the cerebrovascular circulation is often treated as a stand-alone system rather than an integral component of the cardiovascular system. In order to optimize the strategies for BP management in acute ischemic stroke, a critical reappraisal of the mechanisms involved in CBF control is needed. In this review, we highlight the important role of collateral circulation and re-examine the pathophysiology of CBF control, namely the determinants of cerebral perfusion pressure gradient and resistance, in the context of stroke. Finally, we summarize the state of our knowledge regarding cardiovascular and cerebrovascular interaction and explore some potential avenues for future research in ischemic stroke.     

α1受体阻滞剂对原发性高血压患者血压晨峰的影响

目的探讨α1受体阻滞剂(特拉唑嗪)对原发性高血压患者血压晨峰的影响。方法选治疗未达标的原发性高血压患者26例,分别进行24h动态血压监测,观察其服用特拉唑嗪(每晚睡前2mg)前后血压晨峰的变化,并进行对比。结果服用特拉唑嗪治疗后,患者晨醒后半小时内血压较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01),且患者晨醒后半小时内血压与晨醒前最后一次血压的差值也较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01)。结论α1受体阻滞剂可以有效降低原发性高血压患者的血压晨峰。     

Ambulatory blood pressure variation: Allostasis and adaptation

Allostasis is defined as achieving stability through change and was originally coined as a term to describe the adaptive variability of blood pressure. While there have been a growing number of studies using ambulatory blood pressure monitors that have examined the sources of blood pressure variation in everyday life, these studies have largely not conceptualized that variation in allostatic terms. This brief overview evaluates ambulatory blood pressure variability and its sources in the context of allostasis and adaptation. The effects of job strain and the impact of evolutionary aspects of population biology on blood pressure variation are also discussed.     

Blood pressure, nimodipine, and outcome of ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVES: The reduction of blood pressure (BP) caused by nimodipine has been proposed as an explanation for the poor results in ischemic stroke trials. We evaluated further the relationships between BP, nimodipine, and outcome of ischemic stroke, and also searched for other possible explaining mechanisms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 350 participants of an earlier placebo controlled trial on oral nimodipine were included in this study. Among other variables, the admission BP, and the change of BP during the first day were noted. The 3 week and 3 month functional outcome was assessed with a modified Rankin grading. RESULTS: The severity of stroke was the utmost important predictor of outcome. Visible cerebral infarction on computed tomography (CT) was associated with severe stroke and an early commencement (within 24 h of stroke onset) of nimodipine treatment. In the nimodipine arm, high initial systolic and diastolic BP measured < or =24 h of stroke onset were independent predictors of good functional outcome (Rankin grades 1 and 2), whereas BP change was not. The survivors in the nimodipine arm with mild to moderately severe stroke had higher initial BP than the deceased ones, in severe strokes the situation was the opposite. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke severity, visible cerebral infarcts on CT, and early commencement of nimodipine treatment were associated. Overall, high initial systolic and diastolic BP predicted a good functional outcome in patients on nimodipine. In severe strokes, the combination of nimodipine and high initial BP was associated with increased risk of death.     

血同型半胱氨酸水平与缺血性脑卒中严重程度的关系

目的 分析血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与缺血性脑卒中神经功能缺损严重程度的关系.方法 选择我科自2006年3月～2010年12月住院治疗的缺血性脑卒中患者1258例,于人院后次晨测定血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy),同时采用改良Rankin评分(mRS)对患者入院时神经功能缺损程度进行评分.将患者分为轻症组(mRS≤3分)、重症组(mRS＞3分),以血浆同型半胱氨酸＞15μmol/L为高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHGy),比较两组间同型半胱氨酸水平差异及高同型半胱氨酸患者比例,并分析神经功能缺损程度的相关因素.结果 轻度神经功能缺损组共847例,平均mRS为1.73分;重度神经功能缺损组共411例,平均mRS为4.18分.轻症组同型半胱氨酸水平(17.7±3.9)μmol/L;重症组同型半胱氨酸水平(37.9±4.4)μmol/L.两组间高同型半胱氨酸血症患者的比例分别为9.4%和30.1%,两组比较均有统计学差异(P＜0.01),神经功能缺损程度与同型半胱氨酸水平呈正相关(r=O.041,P＜0.01).结论 血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与缺血性脑卒中的神经功能缺损程度相关.高同型半胱氨酸血症是缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素,也是对卒中后神经功能缺损程度预后的预测指标之一.治疗高同型半胱氨酸血症既可预防脑卒中,又对改善卒中预后起到重要的作用.     

Cerebral perfusion in the elderly with nocturnal blood pressure fall

Cerebrovascular disease may be linked with vascular autoregulation in aging. The aim of this study was to examine relation between nocturnal blood pressure (BP) fall and cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in elderly men. The prospective 'Men born in 1914' cohort study has been in progress since 1968 and included 809 subjects. After 14 years from the last follow up, 97 subjects reached the age of 82 and underwent CBF measurement and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Diastolic BP at night decreased in 84 subjects with median 12.7% and increased in 13 subjects with median 3.7%. Relative diastolic BP fall at night was negatively associated to CBF in temporal and infero-parietal areas. Higher proportion of subjects with increasing systolic BP during the 14-year period was observed in the subgroup with extreme nocturnal diastolic BP dip, irrespectively of BP values or prevalence of hypertension. Extreme nocturnal diastolic BP fall in a cohort of elderly men is correlated with focal changes in CBF. Further studies could explain if increasing BP in the elderly is a cause or result of pathological autoregulation, and if antihypertensive treatment increases nocturnal BP dip.     

Association of circulating blood HMGB1 levels with ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of ischemic stroke (IS). The high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) nucleoprotein is involved in the amplification of inflammatory responses during acute ischemic injury. HMGB1 levels in patients with active disease are higher than those in healthy controls. We performed a meta-analysis to assess currently published data pertaining to circulating blood HMGB1 levels in IS and the relationship with stroke severity.

Methods: We systematically searched for studies investigating the circulating blood HMGB1 levels in patients with IS in PubMed/Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Two independent researchers used the Cochrane Collaboration tools for data extraction and quality assessment. Extracted data were analyzed by Review Manager version 5.3.

Results: A total of 28 studies were included with a total of 4497 participants, including 2671 IS patients and 1826 matched controls. The meta-analysis revealed that compared with control, IS patients had higher circulating blood HMGB1 levels (n = 4497, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 5.70, 95%confidence interval (CI) = 4.79 to 6.62, Z = 12.23, P < 0.00001), and the HMGB1 level was positively correlated with severity (n = 507, SMD = ?2.12, 95%CI = ?3.41 to ?0.82, Z = 3.20, P < 0.00001) and infarct volume (n = 582, 95%CI = ?4.06 to ?1.70, Z = 4.79, P < 0.00001).

Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates that circulating blood HMGB1 levels elevate in IS and higher HMGB1 levels may indicate a more serious condition.